1
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Cease AJ. How Nutrients Mediate the Impacts of Global Change on Locust Outbreaks. Annu Rev Entomol 2024; 69:527-550. [PMID: 38270985 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-110415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Locusts are grasshoppers that can migrate en masse and devastate food security. Plant nutrient content is a key variable influencing population dynamics, but the relationship is not straightforward. For an herbivore, plant quality depends not only on the balance of nutrients and antinutrients in plant tissues, which is influenced by land use and climate change, but also on the nutritional state and demands of the herbivore, as well as its capacity to extract nutrients from host plants. In contrast to the concept of a positive relationship between nitrogen or protein concentration and herbivore performance, a five-decade review of lab and field studies indicates that equating plant N to plant quality is misleading because grasshoppers respond negatively or neutrally to increasing plant N just as often as they respond positively. For locusts specifically, low-N environments are actually beneficial because they supply high energy rates that support migration. Therefore, intensive land use, such as continuous grazing or cropping, and elevated ambient CO2 levels that decrease the protein:carbohydrate ratios of plants are predicted to broadly promote locust outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J Cease
- School of Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, and Global Locust Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA;
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2
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Cease AJ, Trumper EV, Medina H, Bazán FC, Frana J, Harrison J, Joaquin N, Learned J, Roca M, Rojas JE, Talal S, Overson RP. Field bands of marching locust juveniles show carbohydrate, not protein, limitation. Curr Res Insect Sci 2023; 4:100069. [PMID: 38161992 PMCID: PMC10757312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2023.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Locusts are grasshoppers that migrate en masse and devastate food security, yet little is known about the nutritional needs of marching bands in nature. While it has been hypothesized that protein limitation promotes locust marching behavior, migration is fueled by dietary carbohydrates. We studied South American Locust (Schistocerca cancellata) bands at eight sites across Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. Bands ate most frequently from dishes containing carbohydrate artificial diets and minimally from balanced, protein, or control (vitamins and salts) dishes-indicating carbohydrate hunger. This hunger for carbohydrates is likely explained by the observation that local vegetation was generally protein-biased relative to locusts' preferred protein to carbohydrate ratio. This study highlights the importance of studying the nutritional ecology of animals in their environment and suggests that carbohydrate limitation may be a common pattern for migrating insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J. Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | | | - Héctor Medina
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Argentina
| | | | - Jorge Frana
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Argentina
| | - Jon Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Nelson Joaquin
- Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Bolivia
| | | | - Mónica Roca
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Argentina
| | - Julio E. Rojas
- Departamento de Campañas Fitosanitarias, Dirección de Protección Vegetal, SENAVE, Paraguay
| | - Stav Talal
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Rick P. Overson
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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3
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Brosemann J, Overson R, Cease AJ, Millerwise S, Le Gall M. Nutrient supply and accessibility in plants: effect of protein and carbohydrates on Australian plague locust ( Chortoicetes terminifera) preference and performance. Front Insect Sci 2023; 3:1110518. [PMID: 38469479 PMCID: PMC10926423 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1110518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to predictions from nitrogen limitation theory, recent studies have shown that herbivorous migratory insects tend to be carbohydrate (not protein) limited, likely due to increased energy demands, leading them to preferentially feed on high carbohydrate plants. However, additional factors such as mechanical and chemical defenses can also influence host plant choice and nutrient accessibility. In this study, we investigated the effects of plant protein and carbohydrate availability on plant selection and performance for a migratory generalist herbivore, the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera. We manipulated the protein and carbohydrate content of seedling wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by increasing the protein:carbohydrate ratio using nitrogen (N) fertilizer, and manipulated the physical structure of the plants by grinding and breaking down cell walls after drying the plants. Using a full factorial design, we ran both choice and no-choice experiments to measure preference and performance. We confirmed locust preference for plants with a lower protein-carbohydrate ratio (unfertilized plants). Unlike previous studies with mature wild grass species, we found that intact plants supported better performance than dried and ground plants, suggesting that cell wall removal may only improve performance for tougher or more carbohydrate-rich plants. These results add to the growing body of evidence suggesting that several migratory herbivorous species perform better on plants with a lower protein:carbohydrate ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Brosemann
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Rick Overson
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Arianne J. Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Sydney Millerwise
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Marion Le Gall
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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4
