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Phillips CA, Rogers BM, Elder M, Cooperdock S, Moubarak M, Randerson JT, Frumhoff PC. Escalating carbon emissions from North American boreal forest wildfires and the climate mitigation potential of fire management. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl7161. [PMID: 35476444 PMCID: PMC9045718 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires in boreal forests release large quantities of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, exacerbating climate change. Here, we characterize the magnitude of recent and projected gross and net boreal North American wildfire carbon dioxide emissions, evaluate fire management as an emissions reduction strategy, and quantify the associated costs. Our results show that wildfires in boreal North America could, by mid-century, contribute to a cumulative net source of nearly 12 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide, about 3% of remaining global carbon dioxide emissions associated with keeping temperatures within the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C limit. With observations from Alaska, we show that current fire management practices limit the burned area. Further, the costs of avoiding carbon dioxide emissions by means of increasing investment in fire management are comparable to or lower than those of other mitigation strategies. Together, our findings highlight the climate risk that boreal wildfires pose and point to fire management as a cost-effective way to limit emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A. Phillips
- Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
| | | | - Molly Elder
- Fletcher School, Tufts University Medford, MA, USA
| | | | | | - James T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Euskirchen ES, Serbin SP, Carman TB, Fraterrigo JM, Genet H, Iversen CM, Salmon V, McGuire AD. Assessing dynamic vegetation model parameter uncertainty across Alaskan arctic tundra plant communities. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2499. [PMID: 34787932 PMCID: PMC9285828 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the Arctic region moves into uncharted territory under a warming climate, it is important to refine the terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) that help us understand and predict change. One fundamental uncertainty in TBMs relates to model parameters, configuration variables internal to the model whose value can be estimated from data. We incorporate a version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) developed for arctic ecosystems into the Predictive Ecosystem Analyzer (PEcAn) framework. PEcAn treats model parameters as probability distributions, estimates parameters based on a synthesis of available field data, and then quantifies both model sensitivity and uncertainty to a given parameter or suite of parameters. We examined how variation in 21 parameters in the equation for gross primary production influenced model sensitivity and uncertainty in terms of two carbon fluxes (net primary productivity and heterotrophic respiration) and two carbon (C) pools (vegetation C and soil C). We set up different parameterizations of TEM across a range of tundra types (tussock tundra, heath tundra, wet sedge tundra, and shrub tundra) in northern Alaska, along a latitudinal transect extending from the coastal plain near Utqiaġvik to the southern foothills of the Brooks Range, to the Seward Peninsula. TEM was most sensitive to parameters related to the temperature regulation of photosynthesis. Model uncertainty was mostly due to parameters related to leaf area, temperature regulation of photosynthesis, and the stomatal responses to ambient light conditions. Our analysis also showed that sensitivity and uncertainty to a given parameter varied spatially. At some sites, model sensitivity and uncertainty tended to be connected to a wider range of parameters, underlining the importance of assessing tundra community processes across environmental gradients or geographic locations. Generally, across sites, the flux of net primary productivity (NPP) and pool of vegetation C had about equal uncertainty, while heterotrophic respiration had higher uncertainty than the pool of soil C. Our study illustrates the complexity inherent in evaluating parameter uncertainty across highly heterogeneous arctic tundra plant communities. It also provides a framework for iteratively testing how newly collected field data related to key parameters may result in more effective forecasting of Arctic change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawn P. Serbin
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Science & Technology GroupEnvironmental Sciences DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNew York11973USA
| | - Tobey B. Carman
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska99775USA
| | - Jennifer M. Fraterrigo
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois61801USA
| | - Hélène Genet
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska99775USA
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831USA
| | - Verity Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831USA
| | - A. David McGuire
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska99775USA
