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Tubby K, Forster J, Mullett M, Needham R, Smith O, Snowden J, McCartan S. Can the Seed Trade Provide a Potential Pathway for the Global Distribution of Foliar Pathogens? An Investigation into the Use of Heat Treatments to Reduce Risk of Dothistroma septosporum Transmission via Seed Stock. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1190. [PMID: 38132790 PMCID: PMC10744699 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The international plant trade results in the accidental movement of invasive pests and pathogens, and has contributed significantly to recent range expansion of pathogens including Dothistroma septosporum. Seeds are usually thought to present a lower biosecurity risk than plants, but the importation of Pinus contorta seeds from North America to Britain in the mid-1900s, and similarities between British and Canadian D. septosporum populations suggests seeds could be a pathway. Dothistroma septosporum has not been isolated from seeds, but inadequately cleaned seed material could contain infected needle fragments. This case study investigated whether cone kilning, and wet and dry heat treatments could reduce D. septosporum transmission without damaging seed viability. Pinus needles infected with D. septosporum were incubated alongside cones undergoing three commercial seed extraction processes. Additional needles were exposed to temperatures ranging from 10 to 67 °C dry heat for up to 48 h, or incubated in water heated to between 20 and 60 °C for up to one hour. Pinus sylvestris seeds were exposed to 60 and 65 dry heat °C for 48 h, and further seed samples incubated in water heated to between 20 and 60 °C for up to one hour. Dothistroma septosporum survived the three kilning processes and while seeds were not damaged by dry heat exceeding 63.5 °C, at this temperature no D. septosporum survived. Wet heat treatments resulted in less than 10% pathogen survival following incubation at 40 °C, while at this temperature the seeds suffered no significant impacts, even when submerged for one hour. Thus, commercial seed kilning could allow D. septosporum transmission, but elevated wet and dry heat treatments could be applied to seed stock to minimise pathogen risk without significantly damaging seed viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Tubby
- Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, UK (M.M.); (O.S.); (J.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Jack Forster
- Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, UK (M.M.); (O.S.); (J.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Martin Mullett
- Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, UK (M.M.); (O.S.); (J.S.); (S.M.)
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Needham
- Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, UK (M.M.); (O.S.); (J.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Olivia Smith
- Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, UK (M.M.); (O.S.); (J.S.); (S.M.)
| | - James Snowden
- Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, UK (M.M.); (O.S.); (J.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Shelagh McCartan
- Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, UK (M.M.); (O.S.); (J.S.); (S.M.)
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2
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Franić I, Allan E, Prospero S, Adamson K, Attorre F, Auger-Rozenberg MA, Augustin S, Avtzis D, Baert W, Barta M, Bauters K, Bellahirech A, Boroń P, Bragança H, Brestovanská T, Brurberg MB, Burgess T, Burokienė D, Cleary M, Corley J, Coyle DR, Csóka G, Černý K, Davydenko K, de Groot M, Diez JJ, Doğmuş Lehtijärvi HT, Drenkhan R, Edwards J, Elsafy M, Eötvös CB, Falko R, Fan J, Feddern N, Fürjes-Mikó Á, Gossner MM, Grad B, Hartmann M, Havrdova L, Kádasi Horáková M, Hrabětová M, Justesen MJ, Kacprzyk M, Kenis M, Kirichenko N, Kovač M, Kramarets V, Lacković N, Lantschner MV, Lazarević J, Leskiv M, Li H, Madsen CL, Malumphy C, Matošević D, Matsiakh I, May TW, Meffert J, Migliorini D, Nikolov C, O'Hanlon R, Oskay F, Paap T, Parpan T, Piškur B, Ravn HP, Richard J, Ronse A, Roques A, Ruffner B, Santini A, Sivickis K, Soliani C, Talgø V, Tomoshevich M, Uimari A, Ulyshen M, Vettraino AM, Villari C, Wang Y, Witzell J, Zlatković M, Eschen R. Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11570. [PMID: 37463904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36795-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on differences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could affect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Franić
- CABI, Delémont, Switzerland.