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Talal S, Parmar S, Osgood GM, Harrison JF, Cease AJ. High carbohydrate consumption increases lipid storage and promotes migratory flight in locusts. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:286717. [PMID: 36655788 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Migration allows animals to track favorable environments and avoid harmful conditions. However, migration is energetically costly, so migrating animals must prepare themselves by increasing their energy stores. Despite the importance of locust migratory swarms, we still understand little about the physiology of locust migration. During long-distance flight, locusts rely on lipid oxidation, despite the fact that lipids are relatively rare in their leaf-based diets. Therefore, locusts and other insect herbivores synthesize and store lipid from ingested carbohydrates, which are also important for initial flight. These data suggest that diets high in carbohydrate should increase lipid stores and the capacity for migratory flight in locusts. As predicted, locust lipid stores and flight performance increased with an increase in the relative carbohydrate content in their food. However, locust flight termination was not associated with complete lipid depletion. We propose potential testable mechanisms that might explain how macronutrient consumption can affect flight endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Talal
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shivam Parmar
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Osgood
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Arianne J Cease
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.,School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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5
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Youngblood JP, Cease AJ, Talal S, Copa F, Medina HE, Rojas JE, Trumper EV, Angilletta MJ, Harrison JF. Climate change expected to improve digestive rate and trigger range expansion in outbreaking locusts. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianne J. Cease
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Stav Talal
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Fernando Copa
- Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno Santa Cruz Bolivia
| | | | - Julio E. Rojas
- Departamento de Campañas Fitosanitarios Dirección de Protección Vegetal, SENAVE Paraguay
| | | | | | - Jon F. Harrison
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Le Gall
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State Univ. Tempe AZ USA
| | - Alioune Beye
- Direction de la Protection des Végétaux Nganda Sénégal (retired)
| | - Mamadou Diallo
- Direction de la Protection des Végétaux Nganda Sénégal (retired)
| | - Arianne J. Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State Univ. Tempe AZ USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State Univ. Tempe AZ USA
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7
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Lawton D, Le Gall M, Waters C, Cease AJ. Mismatched diets: defining the nutritional landscape of grasshopper communities in a variable environment. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Lawton
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona85281USA
| | - Marion Le Gall
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe Arizona85281USA
| | - Cathy Waters
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe Arizona85281USA
- NSW Department of Primary Industries Dubbo New South Wales2000Australia
| | - Arianne J. Cease
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona85281USA
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe Arizona85281USA
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8
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Talal S, Cease AJ, Youngblood JP, Farington R, Trumper EV, Medina HE, Rojas JE, Fernando Copa A, Harrison JF. Plant carbohydrate content limits performance and lipid accumulation of an outbreaking herbivore. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202500. [PMID: 33259763 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Locusts are major intermittent threats to food security and the ecological factors determining where and when these occur remain poorly understood. For many herbivores, obtaining adequate protein from plants is a key challenge. We tested how the dietary protein : non-structural carbohydrate ratio (p : c) affects the developmental and physiological performance of 4th-5th instar nymphs of the South American locust, Schistocerca cancellata, which has recently resurged in Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. Field marching locusts preferred to feed on high carbohydrate foods. Field-collected juveniles transferred to the laboratory selected artificial diets or local plants with low p : c. On single artificial diets, survival rate increased as foods became more carbohydrate-biased. On single local plants, growth only occurred on the plant with the lowest p : c. Most local plants had p : c ratios substantially higher than optimal, demonstrating that field marching locusts must search for adequate carbohydrate or their survival and growth will be carbohydrate-limited. Total body lipids increased as dietary p : c decreased on both artificial and plant diets, and the low lipid contents of field-collected nymphs suggest that obtaining adequate carbohydrate may pose a strong limitation on migration for S. cancellata. Anthropogenic influences such as conversions of forests to pastures, may increase carbohydrate availability and promote outbreaks and migration of some locusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Talal
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.,School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Arianne J Cease
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.,School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jacob P Youngblood
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Ruth Farington
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | | | - Julio E Rojas
- Departamento de Campañas Fitosanitarias, Dirección de Protección Vegetal, SENAVE, Paraguay
| | - A Fernando Copa
- Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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9
