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Gergely R, Tökölyi J. Resource availability modulates the effect of body size on reproductive development. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9722. [PMID: 36620418 PMCID: PMC9817193 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Within-species variation in animal body size predicts major differences in life history, for example, in reproductive development, fecundity, and even longevity. Purely from an energetic perspective, large size could entail larger energy reserves, fuelling different life functions, such as reproduction and survival (the "energy reserve" hypothesis). Conversely, larger body size could demand more energy for maintenance, and larger individuals might do worse in reproduction and survival under resource shortage (the "energy demand" hypothesis). Disentangling these alternative hypotheses is difficult because large size often correlates with better resource availability during growth, which could mask direct effects of body size on fitness traits. Here, we used experimental body size manipulation in the freshwater cnidarian Hydra oligactis, coupled with manipulation of resource (food) availability to separate direct effects of body size from resource availability on fitness traits (sexual development time, fecundity, and survival). We found significant interaction between body size and food availability in sexual development time in both males and females, such that large individuals responded less strongly to variation in resource availability. These results are consistent with an energy reserve effect of large size in Hydra. Surprisingly, the response was different in males and females: small and starved females delayed their reproduction, while small and starved males developed reproductive organs faster. In case of fecundity and survival, both size and food availability had significant effects, but we detected no interaction between them. Our observations suggest that in Hydra, small individuals are sensitive to fluctuations in resource availability, but these small individuals are able to adjust their reproductive development to maintain fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Gergely
- MTA‐DE “Momentum” Ecology, Evolution and Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary ZoologyUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary,Pál Juhász‐Nagy Doctoral SchoolUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Jácint Tökölyi
- MTA‐DE “Momentum” Ecology, Evolution and Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary ZoologyUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
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2
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Aguilera-Olivares D, Torres-Guzmán B, Arab A, Flores-Prado L, Niemeyer HM. Body Size and Symmetry Properties of Termite Soldiers Under Two Intraspecific Competition Scenarios. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.882357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-piece nesting termites live and forage in the same piece of wood throughout their life, which limit their colony size. In certain species, more than one colony thrive in a given piece of wood (multicolonial substrate) and intraspecific competition become important in this limited resource, as has been reported in Zootermopsis nevadensis (Hagen, 1858) and Neotermes chilensis (Blattodea: Kalotermitidae) (Blanchard, 1851). The effects of such competition have been described mainly at population and colony levels rather than at the individual level. In eusocial insects such as termites, intraspecific competition constitutes a stress factor imposed to a colony as a whole and should also cause developmental instability in soldiers produced under such conditions. Investment in the production of soldiers involves a trade-off between colony maintenance costs and defense benefits. Hence, we hypothesize that body size and fluctuating asymmetry, two indicators of developmental instability, will increase when two or more colonies of N. chilensis share a piece of wood (high intraspecific competition scenario). Our results showed that soldiers developing in multicolonial substrates were indeed larger and more asymmetric than soldiers developing in unicolonial substrates. The large body size in a soldier could improve its chance to win a physical contest with a non-nestmate opponent; thus, despite the high cost to produce large soldiers in small colonies, larger soldier production could be an adaptative strategy to avoid being outcompeted. However, the effects of deviations from perfect symmetry on soldier performance are not clear.
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3
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Seifert CL, Strutzenberger P, Fiedler K. Ecological specialisation and range size determine intraspecific body size variation in a speciose clade of insect herbivores. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo L. Seifert
- Dept of Nature Forest Conservation, Georg‐August‐Univ. of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Konrad Fiedler
- Dept of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Univ. of Vienna Vienna Austria
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4
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Cocco A, Brundu G, Berquier C, Andreï-Ruiz MC, Pusceddu M, Porceddu M, Podda L, Satta A, Petit Y, Floris I. Establishment and new hosts of the non-native seed beetle Stator limbatus (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) on acacias in Europe. NEOBIOTA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.70.70441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Stator limbatus is a phytophagous beetle native to warm regions of North and Central America, feeding on Fabaceae seeds and one of the most polyphagous species within the subfamily Bruchinae, here reported for the first time in Europe and on new hosts. Adult beetles emerged from Acacia spp. seeds collected in the islands of Corsica (France), and Sardinia (Italy). The wide presence in Sardinia and Corsica supports the hypothesis that this alien species was introduced several years ago. In both islands, S. limbatus emerged from Acacia mearnsii seeds, with infestation rates of up to 74.2 and 90.8% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. This seed beetle also emerged from two previously unreported host species, Acacia saligna and A. pycnantha, showing highest infestation rates of 4.0 and 95.1%, respectively. Both Acacia species are reported as new host associations with S. limbatus. Overall, seed infestation rates recorded in 2019 and 2020 indicate that S. limbatus is well established and that Mediterranean bioclimatic conditions are suitable for its population increase in size. This study lays the foundations for further research on known and potential host species and the spread and distribution of S. limbatus in Europe.