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Eric Allan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kalev Adamson
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Fabio Attorre
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Dimitrios Avtzis
- Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Wim Baert
- Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium
| | - Marek Barta
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | - Amani Bellahirech
- National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, Water and Forests (INRGREF), Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Piotr Boroń
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Helena Bragança
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária I. P. (INIAV I. P.), Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tereza Brestovanská
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
| | - May Bente Brurberg
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Daiva Burokienė
- Institute of Botany at the Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Michelle Cleary
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Juan Corley
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (INTA-CONICET), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - David R Coyle
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - György Csóka
- Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, University of Sopron, Mátrafüred, Hungary
| | - Karel Černý
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Kateryna Davydenko
- Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry and Forest Melioration, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Julio Javier Diez
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, Palencia, Spain
- Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
| | | | - Rein Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jacqueline Edwards
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Agribio Centre, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
| | - Mohammed Elsafy
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Csaba Béla Eötvös
- Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, University of Sopron, Mátrafüred, Hungary
| | - Roman Falko
- Ukrainian Research Institute of Mountain Forestry, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Jianting Fan
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nina Feddern
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ágnes Fürjes-Mikó
- Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, University of Sopron, Mátrafüred, Hungary
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bartłomiej Grad
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ludmila Havrdova
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Markéta Hrabětová
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Mathias Just Justesen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Kacprzyk
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Kirichenko
- Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Marta Kovač
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Jastrebarsko, Croatia
| | | | | | - Maria Victoria Lantschner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (INTA-CONICET), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Jelena Lazarević
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | | | | | - Corrie Lynne Madsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris Malumphy
- Fera Science Ltd, National Agri-food Innovation Campus, York, UK
| | | | - Iryna Matsiakh
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- Ukrainian National Forestry University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Tom W May
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Johan Meffert
- National Plant Protection Organisation, Netherlands Food and Consumers Product Safety Authority, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Duccio Migliorini
- National Research Council C.N.R., Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Christo Nikolov
- National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | | | - Funda Oskay
- Faculty of Forestry, Çankırı Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Trudy Paap
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Taras Parpan
- Ukrainian Research Institute of Mountain Forestry, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | | | - Hans Peter Ravn
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Richard
- Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI), Lushoto, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Beat Ruffner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Santini
- National Research Council C.N.R., Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Karolis Sivickis
- Institute of Botany at the Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Carolina Soliani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (INTA-CONICET), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Venche Talgø
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Maria Tomoshevich
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anne Uimari
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Suonenjoki, Finland
| | - Michael Ulyshen
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Caterina Villari
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yongjun Wang
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Johanna Witzell
- Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Milica Zlatković
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Fenn‐Moltu G, Ollier S, Caton B, Liebhold AM, Nahrung H, Pureswaran DS, Turner RM, Yamanaka T, Bertelsmeier C. Alien insect dispersal mediated by the global movement of commodities. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2721. [PMID: 36372556 PMCID: PMC10078186 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Globalization and economic growth are recognized as key drivers of biological invasions. Alien species have become a feature of almost every biological community worldwide, and rates of new introductions continue to rise as the movement of people and goods accelerates. Insects are among the most numerous and problematic alien organisms, and are mainly introduced unintentionally with imported cargo or arriving passengers. However, the processes occurring prior to insect introductions remain poorly understood. We used a unique dataset of 1,902,392 border interception records from inspections at air, land, and maritime ports in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Japan, USA, and Canada to identify key commodities associated with insect movement through trade and travel. In total, 8939 species were intercepted, and commodity association data were available for 1242 species recorded between 1960 and 2019. We used rarefaction and extrapolation methods to estimate the total species richness and diversity associated with different commodity types. Plant and wood products were the main commodities associated with insect movement across cargo, passenger baggage, and international mail. Furthermore, certain species were mainly associated with specific commodities within these, and other broad categories. More closely related species tended to share similar commodity associations, but this occurred largely at the genus level rather than within orders or families. These similarities within genera can potentially inform pathway management of new alien species. Combining interception records across regions provides a unique window into the unintentional movement of insects, and provides valuable information on establishment risks associated with different commodity types and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyda Fenn‐Moltu