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Le Gall M, Word ML, Beye A, Cease AJ. Physiological status is a stronger predictor of nutrient selection than ambient plant nutrient content for a wild herbivore. Curr Res Insect Sci 2020; 1:100004. [PMID: 36003608 PMCID: PMC9387501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2020.100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is generally a close relationship between a consumer's food and its optimal nutrients. When there is a mismatch, it is hypothesized that mobile herbivores switch between food items to balance nutrients, however, there are limited data for field populations. In this study, we measured ambient plant nutrient content at two time points and contrasted our results with the nutrient ratio selected by wild female and male grasshoppers (Oedaleus senegalensis). Few plants were near O. senegalensis' optimal protein:carbohydrate ratio (P:C), nor were plants complementary. Grasshoppers collected earlier all regulated for a carbohydrate-biased ratio but females ate slightly more protein. We hypothesized that the long migration undertaken by this species may explain its carbohydrate needs. In contrast to most laboratory studies, grasshoppers collected later did not tightly regulate their P:C. These results suggest that field populations are not shifting their P:C to match seasonal plant nutrient shifts and that mobile herbivores rely on post-ingestive mechanisms in the face of environmental variation. Because this is among the first studies to examine the relationship between ambient nutrient landscape and physiological state our data are a key step in bridging knowledge acquired from lab studies to hypotheses regarding the role ecological factors play in foraging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Le Gall
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Mira L. Word
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Alioune Beye
- Direction de la Protection des Végétaux, Nganda, Senegal
| | - Arianne J. Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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10
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Le Gall M, Word ML, Thompson N, Beye A, Cease AJ. Nitrogen fertilizer decreases survival and reproduction of female locusts by increasing plant protein to carbohydrate ratio. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2214-2221. [PMID: 32743808 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen limitation theory predicts that terrestrial plants should benefit from nitrogen inputs and that herbivores should benefit from subsequent higher plant protein contents. While this pattern has generally been supported, some herbivorous insects have shown preference and higher performance on low protein (p), high carbohydrate (c) diets as juveniles. However, little is known about the effects on reproduction in adults. Using nitrogen fertilizer, we demonstrate that high plant p:c has negative effects on Senegalese locust (Orthoptera: Oedaeleus senegalensis) reproduction and survival in an agroecological setting. For this, we measured p:c in millet plants Pennisetum glaucum that received two levels of fertilizer (high and moderate) and a control, then we caged locusts on these plants for 2 weeks. In the laboratory, we gave locusts the choice between untreated millet leaves and leaves that received one of the two fertilization treatment. We found that fertilization increased p:c ratio in a concentration-dependent fashion. We counted the number of locusts alive over the course of 2 weeks and showed that fewer females survived on fertilized plants than on control plants. Females that ate plants from the high fertilization treatment laid lighter eggs. Finally, we showed that female locusts prefer unfertilized plants to plants with a high p:c. We hypothesize that this pattern will apply broadly to species that have extensive carbohydrate needs, such as long-distance migrators. Because many ecological studies focus primarily on nitrogen or protein, and fail to consider carbohydrates, this study has important implications for how ecologists consider nutrient limitation of primary consumers in ecosystems globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Le Gall
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mira L Word
- Earth Wonder Consulting, Columbia Falls, MT, USA
| | - Natalia Thompson
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alioune Beye
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Arianne J Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Direction de la Protection des Végétaux, Nganda, Senegal.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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11
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Elliott DB, Youngblood JP, Angilletta MJ, Cease AJ. Effects of Temperature and Nutrition on Growth Efficiency of the South American Locust (
Schistocerca cancellata
) During the Sixth Instar. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.04776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Le Gall M, Word ML, Thompson N, Manneh B, Beye A, Cease AJ. Linking land use and the nutritional ecology of herbivores: A case study with the Senegalese locust. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Le Gall
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Mira L. Word
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Natalia Thompson
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | | | - Alioune Beye
- Direction de la Protection des Végétaux Nganda Senegal
| | - Arianne J. Cease
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
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13
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Word ML, Hall SJ, Robinson BE, Manneh B, Beye A, Cease AJ. Soil-targeted interventions could alleviate locust and grasshopper pest pressure in West Africa. Sci Total Environ 2019; 663:632-643. [PMID: 30731409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural land use has intended and unintended consequences for human livelihoods through feedbacks within coupled human and natural systems. In Senegal, West Africa, soils are a vital resource for livelihoods and food security in smallholder farming communities. In this study, we explored the connections among land use, soil conditions, plant nutrient content, and the abundance of several locust and grasshopper species. We worked in two rural farming villages in the Kaffrine region of Senegal. Oedaleus senegalensis was least abundant in groundnut areas where plant N was highest and abundance was negatively correlated with plant N across land use types. Overall, grasshoppers were most numerous in grazing and fallow areas. There was little variation in soil properties across land use types and soil organic matter (SOM) and inorganic soil N content were low throughout. SOM was positively correlated with soil inorganic N concentration, which in turn was positively correlated with plant N content. Of the management practices we surveyed, fallowing fields was important for soil N and SOM replenishment. These results corroborate other research indicating that land use, management practices, soil and plant nutrients, and insect herbivore abundance are mechanistically coupled. Although further research is needed, improving soil fertility could be used as an alternative to pesticides to keep locusts at bay and improve crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira L Word