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Perdigón Ferreira J, Lüpold S. Condition- and context-dependent alternative reproductive tactic in Drosophila prolongata. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Species with intense male–male competition for access to females often show alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) where males of lower competitive ability adopt a sneaky behavior to gain access to mates. These ARTs are usually associated with intrasexual dimorphisms, in that males with distinct morphologies show different tactics. In some cases, however, males adopt different tactics without being dimorphic. Male Drosophila prolongata exhibit continuous variation in body size and shape, with enlarged forelegs that they use in male-male contests and in courtship, including stimulation of the female’s abdomen. During this “leg vibration,” however, nearby males can intercept the courted female and mate without their own courtship. Here, we studied the causes and consequences of these different mating tactics in competitive mating trials between males varying in their size and shape. We found that male mating tactics were condition-dependent. Whereas large, high-condition males were more likely to show leg vibration in their courtship, smaller, lower-condition males were more likely to intercept. However, the number of offspring produced was independent of male condition and reproductive tactic. We discuss possible scenarios for the evolution and maintenance of the ARTs and some future directions for the study of ARTs in this species and in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhoniel Perdigón Ferreira
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Lüpold
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Farahani HK, Ashouri A, Abroon P, Pierre JS, van Baaren J. Wolbachia manipulate fitness benefits of olfactory associative learning in a parasitoid wasp. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:269008. [PMID: 34086908 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.240549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Upon encountering a host, a female parasitoid wasp has to decide whether to learn positive or negative cues related to the host. The optimal female decision will depend on the fitness costs and benefits of learned stimuli. Reward quality is positively related to the rate of behavioral acquisition in processes such as associative learning. Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium, often plays an impressive role in the manipulation of its arthropod host's biology. Here, we studied the responses of two natural Wolbachia infected/uninfected Trichogramma brassicae wasp populations to theoretically high- and low-reward values during a conditioning process and the consequences of their responses in terms of memory duration. According to our results, uninfected wasps showed an attraction response to high-value rewards, but showed aversive learning in response to low-value rewards. The memory span of uninfected wasps after conditioning by low-value rewards was significantly shorter than that for high-value rewards. As our results revealed, responses to high-quality hosts will bring more benefits (bigger size, increased fecundity and enhanced survival) than those to low-quality hosts for uninfected wasps. Infected wasps were attracted to conditioned stimuli with the same memory duration after conditioning by both types of hosts. This was linked to the fact that parasitoids emerging from both types of hosts present the same life-history traits. Therefore, these hosts represent the same quality reward for infected wasps. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that Wolbachia manipulates the learning ability of its host, resulting in the wasp responding to all reward values similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Kishani Farahani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ashouri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Pouria Abroon
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Bu Ali, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jean-Sebastien Pierre
- University of Rennes 1, UMR-CNRS 6553 EcoBio, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Joan van Baaren
- University of Rennes 1, UMR-CNRS 6553 EcoBio, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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de Oliveira TCT, Monteiro AB, Faria LDB. Can multitrophic interactions shape morphometry, allometry, and fluctuating asymmetry of seed-feeding insects? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241913. [PMID: 33175854 PMCID: PMC7657534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size is commonly associated with biological features such as reproductive capacity, competition, and resource acquisition. Many studies have tried to understand how these isolated factors can affect the body pattern of individuals. However, little is known about how interactions among species in multitrophic communities determine the body shape of individuals exploiting the same resource. Here, we evaluate the effect of fruit infestation, parasitism rate, and seed biomass on size, allometric and asymmetric patterns of morphological structures of insects that exploit the same resource. To test it, we measured 750 individuals associated with the plant Senegalia tenuifolia (Fabaceae), previously collected over three consecutive years. Negative allometry was maintained for all species, suggesting that with increasing body size the body structure did not grow proportionally. Despite this, some variations in allometric slopes suggest that interactions in a multitrophic food web can shape the development of these species. Also, we observed a higher confidence interval at higher categories of infestation and parasitism rate, suggesting a great variability in the allometric scaling. We did not observe fluctuating asymmetry for any category or species, but we found some changes in morphological structures, depending on the variables tested. These findings show that both allometry and morphological trait measurements are the most indicated in studies focused on interactions and morphometry. Finally, we show that, except for the fluctuating asymmetry, each species and morphological structure respond differently to interactions, even if the individuals play the same functional role within the food web.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas Del Bianco Faria
- Department of Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Natural Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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Bhusal DR, Chandra Ghimire K, Patel P, Bista M, Upadhyay R, Kumar B. Temperature and altitude modulate feeding attributes of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister on Parthenium hysterophorus. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102540. [PMID: 32364984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is an effective biocontrol agent of Parthenium hysterophorus L. which is an alien invasive herbaceous weed with a pan-tropical distribution. The present study aimed to assess the effects of temperature and altitude on feeding attributes (consumption rate, conversion efficiency and growth rate) of adults from the wild populations of Z. bicolorata inhabiting India and Nepal. Results revealed that adults inhabiting areas of low temperature (24°C ‒ 25°C) and high altitude (415 m ‒1400 m) were large and had higher food consumption rates. In contrast, those inhabiting areas of high temperature (34°C ‒ 36°C) and low altitude (81 m ‒ 229 m) were smaller and had higher food utilization efficiencies. In all the eco-climatic regions, females were larger than males and had higher feeding attributes than their counterparts. Temperature between 27°C and 30°C was found optimal for Z. bicolorata adults to convert and utilize the food biomass to body mass. Above the optimal temperature the feeding attributes decreased. Present results suggest that there exists a possibility for decrease in body size, and thereby weed biocontrol efficiency of Z. bicolorata adults with an increase in temperature due to global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daya Ram Bhusal
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Priya Patel
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahadev Bista
- Department of Zoology, Siddha Nath Science Campus (TU), Mahendranagar, Nepal
| | | | - Bhupendra Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Sousa-Lopes BD, Santos ATD, Ribeiro-Costa CS, Del-Claro K. Spatio-temporal variation in seed traits affects the occurrence and body-size pattern of a seed-feeding beetle (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) in Brazilian Cerrado. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Mbande A, Tedder M, Chidawanyika F. Offspring diet supersedes the transgenerational effects of parental diet in a specialist herbivore Neolema abbreviata under manipulated foliar nitrogen variability. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:361-374. [PMID: 30298557 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diet quality influences organismal fitness within and across generations. For herbivorous insects, the transgenerational effects of diet remain relatively underexplored. Using a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial experiment, we evaluated how N enrichment in parental diets of Neolema abbreviata (Larcordaire) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent for Tradescantia fluminensis Vell. (Commelinaceae), may influence life history and performance of F1 and F2 offspring under reciprocal experiments. We found limited transgenerational effects of foliar nitrogen variability among life-history traits in both larvae and adults. Larval weight gain and mortality were responsive to parental diet contrary to feeding damage, pupal weight and duration taken to pupate. There were significant parental diet × test interactions in larval feeding damage, weight gain, pupal weight and time to pupation. Generally, offspring