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Forbes J, Paxton S, Yager Z. Raising Confident Girls: A pragmatic school-based trial of a body image and parenting program for mothers of adolescent girls. Body Image 2024; 50:101718. [PMID: 38815453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated Raising Confident Girls (RCG), delivered to mothers of Year 8 students (mean age 12.8-years) who were receiving the classroom-based Dove Confident Me (DCM) program. RCG is an interactive, multi-session intervention designed to improve body image in mothers in order to enhance their capacity to parent and role model this to their daughters. A pragmatic non-randomised controlled trial involved delivery of the program to mothers (n = 69) over three, 2-hour seminars in evenings, compared with a comparison group (n = 51). The study took place at an independent all-girls secondary school in Australia. Multilevel mixed modelling analyses compared pre- and post-test scores on standardized scales. Mothers who participated in the program had significantly higher scores on primary outcome variables of body esteem and body appreciation compared to the comparison group at post-test. Further, participation significantly improved mother's knowledge, confidence, and skills for parenting, and improved role modeling of positive body image. Mothers were well engaged, with low attrition rates, and rated the program highly. The RCG program was effective and engaging for mothers, offering deeper insight into improving parental engagement in body image interventions delivered within the school context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Forbes
- School Psychologist, Brisbane Girls Grammar School, Australia
| | | | - Zali Yager
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Australia; The Embrace Collective, Australia.
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2
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Jordan E. "If You Don't Lose Weight, the Government Will Take You Away": An Analysis of Memorable Messages and Eating Disorders in the LGBTQ+ Community. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 38:2925-2935. [PMID: 36127805 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2022.2126695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Family communication plays a key role in children's body image, disordered eating, and full-blown eating disorders;. However, much existing communication research on eating disorders has focused on general populations. As the LGBTQ+ community is disproportionately affected by eating disorders , more work is needed to better understand how family communication may be perceived as influencing eating disorders in the LGBTQ+ community. Thus, the current study aimed to further this understanding by examining familial memorable messages reported by LGBTQ+ individuals which they perceived to have influenced their eating disorders. In a Qualtrics survey, participants (n = 73) provided memorable messages received from family members and explained their significance. Results of a thematic analysis indicate five themes among the memorable messages: Problematic Body Size/Weight, Pathologized Eating, Emphasizing Appearance Ideals, Emotion Origins, and Other Focus. Findings support the theory of memorable messages and reveal the ways in which diet culture and LGBTQ+ identity stigma intersect within parent-child communication toward a perceived influence on LGBTQ+ eating disorders. Implications for future communication research on LGBTQ+ eating disorders, as well as practical applications, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Jordan
- Department of Communication, University of Missouri
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3
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Rancaño KM, Lawrence SE. Health Consequences of Familial Negative Weight Talk Across the Spectrum of Gender Diversity. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:581-593. [PMID: 37837600 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To synthesize differences in familial negative weight talk and health-related correlates across gender identities and to highlight gaps relevant to the unique experiences and health correlates of boys and transgender and gender diverse youth. RECENT FINDINGS Most of the studies included in this review observed no difference by gender in familial negative weight talk health correlates. Gender biases in existing measures, however, may have contributed to underreporting of health correlates in boys. Moreover, transgender and gender diverse youth are severely underrepresented in this research. Future research should consistently examine effect modification across gender identities and include measures that are specific to the weight-based concerns and experiences of boys and transgender and gender diverse youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Rancaño
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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4
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Pecini C, Di Bernardo GA, Crapolicchio E, Vezzali L, Andrighetto L. Body Shame in 7-12-Year-Old Girls and Boys: The Role of Parental Attention to Children's Appearance. SEX ROLES 2023; 89:1-14. [PMID: 37360900 PMCID: PMC10245339 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-023-01385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Guided by the Tripartite Influence Model and Objectification Theory, we examined whether parents' attention to their children's appearance was related to higher body shame in girls and boys. In Study 1 (N = 195) and 2 (N = 163), we investigated 7-12-year-old children's metaperceptions about parents' attention to their appearance and its association with children's body shame. In Study 3, we examined the link between parents' self-reported attention to their children's appearance and children's body shame among parent-child triads (N = 70). Results demonstrated that both children's metaperceptions and fathers' self-reported attention to children's appearance were associated with body shame in children. Furthermore, when mothers' and fathers' attitudes toward their children were analyzed simultaneously, only fathers' attention to their children's appearance was associated with greater body shame in girls and boys. Notably, no gender differences emerged, suggesting that parents' attention to their children's appearance was not differentially related to body shame in girls and boys. These results remained significant when controlling for other sources of influence, namely peer and media influence, both of which were found to have a strong association with body shame in children. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pecini