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Sharon J Hall
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Brian E Robinson
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Balanding Manneh
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Alioune Beye
- La Direction de la Protection des Végétaux, Nganda, Senegal
| | - Arianne J Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
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14
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Robertson RM, Cease AJ, Simpson SJ. Anoxia tolerance of the adult Australian Plague Locust (Chortoicetes terminifera). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 229:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Niu D, Yuan X, Cease AJ, Wen H, Zhang C, Fu H, Elser JJ. The impact of nitrogen enrichment on grassland ecosystem stability depends on nitrogen addition level. Sci Total Environ 2018; 618:1529-1538. [PMID: 29054613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition may affect plant biodiversity, subsequently altering ecosystem stability. While a few studies have explored how simulated N deposition affects community stability and its underlying mechanisms, the experimental levels of N addition used are usually higher than current and future N deposition rates. Thus, their results could produce highly uncertain predictions of ecosystem function, especially if the responses to N deposition are nonlinear. We conducted a manipulative experiment that simulated elevated atmospheric N deposition with several N addition levels to evaluate the effect of N deposition on ecosystem stability and its underlying mechanisms in a semiarid grassland in northern China. Here we show that N addition altered community diversity, reducing species richness, evenness, diversity and dominance. In addition, we found that N addition at current N deposition levels had no significant impact on community stability. In contrast, N addition at levels from 4.6 to 13.8gNm-2yr-1 significantly decreased community stability, although community stability for the 13.8gNm-2yr-1 treatment was higher than that for the 4.6gNm-2yr-1 treatment. These results indicate that the response of community stability to N enrichment is nonlinear. This nonlinear change in community stability was positively correlated with species asynchrony, species richness, and species diversity as well as the stability of dominant species and the stability of the grass functional group. Our data suggest a need to re-evaluate the mechanisms responsible for the effects of N deposition on natural ecosystem stability across multiple levels of N enrichment and that additional experimentation with gradients of N loads more similar to future atmospheric N deposition rates is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaobo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Arianne J Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
| | - Haiyan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Chunping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Hua Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - James J Elser
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 32125, USA.
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16
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Cease AJ, Harrison JF, Hao S, Niren DC, Zhang G, Kang L, Elser JJ. Nutritional imbalance suppresses migratory phenotypes of the Mongolian locust ( Oedaleus asiaticus). R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:161039. [PMID: 28680661 PMCID: PMC5493903 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.161039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For many species, migration evolves to allow organisms to access better resources. However, the proximate factors that trigger these developmental changes, and how and why these vary across species, remain poorly understood. One prominent hypothesis is that poor-quality food promotes development of migratory phenotypes and this has been clearly shown for some polyphenic insects. In other animals, particularly long-distance bird migrants, it is clear that high-quality food is required to prepare animals for a successful migration. We tested the effect of diet quality on the flight behaviour and morphology of the Mongolian locust, Oedaleus asiaticus. Locusts reared at high population density and fed low-N grass (performance-enhancing for this species) had enhanced migratory morphology relative to locusts fed high-N grass. Furthermore, locusts fed synthetic diets with an optimal 1 : 2 protein : carbohydrate ratio flew for longer times than locusts fed diets with lower or higher protein : carbohydrate ratios. In contrast to the hypothesis that performance-degrading food should enhance migration, our results support the more nuanced hypothesis that high-quality diets promote development of migratory characteristics when migration is physiologically challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J. Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jon F. Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shuguang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People Republic of China
| | - Danielle C. Niren
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Guangming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, People Republic of China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People Republic of China
| | - James J. Elser
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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17
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Cease AJ, Fay M, Elser JJ, Harrison JF. Dietary phosphate affects food selection, post-ingestive phosphorus fate, and performance of a polyphagous herbivore. J Exp Biol 2015; 219:64-72. [PMID: 26567345 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.126847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Comparisons of the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (P) content of plants and insect herbivores suggests that P limitation and herbivore foraging to balance P intake could be common. However, the lack of synthetic diets for testing the effects of lower ranges of dietary P has been a major impediment to experimental assessment of the ecological importance of, and physiological responses to, P limitation for terrestrial herbivores. We manipulated dietary P content (%P) over its observed range in terrestrial foliage using artificial diets containing near-optimal content of other nutrients for the grasshopper Schistocerca americana. Over much of the ecologically relevant range, when consuming single diets over a lifetime, higher P stimulated growth rates and increased survival, with an optimal dietary %P of 0.25-0.50% when measured throughout development. Excessive dietary P (1%) reduced growth and survival. However, with only short-term (3 day) confinement to single diets, dietary P had no effect on food consumption or growth rates. During these short exposures, fifth (but not third) instar hoppers increased the proportion of P excreted relative to P assimilated as dietary P increased. Target experiments demonstrated that, when given a choice, grasshoppers select among foods to attain a P intake target of 0.6%. These data suggest that P limitation could be common for terrestrial insect herbivores and that they can exhibit ingestive and post-ingestive mechanisms to attain sufficient but not excessive P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Michelle Fay