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Chen Y, Kelly R, Genet H, Lara MJ, Chipman ML, McGuire AD, Hu FS. Resilience and sensitivity of ecosystem carbon stocks to fire-regime change in Alaskan tundra. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151482. [PMID: 34742811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fire disturbance has increased in some tundra ecosystems due to anthropogenic climate change, with important ramifications for terrestrial carbon cycling. Assessment of the potential impact of fire-regime change on tundra carbon stocks requires long-term perspectives because tundra fires have been rare historically. Here we integrated the process-based Dynamic Organic Soil version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model with paleo-fire records to evaluate the responses of tundra carbon stocks to changes in fire return interval (FRI). Paleorecords reveal that mean FRIs of tundra ecosystems in Alaska ranged from centennial to millennial timescales (200-6000 years) during the late Quaternary, but projected FRIs by 2100 decrease to a few hundred years to several decades (70-660 years). Our simulations indicate threshold effects of changing FRIs on tundra carbon stocks. Shortening FRI from 5000 to 1000 years results in minimal carbon release (<5%) from Alaskan tundra ecosystems. Rapid carbon stock loss occurs when FRI declines below 800 years trigger sustained mobilization of ancient carbon stocks from permafrost soils. However, substantial spatial heterogeneity in the resilience/sensitivity of tundra carbon stocks to FRI change exists, largely attributable to vegetation types. We identified the carbon stocks in shrub tundra as the most vulnerable to decreasing FRI because shrub tundra stores a large share of carbon in combustible biomass and organic soils. Moreover, our results suggest that ecosystems characterized by large carbon stocks and relatively long FRIs (e.g. Brooks Foothills) may transition towards hotspots of permafrost carbon emission as a response to crossing FRI thresholds in the coming decades. These findings combined imply that fire disturbance may play an increasingly important role in future carbon balance of tundra ecosystems, but the net outcome may be strongly modulated by vegetation composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Kelly
- UNC Health Care System, 1025 Think Place, Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Hélène Genet
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Mark Jason Lara
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Geography, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Melissa Lynn Chipman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - A David McGuire
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Feng Sheng Hu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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Ter-Mikaelian MT, Gonsamo A, Chen JM, Mo G, Chen J. Historical and future carbon stocks in forests of northern Ontario, Canada. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 16:21. [PMID: 34264423 PMCID: PMC8281711 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forests in the Far North of Ontario (FNO), Canada, are likely the least studied in North America, and quantifying their current and future carbon (C) stocks is the first step in assessing their potential role in climate change mitigation. Although the FNO forests are unmanaged, the latter task is made more important by growing interest in developing the region's natural resources, primarily for timber harvesting. In this study, we used a combination of field and remotely sensed observations with a land surface model to estimate forest C stocks in the FNO forests and to project their future dynamics. The specific objective was to simulate historical C stocks for 1901-2014 and future C stocks for 2015-2100 for five shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios selected as high priority scenarios for the 6th Assessment Report on Climate Change. RESULTS Carbon stocks in live vegetation in the FNO forests remained relatively stable between 1901 and 2014 while soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks steadily declined, losing about 16% of their initial value. At the end of the historical simulation (in 2014), the stocks were estimated at 19.8, 46.4, and 66.2 tCha-1 in live vegetation, SOC, and total ecosystem pools, respectively. Projections for 2015-2100 indicated effectively no substantial change in SOC stocks, while live vegetation C stocks increased, accelerating their growth in the second half of the twenty-first century. These results were consistent among all simulated SSP scenarios. Consequently, increase in total forest ecosystem C stocks by 2100 ranged from 16.7 to 20.7% of their value in 2015. Simulations with and without wildfires showed the strong effect of fire on forest C stock dynamics during 2015-2100: inclusion of wildfires reduced the live vegetation increase by half while increasing the SOC pool due to higher turnover of vegetation C to SOC. CONCLUSIONS Forest ecosystem C stock estimates at the end of historical simulation period were at the lower end but within the range of values reported in the literature for northern boreal forests. These estimates may be treated as conservatively low since the area included in the estimates is poorly studied and some of the forests may be on peat deposits rather than mineral soils. Future C stocks were projected to increase in all simulated SSP scenarios, especially in the second half of the twenty-first century. Thus, during the projected period forest ecosystems of the FNO are likely to act as a C sink. In light of growing interest in developing natural resources in the FNO, collecting more data on the status and dynamics of its forests is needed to verify the above-presented estimates and design management activities that would maintain their projected C sink status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Ter-Mikaelian
- Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 1235 Queen Street E., Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2E5, Canada.
