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Halmi CA, McIntosh AT, Leonard CE, Taneyhill LA. N-cadherin facilitates trigeminal sensory neuron outgrowth and target tissue innervation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.20.594965. [PMID: 38826314 PMCID: PMC11142107 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.594965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
During embryonic development, diverse cell types coordinate to form functionally complex tissues. Exemplifying this process, the trigeminal ganglion emerges from the condensation of two distinct precursor cell populations, cranial placodes and neural crest, with neuronal differentiation of the former preceding the latter. While the dual origin of the trigeminal ganglion has been understood for decades, the molecules orchestrating formation of the trigeminal ganglion from these precursors remain relatively obscure. Initial assembly of the trigeminal ganglion is mediated by cell adhesion molecules, including neural cadherin (N-cadherin), which is required by placodal neurons to properly condense with other neurons and neural crest cells. Whether N-cadherin is required for later growth and target innervation by trigeminal ganglion neurons, however, is unknown. To this end, we depleted N-cadherin from chick trigeminal placode cells and uncovered decreases in trigeminal ganglion size, nerve growth, and target innervation in vivo at later developmental stages. Furthermore, blocking N-cadherin-mediated adhesion prevented axon extension in some placode-derived trigeminal neurons in vitro . This indicates the existence of neuronal subtypes that may have unique requirements for N-cadherin for outgrowth, and points to this subset of placodal neurons as potential pioneers that serve as templates for additional axon outgrowth. Neurite complexity was also decreased in neural crest-derived neurons in vitro in response to N-cadherin knockdown in placode cells. Collectively, these findings reveal persistent cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous functions for N-cadherin, thus highlighting the critical role of N-cadherin in mediating reciprocal interactions between neural crest and placode neuronal derivatives during trigeminal ganglion development. Significance Statement Our findings are significant because they demonstrate how neurons derived from two distinct cell populations, neural crest and placode cells, coordinate the outgrowth of their axons in time and space to generate the trigeminal ganglion using the cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin. Notably, our results provide evidence for the existence of subpopulations of neurons within the trigeminal ganglion that differentially require N-cadherin to facilitate axon outgrowth, and hint at the possibility that trigeminal pioneer neurons are derived from placode cells while followers arise from both placode and neural crest cells. These studies provide new insight into trigeminal gangliogenesis that will likely be translatable to other cranial ganglia and vertebrate species.
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Mahomed A, Girn D, Pattani A, Wells BK, King CC, Patel S, Kaur H, Noravian CM, Sieminski J, Pham C, Dante H, Ezin M, Elul T. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 regulates sequential stages of migration and morphogenesis of neural crest cells and derivatives in chicken and frog embryos. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21606. [PMID: 37313768 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The main cannabinoid receptor CB1R first shows expression during early neurula stage in chicken (Gallus gallus) embryos, and at early tailbud stage in the frog (Xenopus laevis) embryos. This raises the question of whether CB1R regulates similar or distinct processes during the embryonic development of these two species. Here, we examined whether CB1R influences the migration and morphogenesis of neural crest cells and derivatives in both chicken and frog embryos. Early neurula stage chicken embryos were exposed to arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA; a CB1R agonist), N-(Piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM251; a CB1R inverse agonist) or Blebbistatin (nonmuscle Myosin II inhibitor) in ovo and examined during migration of neural crest cells and at condensing cranial ganglia stage. Early tailbud stage frog embryos were bathed in ACEA, AM251 or Blebbistatin, and analyzed at late tailbud stage for changes in craniofacial and eye morphogenesis, and in patterning and morphology of melanophores (neural crest-derived pigment cells). In chicken embryos exposed to ACEA and Myosin II