- Department of Education, University of Genoa, Genova, 16128 Italy
| | - Gian Antonio Di Bernardo
- Department of Education and Human Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Crapolicchio
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Loris Vezzali
- Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Andrighetto
- Department of Education, University of Genoa, Genova, 16128 Italy
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5
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Laifer LM, Maras OR, Sáez G, Gervais SJ, Brock RL. Self-objectification during the perinatal period: The role of body surveillance in maternal and infant wellbeing. SEX ROLES 2023; 88:459-473. [PMID: 37206990 PMCID: PMC10191413 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-023-01360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy represents a unique time during which women's bodies undergo significant physical changes (e.g., expanding belly, larger breasts, weight gain) that can elicit increased objectification. Experiences of objectification set the stage for women to view themselves as sexual objects (i.e., self-objectification) and is associated with adverse mental health outcomes. Although women may experience heightened self-objectification and behavioral consequences (such as body surveillance) due to the objectification of pregnant bodies in Western cultures, there are remarkably few studies examining objectification theory among women during the perinatal period. The present study investigated the impact of body surveillance, a consequence of self-objectification, on maternal mental health, mother-infant bonding, and infant socioemotional outcomes in a sample of 159 women navigating pregnancy and postpartum. Utilizing a serial mediation model, we found that mothers who endorsed higher levels of body surveillance during pregnancy reported more depressive symptoms and body dissatisfaction, which were associated with greater impairments in mother-infant bonding following childbirth and more infant socioemotional dysfunction at 1-year postpartum. Maternal prenatal depressive symptoms emerged as a unique mechanism through which body surveillance predicted bonding impairments and subsequent infant outcomes. Results highlight the critical need for early intervention efforts that not only target general depression, but also promote body functionality and acceptance over the Western "thin ideal" of attractiveness among expecting mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Laifer
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Olivia R. Maras
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Gemma Sáez
- Department of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sarah J. Gervais
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Brock
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Bensley J, Riley HO, Bauer KW, Miller AL. Weight bias among children and parents during very early childhood: A scoping review of the literature. Appetite 2023; 183:106461. [PMID: 36642116 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to and endorsement of weight bias attitudes are risk factors for poor mental health and weight-related outcomes among children and youth. Better understanding early-emerging weight bias, and how parents of young children may influence development of weight bias, may help reduce its occurrence. Although early childhood (under 5 years) is a developmental period characterized by increasing social-cognitive abilities to categorize others based on external features such as weight, little is known about the emergence or socialization of very early weight bias. The aim of this review was therefore to investigate weight bias and its correlates among very young children and parents of very young children as potential socialization agents. METHODS A comprehensive search strategy was used to search electronic databases for studies that examined weight bias attitudes among children and parents. The review included studies that assessed weight bias in children and/or parents of children ages 1-3 years old (some including 3-5 year-olds), and that were published in English between 2011 and 2021. RESULTS Thirteen of the 1748 identified studies met inclusion criteria. Only two studies used a longitudinal design. Seven of eight studies of children used behavioral tasks to assess child weight bias; among the 10 studies including parents, 4 used interviews and 6 used questionnaires to assess parent weight bias. Children were found to display anti-fat and pro-thin bias, with bias more prevalent among older children. Positive associations between parent and child weight bias were found in four studies. CONCLUSIONS Child weight bias emerges prior to age 3 years and shows some association with parent weight bias. Future research should employ longitudinal designs to characterize influences on emerging weight bias among very young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Bensley
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hurley O Riley
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Katherine W Bauer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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7