from parents under high N plants performed better even under low N test plants. Adult traits including oviposition selection, feeding weight and longevity did not respond to the effects of parental diet nor its interaction with test diet as was the case in the larval stage. However, the main effects of test diet were more important in determining adult performance in both generations suggesting limited sensitivity to parental diet in the adult stage. Our results show conflicting responses to parental diet between larvae and adults of the same generation among an insect species with both actively feeding larval and adult life stages. These transgenerational effects, or lack thereof, may have implications on the field performance of N. abbrevita under heterogeneous nutritional landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abongile Mbande
- Weeds Division, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Hilton, South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Michelle Tedder
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Weeds Division, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Hilton, South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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11
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Cuny MAC, Traine J, Bustos-Segura C, Benrey B. Host density and parasitoid presence interact and shape the outcome of a tritrophic interaction on seeds of wild lima bean. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18591. [PMID: 31819127 PMCID: PMC6901471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the seed beetle Zabrotes subfasciatus and its parasitoid Stenocorse bruchivora, was investigated on seeds of two populations of wild lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus. By manipulating the number of beetle larvae per seed and the presence of parasitoids, we determined how factors related to beetle larvae density, the seed in which they feed and the parasitoid, may interact and affect host and parasitoid survival. Results showed that an increase in larval beetle density had a negative impact on beetle performance. This effect cascaded up to parasitoids, high larval density strongly reduced parasitoid emergence. Also, parasitoid presence resulted in faster beetle development and lower female weight. An interactive effect between larval host density and parasitoid presence affected the number of insects that emerged from the seeds. Beetle performance was better in the bean population with the largest seeds, while parasitoid emergence was the lowest in these seeds. This study shows that the impact of parasitoids on seed beetles is contingent on the interaction between density-mediated (direct mortality) and trait-mediated (e.g. non-consumptive) effects. Indirect trait-mediated effects of natural enemies are likely prevalent across insect communities, understanding their role in driving host-parasitoid interactions can have important implications for biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien A C Cuny
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Juan Traine
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Bustos-Segura
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Genomic and phenotypic consequences of two independent secondary contact zones between allopatric lineages of the anadromous ice goby Leucopsarion petersii. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 124:223-235. [PMID: 31186532 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and phenotypic analyses of independent secondary contact zones between certain pairs of divergent populations offer powerful opportunities to assess whether the consequences vary with different environmental backgrounds. Populations of the ice goby Leucopsarion petersii are distributed throughout the Japanese archipelago and comprise genetically and phenotypically divergent groups in the Japan Sea and the Pacific Ocean. In particular, populations in the Japan Sea have a larger body size and numbers of vertebrae than those in the Pacific Ocean. Herein, we performed integrated analyses of genotypes and phenotypes of two independent secondary contact zones and investigated their consequences. Population genetic analyses revealed asymmetric introgression of the mitochondrial genome of either lineage relative to little admixture of nuclear genomes in both secondary contact zones. On phenotype analyses, vertebral numbers were clearly explained by nuclear genomic ancestry in both secondary contact zones, whereas body size was not, suggesting that a little introgression of nuclear genes regulates body size. Actually, we observed biased introgression of a candidate gene, neuropeptide Y (NPY), which potentially controls body size in the ice goby. Moreover, the body size changes in the introgressed populations possibly affect the introgression patterns of mitochondrial genomes across these zones. Collectively, our results demonstrated that genomic and phenotypic consequences of secondary contact varied in marine variable environments.