inhibitor, cranial neural crest cells migrated erratically from the neural tube, and the right, but not the left, ophthalmic nerve of the trigeminal ganglia was affected in ACEA- and AM251-treated embryos. In frog embryos with inactivation or activation of CB1R, or inhibition of Myosin II, the craniofacial and eye regions were smaller and/or less developed, and the melanophores overlying the posterior midbrain were more dense, and stellate in morphology, than the same tissues and cells in control embryos. This data suggests that despite differences in the time of onset of expression, normal activity of CB1R is required for sequential steps in migration and morphogenesis of neural crest cells and derivatives in both chicken and frog embryos. In addition, CB1R may signal through Myosin II to regulate migration and morphogenesis of neural crest cells and derivatives in chicken and frog embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Mahomed
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daljit Girn
- Foundational Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Afrin Pattani
- Foundational Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Brian K Wells
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chloe C King
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sonya Patel
- Foundational Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Harsimran Kaur
- Foundational Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Christina M Noravian
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jessica Sieminski
- Foundational Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Chi Pham
- Foundational Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Halley Dante
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Max Ezin
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tamira Elul
- Foundational Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
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Chong-Morrison V, Mayes S, Simões FC, Senanayake U, Carroll DS, Riley PR, Wilson SW, Sauka-Spengler T. Ac/Ds transposition for CRISPR/dCas9-SID4x epigenome modulation in zebrafish. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio059995. [PMID: 37367831 PMCID: PMC10320716 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its genetic amenability coupled with advances in genome editing, zebrafish is an excellent model to examine the function of (epi)genomic elements. Here, we repurposed the Ac/Ds maize transposition system to efficiently characterise zebrafish cis-regulated elements, also known as enhancers, in F0-microinjected embryos. We further used the system to stably express guide RNAs enabling CRISPR/dCas9-interference (CRISPRi) perturbation of enhancers without disrupting the underlying genetic sequence. In addition, we probed the phenomenon of antisense transcription at two neural crest gene loci. Our study highlights the utility of Ac/Ds transposition as a new tool for transient epigenome modulation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chong-Morrison
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sarah Mayes
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Filipa C. Simões
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- University of Oxford, Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Upeka Senanayake
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Dervla S. Carroll
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Paul R. Riley
- University of Oxford, Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Stephen W. Wilson
- University College London, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a dynamic, multipotent, vertebrate-specific population of embryonic stem cells. These ectodermally-derived cells contribute to diverse tissue types in developing embryos including craniofacial bone and cartilage, the peripheral and enteric nervous systems and pigment cells, among a host of other cell types. Due to their contribution to a significant number of adult tissue types, the mechanisms that drive their formation, migration and differentiation are highly studied. NCCs have a unique ability to transition from tightly adherent epithelial cells to mesenchymal and migratory cells by altering their polarity, expression of cell-cell adhesion molecules and gaining invasive abilities. In this Review, we discuss classical and emerging factors driving NCC epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration, highlighting the role of signaling and transcription factors, as well as novel modifying factors including chromatin remodelers, small RNAs and post-translational regulators, which control the availability and longevity of major NCC players.