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Lacroix E, Smith AJ, Husain IA, Orth U, von Ranson KM. Normative body image development: A longitudinal meta-analysis of mean-level change. Body Image 2023; 45:238-264. [PMID: 36965235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis synthesized longitudinal data on mean-level change in body image, focusing on the constructs of body satisfaction and dissatisfaction, body esteem, perceived attractiveness, valuation, self-objectification, and body shame. We searched five databases and accessed unpublished data to identify studies that assessed body image at two or more time points over six months or longer. Analyses were based on data from 142 samples representing a total of 128,254 participants. The age associated with the midpoint of measurement intervals ranged from 6 to 54 years. Multilevel metaregression models examined standardized yearly mean change, and the potential moderators of body image construct, gender, birth cohort, attrition rate, age, and time lag. Boys and men showed fluctuations in overall body image with net-improvements between ages 10 and 24. Girls and women showed worsening body image between ages 10 and 16, but improvements between ages 16 and 24. Change was greatest between ages 10 and 14, and stabilized around age 24. We found no effect of construct, birth cohort, or attrition rate. Results suggest a need to revise understandings of normative body image development: sensitive periods may occur somewhat earlier than previously believed, and body image may show mean-level improvements during certain age ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lacroix
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, 38 Dineen Dr., Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Alyssa J Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Incé A Husain
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, 38 Dineen Dr., Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Ulrich Orth
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristin M von Ranson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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8
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Laifer LM, Maras OR, Sáez G, Gervais SJ, Brock RL. Self-objectification during the perinatal period: The role of body surveillance in maternal and infant wellbeing. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2714781. [PMID: 36993503 PMCID: PMC10055659 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2714781/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy represents a unique time during which women's bodies undergo significant physical changes (e.g., expanding belly, larger breasts, weight gain) that can elicit increased objectification. Experiences of objectification set the stage for women to view themselves as sexual objects (i.e., self-objectification) and is associated with adverse mental health outcomes. Although women may experience heightened self-objectification and behavioral consequences (such as body surveillance) due to the objectification of pregnant bodies in Western cultures, there are remarkably few studies examining objectification theory among women during the perinatal period. The present study investigated the impact of body surveillance, a consequence of self-objectification, on maternal mental health, mother-infant bonding, and infant socioemotional outcomes in a sample of 159 women navigating pregnancy and postpartum. Utilizing a serial mediation model, we found that mothers who endorsed higher levels of body surveillance during pregnancy reported more depressive symptoms and body dissatisfaction, which were associated with greater impairments in mother-infant bonding following childbirth and more infant socioemotional dysfunction at 1-year postpartum. Maternal prenatal depressive symptoms emerged as a unique mechanism through which body surveillance predicted bonding impairments and subsequent infant outcomes. Results highlight the critical need for early intervention efforts that not only target general depression, but also promote body functionality and acceptance over the Western "thin ideal" of attractiveness among expecting mothers.
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9
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Gardam O, Kokenberg-Gallant L, Kaur S, John ES, Carbonneau N, Guimond FA. Parent and child influence in body image dissatisfaction: The moderating effect of parent acceptance of the COVID-19 pandemic. Body Image 2023; 45:183-191. [PMID: 36940501 PMCID: PMC9970923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the influence of parent and child-driven effects on body image dissatisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. The moderating effect of parents' acceptance of the COVID-19 pandemic and child gender were also investigated. The participants were 175 Canadian parents (mothers = 87.4%, fathers = 12%, unspecified = 0.6%) of children aged between 7 and 12 years old (M = 9.2; boys = 48.9%, girls = 51.1%). Two cohorts of parents were asked to complete a questionnaire in June 2020 and January 2021, respectively, followed by a second questionnaire approximately five months later. At both time points, the questionnaires addressed the parents' body image dissatisfaction and acceptance of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, parents reported on their child's body image dissatisfaction at both time points. Path analysis models were used to examine parent-driven and child-driven effects. Parents' acceptance of the pandemic significantly moderated both parent and child-driven effects such that parents with low levels of acceptance were more likely to negatively influence, and be negatively influenced by, their perception of their child's body image dissatisfaction. Child gender significantly moderated child-driven effects, as mothers' perception of their son's body image dissatisfaction predicted their own dissatisfaction over time. Our findings suggest that child-driven effects should be considered in future studies on body image dissatisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Gardam