| | - Alemu Gonsamo
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4S4, Canada
| | - Jing M Chen
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, 100 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Gang Mo
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, 100 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 1235 Queen Street E., Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2E5, Canada
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Bahlai CA, Hart C, Kavanaugh MT, White JD, Ruess RW, Brinkman TJ, Ducklow HW, Foster DR, Fraser WR, Genet H, Groffman PM, Hamilton SK, Johnstone JF, Kielland K, Landis DA, Mack MC, Sarnelle O, Thompson JR. Cascading effects: insights from the U.S. Long Term Ecological Research Network. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christie A. Bahlai
- Department of Biological Sciences Kent State University Kent Ohio44242USA
- Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University Hickory Corners Michigan49060USA
| | - Clarisse Hart
- Harvard Forest Harvard University Petersham Massachusetts01366USA
| | - Maria T. Kavanaugh
- College of Earth Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Jeffrey D. White
- Department of Biology Framingham State University 100 State Street Framingham Massachusetts01702USA
| | - Roger W. Ruess
- Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska99775USA
| | - Todd J. Brinkman
- Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska99775USA
| | | | - David R. Foster
- Harvard Forest Harvard University Petersham Massachusetts01366USA
| | | | - Hélène Genet
- Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska99775USA
| | - Peter M. Groffman
- City University of New York Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center New York New York10031USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook New York12545USA
| | - Stephen K. Hamilton
- Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University Hickory Corners Michigan49060USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook New York12545USA
| | - Jill F. Johnstone
- Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska99775USA
| | - Knut Kielland
- Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska99775USA
| | - Douglas A. Landis
- Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan48824USA
| | - Michelle C. Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
| | - Orlando Sarnelle
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University 480 Wilson Road East Lansing Michigan48824USA
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North American boreal forests are a large carbon source due to wildfires from 1986 to 2016. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7723. [PMID: 33833331 PMCID: PMC8032736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildfires are a major disturbance to forest carbon (C) balance through both immediate combustion emissions and post-fire ecosystem dynamics. Here we used a process-based biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), to simulate C budget in Alaska and Canada during 1986-2016, as impacted by fire disturbances. We extracted the data of difference Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) for fires from Landsat TM/ETM imagery and estimated the proportion of vegetation and soil C combustion. We observed that the region was a C source of 2.74 Pg C during the 31-year period. The observed C loss, 57.1 Tg C year-1, was attributed to fire emissions, overwhelming the net ecosystem production (1.9 Tg C year-1) in the region. Our simulated direct emissions for Alaska and Canada are within the range of field measurements and other model estimates. As burn severity increased, combustion emission tended to switch from vegetation origin towards soil origin. When dNBR is below 300, fires increase soil temperature and decrease soil moisture and thus, enhance soil respiration. However, the post-fire soil respiration decreases for moderate or high burn severity. The proportion of post-fire soil emission in total emissions increased with burn severity. Net nitrogen mineralization gradually recovered after fire, enhancing net primary production. Net ecosystem production recovered fast under higher burn severities. The impact of fire disturbance on the C balance of northern ecosystems and the associated uncertainties can be better characterized with long-term, prior-, during- and post-disturbance data across the geospatial spectrum. Our findings suggest that the regional source of carbon to the atmosphere will persist if the observed forest wildfire occurrence and severity continues into the future.