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Halmi CA, Wu CY, Taneyhill LA. Neural crest cell-placodal neuron interactions are mediated by Cadherin-7 and N-cadherin during early chick trigeminal ganglion assembly. F1000Res 2022; 11:741. [PMID: 36128560 PMCID: PMC9475207 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.122686.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Arising at distinct positions in the head, the cranial ganglia are crucial for integrating various sensory inputs. The largest of these ganglia is the trigeminal ganglion, which relays pain, touch and temperature information through its three primary nerve branches to the central nervous system. The trigeminal ganglion and its nerves are composed of derivatives of two critical embryonic cell types, neural crest cells and placode cells, that migrate from different anatomical locations, coalesce together, and differentiate to form trigeminal sensory neurons and supporting glia. While the dual cellular origin of the trigeminal ganglion has been known for over 60 years, molecules expressed by neural crest cells and placode cells that regulate initial ganglion assembly remain obscure. Prior studies revealed the importance of cell surface cadherin proteins during early trigeminal gangliogenesis, with Cadherin-7 and neural cadherin (N-cadherin) expressed in neural crest cells and placode cells, respectively. Although cadherins typically interact in a homophilic ( i.e., like) fashion, the presence of different cadherins on these intermingling cell populations raises the question as to whether heterophilic cadherin interactions may also be occurring during initial trigeminal ganglion formation, which was the aim of this study. Methods: To assess potential interactions between Cadherin-7 and N-cadherin, we used biochemistry and innovative imaging assays conducted in vitro and in vivo, including in the forming chick trigeminal ganglion. Results: Our data revealed a physical interaction between Cadherin-7 and N-cadherin. Conclusions: These studies identify a new molecular basis by which neural crest cells and placode cells can aggregate in vivo to build the trigeminal ganglion during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Halmi
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Chyong-Yi Wu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Lisa A. Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
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Halmi CA, Wu CY, Taneyhill LA. Neural crest cell-placodal neuron interactions are mediated by Cadherin-7 and N-cadherin during early chick trigeminal ganglion assembly. F1000Res 2022. [PMID: 36128560 DOI: 10.13016/llyh-dppy] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Arising at distinct positions in the head, the cranial ganglia are crucial for integrating various sensory inputs. The largest of these ganglia is the trigeminal ganglion, which relays pain, touch and temperature information through its three primary nerve branches to the central nervous system. The trigeminal ganglion and its nerves are composed of derivatives of two critical embryonic cell types, neural crest cells and placode cells, that migrate from different anatomical locations, coalesce together, and differentiate to form trigeminal sensory neurons and supporting glia. While the dual cellular origin of the trigeminal ganglion has been known for over 60 years, molecules expressed by neural crest cells and placode cells that regulate initial ganglion assembly remain obscure. Prior studies revealed the importance of cell surface cadherin proteins during early trigeminal gangliogenesis, with Cadherin-7 and neural cadherin (N-cadherin) expressed in neural crest cells and placode cells, respectively. Although cadherins typically interact in a homophilic ( i.e., like) fashion, the presence of different cadherins on these intermingling cell populations raises the question as to whether heterophilic cadherin interactions may also be occurring during initial trigeminal ganglion formation, which was the aim of this study. Methods: To assess potential interactions between Cadherin-7 and N-cadherin, we used biochemistry and innovative imaging assays conducted in vitro and in vivo, including in the forming chick trigeminal ganglion. Results: Our data revealed a physical interaction between Cadherin-7 and N-cadherin. Conclusions: These studies identify a new molecular basis by which neural crest cells and placode cells can aggregate in vivo to build the trigeminal ganglion during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Halmi
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Chyong-Yi Wu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA.,U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Lisa A Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
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Halmi CA, Wu CY, Taneyhill LA. Neural crest cell-placodal neuron interactions are mediated by Cadherin-7 and N-cadherin during early chick trigeminal ganglion assembly. F1000Res 2022; 11:741. [PMID: 36128560 PMCID: PMC9475207 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.122686.