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Rossi M, Haga E. Testing Rensch’s rule in Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus, a seed-feeding beetle infesting Leucaena leucocephala plants. CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rensch’s rule states that males vary more in size than females when body size increases. The main cause of Rensch’s rule has been credited to sexual selection. However, different degrees of plasticity between the sexes have also been proven to be useful for describing variations in sexual size dimorphism, particularly within an intraspecific context. For insects, in general, this rule has rarely been tested within species. Here, we tested whether Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Schaeffer, 1907) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) followed Rensch’s rule when individuals emerged from seeds immediately after fruit collection and when they were reared for one generation, by measuring three morphological traits. Rensch’s rule was not followed for any of the morphological traits. Variations in body size were similar in males and females for bruchines that first emerged from seeds and for those that were reared for one generation. These findings suggest that environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, and seasonality) are unlikely to drive differential plasticity in males and females of this seed-feeding beetle. It is possible that changes in the body size of A. macrophthalmus have a genetic basis. However, regardless of whether variations in body size have a genetic basis, our findings provide no support for Rensch’s rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.N. Rossi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Laboratório de Ecologia Populacional (LEPOP), Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, São Paulo, 09972-270, Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Laboratório de Ecologia Populacional (LEPOP), Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, São Paulo, 09972-270, Brazil
| | - E.B. Haga
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Laboratório de Ecologia Populacional (LEPOP), Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, São Paulo, 09972-270, Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Laboratório de Ecologia Populacional (LEPOP), Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, São Paulo, 09972-270, Brazil
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14
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Smith AN, Belk MC. Does body size affect fitness the same way in males and females? A test of multiple fitness components. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee N Smith
- Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Mark C Belk
- Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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15
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Malerba ME, White CR, Marshall DJ. Eco-energetic consequences of evolutionary shifts in body size. Ecol Lett 2017; 21:54-62. [PMID: 29143436 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Size imposes physiological and ecological constraints upon all organisms. Theory abounds on how energy flux covaries with body size, yet causal links are often elusive. As a more direct way to assess the role of size, we used artificial selection to evolve the phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta towards smaller and larger body sizes. Within 100 generations (c. 1 year), we generated a fourfold difference in cell volume among selected lineages. Large-selected populations produced four times the energy than small-selected populations of equivalent total biovolume, but at the cost of much higher volume-specific respiration. These differences in energy utilisation between large (more productive) and small (more energy-efficient) individuals were used to successfully predict ecological performance (r and K) across novel resource regimes. We show that body size determines the performance of a species by mediating its net energy flux, with worrying implications for current trends in size reduction and for global carbon cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino E Malerba
- Centre of Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
| | - Craig R White
- Centre of Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- Centre of Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
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16
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Haga EB, Rossi MN. The effect of seed traits on geographic variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism of the seed-feeding beetle Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus. Ecol Evol 2017; 6:6892-6905. [PMID: 28725367 PMCID: PMC5513244 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Explaining large‐scale patterns of variation in body size has been considered a central question in ecology and evolutionary biology because several life‐history traits are directly linked to body size. For ectothermic organisms, little is known about what processes influence geographic variation in body size. Changes in body size and sexual size dimorphism (SSD) have been associated with environmental variables, particularly for Bruchinae insects, which feed exclusively on seeds during the larval stage. However, the effect of important seed traits on body size variation has rarely been investigated, and whether SSD varies substantially among populations within bruchine species is poorly known. Using the seed‐feeding beetle Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus infesting its host plant Leucaena leucocephala, we investigated whether specific seed traits (hardness, size, water content, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and phenolic content) were determinant in generating geographic variation in body size and SSD of A. macrophthalmus. We also examined the relationships between body size and SSD with latitude and altitude. The body size of both sexes combined was not related to latitude, altitude, and any of the physical and chemical seed traits. However, the female body size tended to vary more in size than the males, generating significant variation in SSD in relation to latitude and altitude. The females were the larger sex at higher latitudes and at lower altitudes, precisely where seed water content was greater. Therefore, our results suggest that water content was the most important seed trait, most severely affecting the females, promoting geographic variation in SSD of A. macrophthalmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloísa B Haga