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Pastick NJ, Jorgenson MT, Goetz SJ, Jones BM, Wylie BK, Minsley BJ, Genet H, Knight JF, Swanson DK, Jorgenson JC. Spatiotemporal remote sensing of ecosystem change and causation across Alaska. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1171-1189. [PMID: 29808518 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary climate change in Alaska has resulted in amplified rates of press and pulse disturbances that drive ecosystem change with significant consequences for socio-environmental systems. Despite the vulnerability of Arctic and boreal landscapes to change, little has been done to characterize landscape change and associated drivers across northern high-latitude ecosystems. Here we characterize the historical sensitivity of Alaska's ecosystems to environmental change and anthropogenic disturbances using expert knowledge, remote sensing data, and spatiotemporal analyses and modeling. Time-series analysis of moderate-and high-resolution imagery was used to characterize land- and water-surface dynamics across Alaska. Some 430,000 interpretations of ecological and geomorphological change were made using historical air photos and satellite imagery, and corroborate land-surface greening, browning, and wetness/moisture trend parameters derived from peak-growing season Landsat imagery acquired from 1984 to 2015. The time series of change metrics, together with climatic data and maps of landscape characteristics, were incorporated into a modeling framework for mapping and understanding of drivers of change throughout Alaska. According to our analysis, approximately 13% (~174,000 ± 8700 km2 ) of Alaska has experienced directional change in the last 32 years (±95% confidence intervals). At the ecoregions level, substantial increases in remotely sensed vegetation productivity were most pronounced in western and northern foothills of Alaska, which is explained by vegetation growth associated with increasing air temperatures. Significant browning trends were largely the result of recent wildfires in interior Alaska, but browning trends are also driven by increases in evaporative demand and surface-water gains that have predominately occurred over warming permafrost landscapes. Increased rates of photosynthetic activity are associated with stabilization and recovery processes following wildfire, timber harvesting, insect damage, thermokarst, glacial retreat, and lake infilling and drainage events. Our results fill a critical gap in the understanding of historical and potential future trajectories of change in northern high-latitude regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal J Pastick
- Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies, Inc. (contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey), Sioux Falls, South Dakota
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | | | - Scott J Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Benjamin M Jones
- Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Bruce K Wylie
- Earth Resources Observation and Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Burke J Minsley
- Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado
| | - Hélène Genet
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Joseph F Knight
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | | | - Janet C Jorgenson
- Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks, Alaska
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McGuire AD, Zhu Z, Birdsey R, Pan Y, Schimel DS. Introduction to the Alaska Carbon Cycle Invited Feature. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1938-1939. [PMID: 30286257 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A D McGuire
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Z Zhu
- U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 12201, USA
| | - R Birdsey
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, 02540, USA
| | - Y Pan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, USA
| | - D S Schimel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, 91109, USA
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Andrieux B, Beguin J, Bergeron Y, Grondin P, Paré D. Drivers of postfire soil organic carbon accumulation in the boreal forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4797-4815. [PMID: 29963722 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of soil carbon (C) is regulated by a complex interplay between abiotic and biotic factors. Our study aimed to identify the main drivers of soil C accumulation in the boreal forest of eastern North America. Ecosystem C pools were measured in 72 sites of fire origin that burned 2-314 years ago over a vast region with a range of ∆ mean annual temperature of 3°C and one of ∆ 500 mm total precipitation. We used a set of multivariate a priori causal hypotheses to test the influence of time since fire (TSF), climate, soil physico-chemistry and bryophyte dominance on forest soil organic C accumulation. Integrating the direct and indirect effects among abiotic and biotic variables explained as much as 50% of the full model variability. The main direct drivers of soil C stocks were: TSF >bryophyte dominance of the FH layer and metal oxide content >pH of the mineral soil. Only climate parameters related to water availability contributed significantly to explaining soil C stock variation. Importantly, climate was found to affect FH layer and mineral soil C stocks indirectly through its effects on bryophyte dominance and organo-metal complexation, respectively. Soil texture had no influence on soil C stocks. Soil C stocks increased both in the FH layer and mineral soil with TSF and this effect was linked to a decrease in pH with TSF in mineral soil. TSF thus appears to be an important factor of soil development and of C sequestration in mineral soil through its influence on soil chemistry. Overall, this work highlights that integrating the complex interplay between the main drivers of soil C stocks into mechanistic models of C dynamics could improve our ability to assess C stocks and better anticipate the response of the boreal forest to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Andrieux