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Sébastien Ollier
- Department of Ecology, Systematics and EvolutionUniversity Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Barney Caton
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServicesPlant Protection and QuarantineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research StationMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PragueSuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Helen Nahrung
- Forest Research InstituteUniversity of the Sunshine CoastMaroochydore DCQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Rebecca M. Turner
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute)ChristchurchNew Zealand
| | | | - Cleo Bertelsmeier
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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4
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Wani AK, Akhtar N, Singh R, Chopra C, Kakade P, Borde M, Al-Khayri JM, Suprasanna P, Zimare SB. Prospects of advanced metagenomics and meta-omics in the investigation of phytomicrobiome to forecast beneficial and pathogenic response. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:12165-12179. [PMID: 36169892 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms dwell in diverse plant niches as non-axenic biotic components that are beneficial as well pathogenic for the host. They improve nutrients-uptake, stress tolerance, phytohormone synthesis, and strengthening the defense system through phyllosphere, rhizosphere, and endosphere. The negative consequences of the microbial communities are largely in the form of diseases characterized by certain symptoms such as gall, cankers, rots etc. Uncultivable and unspecified nature of different phytomicrobiomes communities is a challenge in the management of plant disease, a leading cause for the loss of the plant products. Metagenomics has opened a new gateway for the exploration of microorganisms that are hitherto unknown, enables investigation of the functional aspect of microbial gene products through metatranscriptomics and metabolomics. Metagenomics offers advantages of characterizing previously unknown microorganisms from extreme environments like hot springs, glaciers, deep seas, animal gut etc. besides bioprospecting gene products such as Taq polymerase, bor encoded indolotryptoline, hydrolases, and polyketides. This review provides a detailed account of the phytomicrobiome networks and highlights the importance and limitations of metagenomics and other meta-omics approaches for the understanding of plant microbial diversity with special focus on the disease control and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Khurshid Wani
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
| | - Nahid Akhtar
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
| | - Chirag Chopra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
| | - Prachi Kakade
- Department of Botany, Amdar Shashikant Shinde Mahavidyalay, 415012, Medha, Satara, India
| | - Mahesh Borde
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, 411007, Pune, India
| | - Jameel M Al-Khayri
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, 31982, Al- Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 400094, Mumbai, India
| | - Saurabha B Zimare
- Department of Botany, Amdar Shashikant Shinde Mahavidyalay, 415012, Medha, Satara, India. .,Department of Botany, D. P. Bhosale College, Koregaon, , Satara, 415501, Maharashtra, India.
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5
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Nuskern L, Stojanović M, Milanović-Litre M, Šibenik T, Ježić M, Poljak I, Ćurković-Perica M. Filling the Gap in Southern Europe—Diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica and Associated Mycovirus (Cryphonectria hypovirus 1) in Montenegro. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060552. [PMID: 35736034 PMCID: PMC9224863 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryphonectria parasitica is an invasive fungal pathogen that causes blight disease on chestnut trees. Its destructive effect can be controlled with naturally occurring mycovirus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1). To date, the spread of C. parasitica and CHV1 in Europe is fairly well documented, but there are still several unexplored regions. Thus, we sampled blight cankers from four sweet chestnut populations in Bay of Kotor and Lake Skadar regions in Montenegro. We determined vegetative compatibility (vc) type and mating-type diversity using molecular vic and MAT1 genotyping, as well as confirming the presence of CHV1 by RT-PCR. We identified 11 vc types, with EU-12 being the dominant one represented by 58.2% of all fungal isolates. The Shannon diversity index ranged from 0.93 to 1.47. Both mating types of C. parasitica were found in all four populations. The prevalence of CHV1 ranged from 15% to 40%. All CHV1 isolates belonged to Italian subtype I of CHV1 and were closely related, with relatively recent common ancestors. Our results indicate a longer presence of C. parasitica and CHV1 in Montenegro than previously thought. Natural biocontrol with CHV1 seems to be well established. However, it has the potential for deterioration; thus, close monitoring is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Nuskern
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.N.); (M.M.-L.); (T.Š.); (M.J.)
| | - Milena Stojanović
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Mihaila Lalića Br. 15, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro;
| | - Marija Milanović-Litre
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.N.); (M.M.-L.); (T.Š.); (M.J.)
| | - Tena Šibenik
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.N.); (M.M.-L.); (T.Š.); (M.J.)
| | - Marin Ježić
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.N.); (M.M.-L.); (T.Š.); (M.J.)