- Department of Biological Sciences Laboratório de Ecologia Populacional (LEPOP) Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp) Diadema São Paulo 09941-510 Brazil
| | - Marcelo N Rossi
- Department of Biological Sciences Laboratório de Ecologia Populacional (LEPOP) Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp) Diadema São Paulo 09941-510 Brazil
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Hsu CH, Soong K. Mechanisms causing size differences of the land hermit crab Coenobita rugosus among eco-islands in Southern Taiwan. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174319. [PMID: 28388638 PMCID: PMC5384810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous environmental factors can influence body size. Comparing populations in different ecological contexts is one potential approach to elucidating the most critical of such factors. In the current study, we found that the body size of the land hermit crab Coenobita rugosus was significantly larger on Dongsha Island in the South China Sea than on other eco-islands around Southern Taiwan. We hypothesized that this could be due to differences in (1) shell resources, (2) parasite impact, (3) competition, (4) predation, and (5) food. We found no supporting evidence for the first three hypotheses; the shells used by the hermit crabs on Dongsha were in poorer condition than were those used elsewhere, extremely few individuals in the region had ectoparasites, and the density of hermit crabs varied considerably among localities within each island. However, significantly higher percentages of C. rugosus reached age 3 years on Dongsha than at Siziwan bay in Taiwan. Two growth rate indices inferred from size structures suggested faster growth on Dongsha than at Siziwan. The condition index (i.e., the body mass/shield length ratio of C. rugosus) was also greater on Dongsha than at Siziwan. Therefore, Dongsha hermit crabs seem to have superior diet and growth performance. Seagrass debris accumulation at the shore of Dongsha was considerable, whereas none was observed at Siziwan or on the other islands, where dicot leaves were the dominant food item for the vegetarian hermit crabs. We then experimentally evaluated the possible role of seagrass as food for C. rugosus. The crabs on Dongsha preferred seagrass to dicot leaves, and their growth increment was faster when they fed on seagrass than when they fed on dicot leaves; no such differences were found in the Siziwan hermit crabs. The aforementioned results are compatible with the food hypothesis explaining the size differences among the islands. The predator hypothesis could explain the greater life span but not the other findings. Populations of C. rugosus on islands with seagrass debris piles probably contribute more to the gene pool of the species because higher proportions of these populations could achieve high fecundity. The fate of these terrestrial hermit crabs may rely on the health of underwater seagrass ecosystems that are under threat from global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Keryea Soong
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Maia LF, Tuller J, Faria LDB. Morphological Traits of Two Seed-Feeding Beetle Species and the Relationship to Resource Traits. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:36-44. [PMID: 27553722 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Morphological traits are useful to investigate insect sex-related differences in body size and to reveal differences in resource use. It has been suggested that as the resource increases, so does the body size of organisms interacting with the resource, highlighting the crucial role of resource quality and quantity in determining the morphological traits of organisms interacting with the resource. Here, we describe morphological traits of two species of Bruchinae, Merobruchus terani (Kingsolver 1980) and Stator maculatopygus (Pic 1930), consuming seeds of Senegalia tenuifolia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae). We evaluated the influence of monthly sample and sampling sites on tibia and femur length and biomass. In addition, we tested two predictions in which body size related to resource amount and body size related to longevity. Males of M. terani were heavier than females, whereas the two sexes of S. maculatopygus did not differ in biomass. Both species had larger body sizes in the late ripe-fruit stage. With respect to sampling sites, biomass of M. terani did not differ, whereas S. maculatopygus did differ in biomass. Merobruchus terani showed a positive relationship with seed traits, whereas S. maculatopygus showed no relationship. At the same time, fruit traits showed a negative effect on morphological traits for both beetle species. The longevity experiment, performed using only M. terani, showed an equal longevity and seed consumption rate for both sexes. Our study indicates that different species, interacting in the same system and performing similar functional behaviors, respond differently to the same resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Maia
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Depto de Biologia, Univ Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP: 37200-000, Brasil.
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Depto de Biologia, Univ Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP: 37200-000, Brasil.
| | - J Tuller
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Depto de Biologia, Univ Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP: 37200-000, Brasil
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Depto de Biologia, Univ Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP: 37200-000, Brasil
| | - L D B Faria
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Depto de Biologia, Univ Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP: 37200-000, Brasil
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Depto de Biologia, Univ Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, CEP: 37200-000, Brasil
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Kokita T, Takahashi S, Kinoshita M. Evolution of gigantism and size-based female mate choice in ice goby ( Leucopsarion petersii) populations in a semi-enclosed sea basin. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kokita
- Department of Marine Bioscience; Fukui Prefectural University; Obama Fukui 917-0003 Japan
| | - Sayaka Takahashi
- Department of Marine Bioscience; Fukui Prefectural University; Obama Fukui 917-0003 Japan
| | - Masaki Kinoshita