- NSERC-UQAT-UQAM Industrial Chair in Sustainable Forest Management, Forest Research Institute, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Beguin
- Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Bergeron
- NSERC-UQAT-UQAM Industrial Chair in Sustainable Forest Management, Forest Research Institute, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Grondin
- Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québéc, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - David Paré
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, Canada
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Lyu Z, Genet H, He Y, Zhuang Q, McGuire AD, Bennett A, Breen A, Clein J, Euskirchen ES, Johnson K, Kurkowski T, Pastick NJ, Rupp TS, Wylie BK, Zhu Z. The role of environmental driving factors in historical and projected carbon dynamics of wetland ecosystems in Alaska. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1377-1395. [PMID: 29808543 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands are critical terrestrial ecosystems in Alaska, covering ~177,000 km2 , an area greater than all the wetlands in the remainder of the United States. To assess the relative influence of changing climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentration, and fire regime on carbon balance in wetland ecosystems of Alaska, a modeling framework that incorporates a fire disturbance model and two biogeochemical models was used. Spatially explicit simulations were conducted at 1-km resolution for the historical period (1950-2009) and future projection period (2010-2099). Simulations estimated that wetland ecosystems of Alaska lost 175 Tg carbon (C) in the historical period. Ecosystem C storage in 2009 was 5,556 Tg, with 89% of the C stored in soils. The estimated loss of C as CO2 and biogenic methane (CH4 ) emissions resulted in wetlands of Alaska increasing the greenhouse gas forcing of climate warming. Simulations for the projection period were conducted for six climate change scenarios constructed from two climate models forced under three CO2 emission scenarios. Ecosystem C storage averaged among climate scenarios increased 3.94 Tg C/yr by 2099, with variability among the simulations ranging from 2.02 to 4.42 Tg C/yr. These increases were driven primarily by increases in net primary production (NPP) that were greater than losses from increased decomposition and fire. The NPP increase was driven by CO2 fertilization (~5% per 100 parts per million by volume increase) and by increases in air temperature (~1% per °C increase). Increases in air temperature were estimated to be the primary cause for a projected 47.7% mean increase in biogenic CH4 emissions among the simulations (~15% per °C increase). Ecosystem CO2 sequestration offset the increase in CH4 emissions during the 21st century to decrease the greenhouse gas forcing of climate warming. However, beyond 2100, we expect that this forcing will ultimately increase as wetland ecosystems transition from being a sink to a source of atmospheric CO2 because of (1) decreasing sensitivity of NPP to increasing atmospheric CO2 , (2) increasing availability of soil C for decomposition as permafrost thaws, and (3) continued positive sensitivity of biogenic CH4 emissions to increases in soil temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Lyu
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Hélène Genet
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Yujie He
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Qianlai Zhuang
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - A David McGuire
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Alec Bennett
- Scenarios Network for Alaska and Arctic Planning, International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Amy Breen
- Scenarios Network for Alaska and Arctic Planning, International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Joy Clein
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Eugénie S Euskirchen
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Kristofer Johnson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, 19073, USA
| | - Tom Kurkowski
- Scenarios Network for Alaska and Arctic Planning, International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Neal J Pastick
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
- Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies Inc., contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57198, USA
| | - T Scott Rupp
- Scenarios Network for Alaska and Arctic Planning, International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Bruce K Wylie
- U.S. Geological Survey, The Earth Resources Observation Systems Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57198, USA
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 12201, USA
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