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Laila Kokenberg-Gallant
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sahej Kaur
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Elizabeth St John
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Noémie Carbonneau
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Fanny-Alexandra Guimond
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Carbonneau N, Holding A, Lavigne G, Robitaille J. Feel Good, Eat Better: The Role of Self-Compassion and Body Esteem in Mothers' Healthy Eating Behaviours. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113907. [PMID: 34836162 PMCID: PMC8625178 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mothers’ eating behaviours are important to ensure the health and well-being of themselves and their families. Recent research has pointed to self-compassion, defined as extending kindness to oneself in times of perceived inadequacy or general suffering, as a trait associated with healthy forms of eating, such as intuitive eating, and reduced maladaptive forms of eating, such as emotional eating. However, little is known about the psychological mechanism through which self-compassion relates to healthy eating behaviours. This study examined 100 mothers’ levels of self-compassion, body esteem and eating behaviours. Structural equation modelling revealed that self-compassion was positively associated with diet quality and intuitive eating, while being negatively associated with emotional eating. Moreover, these links occurred, in part, due to higher body esteem. This points to a mechanism through which self-compassion may positively contribute to mothers’ healthy eating behaviours. The implications for eating outcomes and women’s health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Carbonneau
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-819-376-5011 (ext. 3532)
| | - Anne Holding
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA;
| | - Geneviève Lavigne
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada;
| | - Julie Robitaille
- Nutrition, Health and Society (NUTRISS) Research Center, School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
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Parents' perceptions and dissatisfaction with child silhouette: associated factors among 7-year-old children of the Generation XXI birth cohort. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1595-1607. [PMID: 32772335 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared parent's perceived child's silhouette, and investigated predictors of their dissatisfaction. METHODS Participants were 4930 mother-child dyads enrolled at a Portuguese birth cohort. Parents' perceptions of child's current and desired silhouette was assessed and dissatisfaction with child's silhouette was defined as the discrepancy between these ratings (current-desired body). Multinomial logistic regressions, adjusted for potential confounders, were performed. RESULTS Mothers were more dissatisfied with child's silhouette, compared to fathers, in all weight categories. Mothers and fathers of girls were more dissatisfied, preferring thinner silhouettes (OR = 2.77, 95% CI 2.19; 3.51 and OR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.18; 3.66, respectively), compared to parents of boys. Lower birth weight increased maternal desire for a heavier child silhouette. Younger (< 20 years) and less educated (≤ 9 years of schooling) mothers were more dissatisfied with their child's silhouette, preferring heavier children (OR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.10; 2.48 and OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.42; 2.09, respectively). Parents' own dissatisfaction was also associated with child's silhouette dissatisfaction. CONCLUSION Sociodemographic characteristics and parents' dissatisfaction with their own silhouette influenced their dissatisfaction with child's silhouette and should be considered when developing obesity interventions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, case-control analytic study.
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Selensky JC, Carels RA. Weight stigma and media: An examination of the effect of advertising campaigns on weight bias, internalized weight bias, self-esteem, body image, and affect. Body Image 2021; 36:95-106. [PMID: 33217717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While some media perpetuate weight stigma and an ideal of thinness, certain advertising campaigns, such as Aerie Real and Dove Real Beauty, have attempted to promote body acceptance. The current study evaluated the influence of exposure to these campaigns on weight bias, internalized weight bias (IWB), self-esteem, body image, and affect relative to exposure to a campaign perpetuating the thin ideal and a documentary on weight stigma. 475 female participants were randomized to one of five conditions: Aerie, Dove, Victoria's Secret, an HBO documentary, or control (i.e., neutral video clip). Participants completed measures of weight bias, IWB, self-esteem, body image, and affect one week prior to and immediately after watching the assigned video clip. Results showed positive effects of the Aerie and Dove campaigns on women. While global measures of weight bias and IWB were unchanged, women who viewed the Dove and Aerie campaigns reported significantly improved self-esteem and positive affect. Further, women found the campaigns to have positive, uplifting, and empowering messages. Aerie's and Dove's acceptance-promoting advertising campaigns positively influenced self-esteem and mood, and they are potential tools for weight bias reduction. Advertisements and media have the potential to impact weight-based attitudes in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Selensky
- East Carolina University, East Fifth Street, 104 Rawl Building, Greenville, NC 27858, United States.
| | - Robert A Carels
- East Carolina University, East Fifth Street, 104 Rawl Building, Greenville, NC 27858, United States
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