| | - Igor Poljak
- Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 23, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Mirna Ćurković-Perica
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.N.); (M.M.-L.); (T.Š.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-(0)1-4898-076
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6
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Franić I, Prospero S, Adamson K, Allan E, Attorre F, Auger-Rozenberg MA, Augustin S, Avtzis D, Baert W, Barta M, Bauters K, Bellahirech A, Boroń P, Bragança H, Brestovanská T, Brurberg MB, Burgess T, Burokienė D, Cleary M, Corley J, Coyle DR, Csóka G, Černý K, Davydenko K, de Groot M, Diez JJ, Doğmuş Lehtijärvi HT, Drenkhan R, Edwards J, Elsafy M, Eötvös CB, Falko R, Fan J, Feddern N, Fürjes-Mikó Á, Gossner MM, Grad B, Hartmann M, Havrdova L, Horáková MK, Hrabětová M, Justesen MJ, Kacprzyk M, Kenis M, Kirichenko N, Kovač M, Kramarets V, Lacković N, Lantschner MV, Lazarević J, Leskiv M, Li H, Madsen CL, Malumphy C, Matošević D, Matsiakh I, May TW, Meffert J, Migliorini D, Nikolov C, O'Hanlon R, Oskay F, Paap T, Parpan T, Piškur B, Ravn HP, Richard J, Ronse A, Roques A, Ruffner B, Sivickis K, Soliani C, Talgø V, Tomoshevich M, Uimari A, Ulyshen M, Vettraino AM, Villari C, Wang Y, Witzell J, Zlatković M, Eschen R. Worldwide diversity of endophytic fungi and insects associated with dormant tree twigs. Sci Data 2022; 9:62. [PMID: 35232978 PMCID: PMC8888713 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
International trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas. To mitigate these risks, a large-scale assessment of tree-associated fungi and insects is needed. We present records of endophytic fungi and insects in twigs of 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, from 51 locations in 32 countries worldwide. Endophytic fungi were characterized by high-throughput sequencing of 352 samples from 145 tree species in 28 countries. Insects were reared from 227 samples of 109 tree species in 18 countries and sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree-associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. This dataset will facilitate applied and fundamental studies on the distribution of fungal endophytes and insects in trees. Measurement(s) | metagenomics analysis • Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 1 | Technology Type(s) | amplicon sequencing • Dideoxy Chain Termination DNA Sequencing | Factor Type(s) | tree species • geographic location • mean annual temperature • mean annual precipitation | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Fungi • Insecta | Sample Characteristic - Environment | dormant tree twigs |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.16764229
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Franić
- CABI, Delémont, Switzerland. .,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. .,Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kalev Adamson
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eric Allan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Attorre
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie Anne Auger-Rozenberg
- Forest Zoology Research Unit, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (URZF INRAE), Orléans, France
| | - Sylvie Augustin
- Forest Zoology Research Unit, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (URZF INRAE), Orléans, France
| | - Dimitrios Avtzis
- Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Wim Baert
- Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium
| | - Marek Barta
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | - Amani Bellahirech
- National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, Water and Forests (INRGREF), Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Piotr Boroń
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Helena Bragança
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária I. P. (INIAV I. P.), Oeiras, Portugal.,GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tereza Brestovanská
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
| | - May Bente Brurberg
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway.,NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Treena Burgess
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daiva Burokienė
- Institute of Botany at the Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Michelle Cleary
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Juan Corley
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (INTA-CONICET), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - David R Coyle
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - György Csóka
- University of Sopron, Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, Mátrafüred, Hungary
| | - Karel Černý
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Kateryna Davydenko
- Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry and Forest Melioration, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Julio Javier Diez
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, Palencia, Spain.,Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
| | | | - Rein Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jacqueline Edwards
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Agriculture Victoria Research, Agribio Centre, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammed Elsafy
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Csaba Béla Eötvös
- University of Sopron, Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, Mátrafüred, Hungary
| | - Roman Falko
- Ukrainian Research Institute of Mountain Forestry, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Jianting Fan
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nina Feddern
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ágnes Fürjes-Mikó
- University of Sopron, Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, Mátrafüred, Hungary
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bartłomiej Grad
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ludmila Havrdova
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Markéta Hrabětová
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Mathias Just Justesen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Kacprzyk
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Kirichenko
- Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Marta Kovač
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Jastrebarsko, Croatia
| | | | | | - Maria Victoria Lantschner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (INTA-CONICET), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Jelena Lazarević
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | | | | | - Corrie Lynne Madsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris Malumphy
- Fera Science Ltd, National Agri-food Innovation Campus, York, UK