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Arising at distinct positions in the head, the cranial ganglia are crucial for integrating various sensory inputs. The largest of these ganglia is the trigeminal ganglion, which relays pain, touch and temperature information through its three primary nerve branches to the central nervous system. The trigeminal ganglion and its nerves are composed of derivatives of two critical embryonic cell types, neural crest cells and placode cells, that migrate from different anatomical locations, coalesce together, and differentiate to form trigeminal sensory neurons and supporting glia. While the dual cellular origin of the trigeminal ganglion has been known for over 60 years, molecules expressed by neural crest cells and placode cells that regulate initial ganglion assembly remain obscure. Prior studies revealed the importance of cell surface cadherin proteins during early trigeminal gangliogenesis, with Cadherin-7 and neural cadherin (N-cadherin) expressed in neural crest cells and placode cells, respectively. Although cadherins typically interact in a homophilic ( i.e., like) fashion, the presence of different cadherins expressed in neural crest cells and placode cells raises the question as to whether heterophilic cadherin interactions may also be occurring. Given this, the aim of the study was to understand whether Cadherin-7 and N-cadherin were interacting during initial trigeminal ganglion formation. Methods: To assess potential interactions between Cadherin-7 and N-cadherin, we used biochemistry and innovative imaging assays conducted in vitro and in vivo, including in the forming chick trigeminal ganglion. Results: Our data revealed a physical interaction between Cadherin-7 and N-cadherin. Conclusions: These studies identify a new molecular basis by which neural crest cells and placode cells can aggregate in vivo to build the trigeminal ganglion during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Halmi
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Chyong-Yi Wu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Lisa A. Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
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Karpinski BA, Maynard TM, Bryan CA, Yitsege G, Horvath A, Lee NH, Moody SA, LaMantia AS. Selective disruption of trigeminal sensory neurogenesis and differentiation in a mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm047357. [PMID: 33722956 PMCID: PMC8126478 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with cranial nerve anomalies and disordered oropharyngeal function, including pediatric dysphagia. Using the LgDel 22q11DS mouse model, we investigated whether sensory neuron differentiation in the trigeminal ganglion (CNgV), which is essential for normal orofacial function, is disrupted. We did not detect changes in cranial placode cell translocation or neural crest migration at early stages of LgDel CNgV development. However, as the ganglion coalesces, proportions of placode-derived LgDel CNgV cells increase relative to neural crest cells. In addition, local aggregation of placode-derived cells increases and aggregation of neural crest-derived cells decreases in LgDel CNgV. This change in cell-cell relationships was accompanied by altered proliferation of placode-derived cells at embryonic day (E)9.5, and premature neurogenesis from neural crest-derived precursors, reflected by an increased frequency of asymmetric neurogenic divisions for neural crest-derived precursors by E10.5. These early differences in LgDel CNgV genesis prefigure changes in sensory neuron differentiation and gene expression by postnatal day 8, when early signs of cranial nerve dysfunction associated with pediatric dysphagia are observed in LgDel mice. Apparently, 22q11 deletion destabilizes CNgV sensory neuron genesis and differentiation by increasing variability in cell-cell interaction, proliferation and sensory neuron differentiation. This early developmental divergence and its consequences may contribute to oropharyngeal dysfunction, including suckling, feeding and swallowing disruptions at birth, and additional orofacial sensory/motor deficits throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A. Karpinski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Thomas M. Maynard
- The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
| | - Corey A. Bryan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Gelila Yitsege
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Anelia Horvath
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Norman H. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Sally A. Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Anthony-Samuel LaMantia
- The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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Leonard CE, Quiros J, Lefcort F, Taneyhill LA. Loss of Elp1 disrupts trigeminal ganglion neurodevelopment in a model of familial dysautonomia. eLife 2022; 11:71455. [PMID: 35713404 PMCID: PMC9273214 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a sensory and autonomic neuropathy caused by mutations in elongator complex protein 1 (ELP1). FD patients have small trigeminal nerves and impaired facial pain and temperature perception. These signals are relayed by nociceptive neurons in the trigeminal ganglion, a structure that is composed of both neural crest- and placode-derived cells. Mice lacking Elp1 in neural crest derivatives ('Elp1 CKO') are born with small trigeminal ganglia, suggesting Elp1 is important for trigeminal ganglion development, yet the function of Elp1 in this context is unknown. We demonstrate that Elp1, expressed in both neural crest- and placode-derived neurons, is not required for initial trigeminal ganglion formation. However, Elp1 CKO trigeminal neurons exhibit abnormal axon outgrowth and deficient target innervation. Developing nociceptors expressing the receptor TrkA undergo early apoptosis in Elp1 CKO, while TrkB- and TrkC-expressing neurons are spared, indicating Elp1 supports the target innervation and survival of trigeminal nociceptors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that specific TrkA deficits in the Elp1 CKO trigeminal ganglion reflect the neural crest lineage of most TrkA neurons versus the placodal lineage of most TrkB and TrkC neurons. Altogether, these findings explain defects in cranial gangliogenesis that may lead to loss of facial pain and temperature sensation in FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Leonard