- Department of Marine Bioscience; Fukui Prefectural University; Obama Fukui 917-0003 Japan
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21
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Wilhelm G, Handschuh S, Plant J, Nemeschkal HL. Selection becomes visible: enforced sexual dimorphism caused by sexual selection in the weevilRhopalapion longirostre(Olivier 1807) (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gertha Wilhelm
- Department of Theoretical Biology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Stephan Handschuh
- Department of Theoretical Biology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
- VetCoreFacility for Research/ Imaging Unit; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Veterinärplatz 1 A-1210 Vienna Austria
| | - John Plant
- Department of Integrative Zoology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Hans Leo Nemeschkal
- Department of Theoretical Biology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
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Dunham AE, Maitner BS, Razafindratsima OH, Simmons MC, Roy CL. Body size and sexual size dimorphism in primates: influence of climate and net primary productivity. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2312-20. [PMID: 24016213 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of body size and sexual size dimorphism has been a longstanding goal in evolutionary biology. Previous work has shown that environmental stress can constrain male-biased sexual size dimorphism at the population level, but we know little about how this might translate to geographical patterns of body size and sexual size dimorphism at the species level. Environmental constraints due to a highly seasonal, resource-poor and/or variable environment have often been cited to explain the unusual lack of sexual size dimorphism among Madagascar's diverse and numerous primate taxa; however, empirical tests of this hypothesis are lacking. Using a phylogenetic approach and a geographical information system platform, we explored the role of seasonality, interannual variability and annual measures of temperature and rainfall, and net primary productivity on patterns of body size and sexual size dimorphism across 130 species of primates. Phylogenetically controlled comparisons showed no support for a role of environmental constraints in moderating sexual size dimorphism at the interspecific level, despite significant associations of environmental variables with body mass. Results suggest that the focus of discussions that have dominated in the last two decades regarding the role of environmental constraints in driving patterns of monomorphism of Madagascar's lemurs should be reconsidered; however, the conundrum remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Dunham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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Harrison JF, Cease AJ, Vandenbrooks JM, Albert T, Davidowitz G. Caterpillars selected for large body size and short development time are more susceptible to oxygen-related stress. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1305-16. [PMID: 23762517 PMCID: PMC3678485 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that higher growth rates may be associated with reduced capacities for stress tolerance and increased accumulated damage due to reactive oxygen species. We tested the response of Manduca sexta (Sphingidae) lines selected for large or small body size and short development time to hypoxia (10 kPa) and hyperoxia (25, 33, and 40 kPa); both hypoxia and hyperoxia reduce reproduction and oxygen levels over 33 kPa have been shown to increase oxidative damage in insects. Under normoxic (21 kPa) conditions, individuals from the large-selected (big-fast) line were larger and had faster growth rates, slightly longer developmental times, and reduced survival rates compared to individuals from a line selected for small size (small-fast) or an unselected control line. Individuals from the big-fast line exhibited greater negative responses to hyperoxia with greater reductions in juvenile and adult mass, growth rate, and survival than the other two lines. Hypoxia generally negatively affected survival and growth/size, but the lines responded similarly. These results are mostly consistent with the hypothesis that simultaneous acquisition of large body sizes and short development times leads to reduced capacities for coping with stressful conditions including oxidative damage. This result is of particular importance in that natural selection tends to decrease development time and increase body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, 85287-4501
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Mulder C, Helder J, Vervoort MTW, Arie Vonk J. Trait-mediated diversification in nematode predator-prey systems. Ecol Evol 2012; 1:386-91. [PMID: 22393508 PMCID: PMC3287312 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematodes are presumably the most numerous Metazoans in terrestrial habitats. They are represented at all trophic levels and are known to respond to nutrient limitation, prey availability, and microbial resources. Predatory nematodes reside at the highest trophic level, and as such their feeding habits could have a major impact on soil food web functioning. Here, we investigate the effects of gender and developmental stage on the nematode body sizes in coarse and loamy soils. Besides Neodiplogasteridae, our predators are much larger than other soil-dwelling nematodes from their early developmental stage onwards. From juvenile to adult, the predatory Aporcelaimellus (Kruskal–Wallis P < 0.001), Dorylaimoides, and Tripyla (both P < 0.01) show great length increases during their developmental growth, in contrast to their possible prey (almost all P < 0.001). Less than 4% of the prey exceeds the length of the predatory adults, but more than 30% of the prey exceeds the length of the predatory juveniles. Potential body size ratios and some physical problems experienced by small fluid feeders attacking large prey are discussed in an attempt to summarize different prey-searching mechanisms and aggregative predatory responses in the soil system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mulder
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM)Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University (WUR)Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - J Arie Vonk
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM)Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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