| | | | | | - Tom W May
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Johan Meffert
- National Plant Protection Organisation, Netherlands Food and Consumers Product Safety Authority, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Duccio Migliorini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council C.N.R., Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Christo Nikolov
- National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Richard O'Hanlon
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.,Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, UK
| | - Funda Oskay
- Faculty of Forestry, Çankırı Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Trudy Paap
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Taras Parpan
- Ukrainian Research Institute of Mountain Forestry, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | | | - Hans Peter Ravn
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Richard
- Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI), Lushoto, Tanzania
| | | | - Alain Roques
- Forest Zoology Research Unit, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (URZF INRAE), Orléans, France
| | - Beat Ruffner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Karolis Sivickis
- Institute of Botany at the Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Carolina Soliani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (INTA-CONICET), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Venche Talgø
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Maria Tomoshevich
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anne Uimari
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Suonenjoki, Finland
| | - Michael Ulyshen
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Caterina Villari
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Yongjun Wang
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Johanna Witzell
- Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Milica Zlatković
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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7
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Seed quantity affects the fungal community composition detected using metabarcoding. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3060. [PMID: 35197533 PMCID: PMC8866403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pest introductions via trade in tree seed may result from a lack of adequate survey and validation protocols. Developing better diagnostic protocols to identify potentially harmful pests and pathogens in forest tree seed is of critical importance. High-throughput sequencing-based barcoding and metabarcoding provide effective tools for screening potentially harmful organisms in various plant materials, including seeds. However, the sample size needed to detect the total microorganism diversity of a community is a major challenge in microbiome studies. In this work, we examined how increasing sample size (ranging between 100 and 1000 seeds) influences diversity of fungal communities detected by high throughput sequencing in Pinus sylvestris seeds. Our results showed that as sample size increased, fungal alpha diversity also increased. Beta-diversity estimators detected significant differences between the mycobiota from different samples. However, taxonomic and functional diversity were not correlated with sample size. In addition, we found that increasing the number of PCR replicates resulted in a higher abundance of plant pathogens. We concluded that for the purpose of screening for potentially harmful pathogens using HTS, greater efforts should be made to increase the sample size and replicates when testing tree seed.
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8
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Tsykun T, Prospero S, Schoebel CN, Rea A, Burgess TI. Global invasion history of the emerging plant pathogen Phytophthora multivora. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:153. [PMID: 35193502 PMCID: PMC8862219 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND global trade in living plants and plant material has significantly increased the geographic distribution of many plant pathogens. As a consequence, several pathogens have been first found and described in their introduced range where they may cause severe damage on naïve host species. Knowing the center of origin and the pathways of spread of a pathogen is of importance for several reasons, including identifying natural enemies and reducing further spread. Several Phytophthora species are well-known invasive pathogens of natural ecosystems, including Phytophthora multivora. Following the description of P. multivora from dying native vegetation in Australia in 2009, the species was subsequently found to be common in South Africa where it does not cause any remarkable disease. There are now reports of P. multivora from many other countries worldwide, but not as a commonly encountered species in natural environments. RESULTS a global collection of 335 isolates from North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, the Canary Islands, and New Zealand was used to unravel the worldwide invasion history of P. multivora, using 10 microsatellite markers for all isolates and sequence data from five loci from 94 representative isolates. Our population genetic analysis revealed an extremely low heterozygosity, significant non-random association of loci and substantial genotypic diversity suggesting the spread of P. multivora readily by both asexual and sexual propagules. The P. multivora populations in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand show the most complex genetic structure, are well established and evolutionary older than those in Europe, North America and the Canary Islands. CONCLUSIONS according to the conducted analyses, the world invasion of P. multivora most likely commenced from South Africa, which can be considered the center of origin of the species. The pathogen was then introduced to Australia, which acted as bridgehead population for Europe and North America. Our study highlights a complex global invasion pattern of P. multivora, including both direct introductions from the native population and secondary spread/introductions from bridgehead populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Tsykun
- Diversity and Evolution, Department Ecology and Evolution, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Ecology, Max-von-Laue Str. 13, DE-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre SBiK-F, Georg-Voigt Str. 14-16, DE-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Corine N Schoebel
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Rea
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Phytophthora Science and Management, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch, Perth, Australia