- Department of Avian and Animal Sciences, University of Maryland, College ParkCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Jolie Quiros
- Department of Avian and Animal Sciences, University of Maryland, College ParkCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Frances Lefcort
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State UniversityBozemanUnited States
| | - Lisa A Taneyhill
- Department of Avian and Animal Sciences, University of Maryland, College ParkCollege ParkUnited States
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Chu D, Nguyen A, Smith SS, Vavrušová Z, Schneider RA. Stable integration of an optimized inducible promoter system enables spatiotemporal control of gene expression throughout avian development. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio055343. [PMID: 32917762 PMCID: PMC7561481 DOI: 10.1242/bio.055343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Precisely altering gene expression is critical for understanding molecular processes of embryogenesis. Although some tools exist for transgene misexpression in developing chick embryos, we have refined and advanced them by simplifying and optimizing constructs for spatiotemporal control. To maintain expression over the entire course of embryonic development we use an enhanced piggyBac transposon system that efficiently integrates sequences into the host genome. We also incorporate a DNA targeting sequence to direct plasmid translocation into the nucleus and a D4Z4 insulator sequence to prevent epigenetic silencing. We designed these constructs to minimize their size and maximize cellular uptake, and to simplify usage by placing all of the integrating sequences on a single plasmid. Following electroporation of stage HH8.5 embryos, our tetracycline-inducible promoter construct produces robust transgene expression in the presence of doxycycline at any point during embryonic development in ovo or in culture. Moreover, expression levels can be modulated by titrating doxycycline concentrations and spatial control can be achieved using beads or gels. Thus, we have generated a novel, sensitive, tunable, and stable inducible-promoter system for high-resolution gene manipulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - An Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Spenser S Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Zuzana Vavrušová
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
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York JR, Yuan T, McCauley DW. Evolutionary and Developmental Associations of Neural Crest and Placodes in the Vertebrate Head: Insights From Jawless Vertebrates. Front Physiol 2020; 11:986. [PMID: 32903576 PMCID: PMC7438564 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest and placodes are key innovations of the vertebrate clade. These cells arise within the dorsal ectoderm of all vertebrate embryos and have the developmental potential to form many of the morphological novelties within the vertebrate head. Each cell population has its own distinct developmental features and generates unique cell types. However, it is essential that neural crest and placodes associate together throughout embryonic development to coordinate the emergence of several features in the head, including almost all of the cranial peripheral sensory nervous system and organs of special sense. Despite the significance of this developmental feat, its evolutionary origins have remained unclear, owing largely to the fact that there has been little comparative (evolutionary) work done on this topic between the jawed vertebrates and cyclostomes—the jawless lampreys and hagfishes. In this review, we briefly summarize the developmental mechanisms and genetics of neural crest and placodes in both jawed and jawless vertebrates. We then discuss recent studies on the role of neural crest and placodes—and their developmental association—in the head of lamprey embryos, and how comparisons with jawed vertebrates can provide insights into the causes and consequences of this event in early vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R York
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Tian Yuan
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - David W McCauley
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
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Abstract
As the crucial non-cellular component of tissues, the extracellular matrix (ECM) provides both physical support and signaling regulation to cells. Some ECM molecules provide a fibrillar environment around cells, while others provide a sheet-like basement membrane scaffold beneath epithelial cells. In this Review, we focus on recent studies investigating the mechanical, biophysical and signaling cues provided to developing tissues by different types of ECM in a variety of developing organisms. In addition, we discuss how the ECM helps to regulate tissue morphology during embryonic development by governing key elements of cell shape, adhesion, migration and differentiation. Summary: This Review discusses our current understanding of how the extracellular matrix helps guide developing tissues by influencing cell adhesion, migration, shape and differentiation, emphasizing the biophysical cues it provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Cruz Walma
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4370, USA
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4370, USA
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