| | - Treena I Burgess
- Phytophthora Science and Management, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch, Perth, Australia
- Forestry and Agriculture Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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9
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Franić I, Eschen R, Allan E, Hartmann M, Schneider S, Prospero S. Drivers of richness and community composition of fungal endophytes of tree seeds. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5894911. [PMID: 32815990 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed a high diversity of fungal endophytes in traded tree seeds, including potential plant pathogens. The factors determining richness and composition of seed mycobiomes are poorly understood, but might be an important determinant for tree health. We assessed the relative impact of host identity, site, several site-specific environmental factors, and whether the host was sampled in its native or non-native distribution range, on the richness and composition of fungal seed endophytes of nine tree species across 15 sites in Europe and North America. Our results show that fungal richness was affected by host identity, but not by environmental variables or host distribution range. Fungal community composition was primarily driven by host identity, and to a lesser extent by environment. Around 25% of the 2147 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were generalists appearing on both continents and in both gymnosperms and angiosperms. Around 63% of the ASVs appeared in only gymnosperms or angiosperms, and 33% of the ASVs were associated with a single host species, while none were found in all tree species. Our results suggest that although seed trade might facilitate movements of fungi, their establishment and spread in the new environment might be limited by host availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Franić
- CABI, CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland.,Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric Allan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Salome Schneider
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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10
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Piombo E, Abdelfattah A, Droby S, Wisniewski M, Spadaro D, Schena L. Metagenomics Approaches for the Detection and Surveillance of Emerging and Recurrent Plant Pathogens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:188. [PMID: 33467169 PMCID: PMC7830299 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globalization has a dramatic effect on the trade and movement of seeds, fruits and vegetables, with a corresponding increase in economic losses caused by the introduction of transboundary plant pathogens. Current diagnostic techniques provide a useful and precise tool to enact surveillance protocols regarding specific organisms, but this approach is strictly targeted, while metabarcoding and shotgun metagenomics could be used to simultaneously detect all known pathogens and potentially new ones. This review aims to present the current status of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) diagnostics of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens, discuss the challenges that need to be addressed, and provide direction for the development of methods for the detection of a restricted number of related taxa (specific surveillance) or all of the microorganisms present in a sample (general surveillance). HTS techniques, particularly metabarcoding, could be useful for the surveillance of soilborne, seedborne and airborne pathogens, as well as for identifying new pathogens and determining the origin of outbreaks. Metabarcoding and shotgun metagenomics still suffer from low precision, but this issue can be limited by carefully choosing primers and bioinformatic algorithms. Advances in bioinformatics will greatly accelerate the use of metagenomics to address critical aspects related to the detection and surveillance of plant pathogens in plant material and foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Piombo
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, Graz 8010, Austria;
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, University of Stockholm, Svante Arrhenius väg 20A, Stockholm 11418, Sweden
| | - Samir Droby
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Technical University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Davide Spadaro
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
- AGROINNOVA—Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Leonardo Schena
- Department of Agriculture, Università Mediterranea, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
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11
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Luchi N, Ioos R, Santini A. Fast and reliable molecular methods to detect fungal pathogens in woody plants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2453-2468. [PMID: 32006049 PMCID: PMC7044139 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms represent a serious threat to plant productivity, food security, and natural ecosystems. An effective framework for early warning and rapid response is a crucial element to mitigate or prevent the impacts of biological invasions of plant pathogens. For these reasons, detection tools play an important role in monitoring plant health, surveillance, and quantitative pathogen risk assessment, thus improving best practices to mitigate and prevent microbial threats. The need to reduce the time of diagnosis has prompted plant pathologists to move towards more sensitive and rapid methods such as molecular techniques. Considering prevention to be the best strategy to protect plants from diseases, this review focuses on fast and reliable molecular methods to detect the presence of woody plant pathogens at early stage of disease development before symptoms occur in the host. A harmonized pool of novel technical, methodological, and conceptual solutions is needed to prevent entry and establishment of new diseases in a country and mitigate the impact of both invasive and indigenous organisms to agricultural and forest ecosystem biodiversity and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Luchi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
| | - Renaud Ioos
- ANSES Plant Health Laboratory, Unit of Mycology, Domaine de Pixérécourt, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Alberto Santini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
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12
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A worldwide perspective of the legislation and regulations governing sentinel plants. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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