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Orange Coast College, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - James J Elser
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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18
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Cease AJ, Elser JJ, Fenichel EP, Hadrich JC, Harrison JF, Robinson BE. Living With Locusts: Connecting Soil Nitrogen, Locust Outbreaks, Livelihoods, and Livestock Markets. Bioscience 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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19
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Cease AJ, Capps KA, Gates KK, McCrackin ML, Nidzgorski DA. Consumer-driven nutrient dynamics in urban environments: the stoichiometry of human diets and waste management. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J. Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State Univ.; Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Krista A. Capps
- Dept of Wildlife, Fisheries and Conservation Biology; Univ. of Maine; Orono, ME 04473 USA
| | - Kiza K. Gates
- Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Univ. of Oklahoma; Norman, OK 73019 USA
| | | | - Daniel A. Nidzgorski
- Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior; Univ. of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
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20
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Dayger CA, Cease AJ, Lutterschmidt DI. Responses to capture stress and exogenous corticosterone vary with body condition in female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Horm Behav 2013; 64:748-54. [PMID: 24075831 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether hormonal and behavioral responses to capture stress and exogenous corticosterone (CORT) vary with body condition in female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Female snakes were collected during the spring mating season and treated with 4 h of capture stress. We measured plasma CORT and estradiol before, during and after capture stress treatment followed by latency to copulate, a measure of female receptivity. Body condition was determined as the residual from a regression of body mass on snout-vent-length. Baseline CORT did not differ between females in positive and negative body condition, but females in negative body condition showed a significantly larger increase in plasma CORT in response to capture stress. Estradiol, which is generally low during the mating season in this population, did not change in response to capture stress. Body condition, but not capture stress, influenced latency to copulate, suggesting that females are resistant to the behavioral effects of capture stress during the spring mating season. In a second experiment, only females in negative body condition increased latency to copulate in response to injection of a physiological (15 μg) dose of exogenous CORT, while all females responded to a pharmacological (60 μg) dose. These results indicate that behavioral responses to exogenous CORT vary with female body condition during the short mating season. Taken together, our data suggest that variation in body condition may be associated with differences in HPA axis sensitivity and/or glucocorticoid receptor density in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Dayger
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
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21
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Harrison JF, Cease AJ, Vandenbrooks JM, Albert T, Davidowitz G. Caterpillars selected for large body size and short development time are more susceptible to oxygen-related stress. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1305-16. [PMID: 23762517 PMCID: PMC3678485 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that higher growth rates may be associated with reduced capacities for stress tolerance and increased accumulated damage due to reactive oxygen species. We tested the response of Manduca sexta (Sphingidae) lines selected for large or small body size and short development time to hypoxia (10 kPa) and hyperoxia (25, 33, and 40 kPa); both hypoxia and hyperoxia reduce reproduction and oxygen levels over 33 kPa have been shown to increase oxidative damage in insects. Under normoxic (21 kPa) conditions, individuals from the large-selected (big-fast) line were larger and had faster growth rates, slightly longer developmental times, and reduced survival rates compared to individuals from a line selected for small size (small-fast) or an unselected control line. Individuals from the big-fast line exhibited greater negative responses to hyperoxia with greater reductions in juvenile and adult mass, growth rate, and survival than the other two lines. Hypoxia generally negatively affected survival and growth/size, but the lines responded similarly. These results are mostly consistent with the hypothesis that simultaneous acquisition of large body sizes and short development times leads to reduced capacities for coping with stressful conditions including oxidative damage. This result is of particular importance in that natural selection tends to decrease development time and increase body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, 85287-4501
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Abstract
Insect tracheal-respiratory systems achieve high fluxes and great dynamic range with low energy requirements and could be important models for bioengineers interested in developing microfluidic systems. Recent advances suggest that insect cardiorespiratory systems have functional valves that permit compartmentalization with segment-specific pressures and flows and that system anatomy allows regional flows. Convection dominates over diffusion as a transport mechanism in the major tracheae, but Reynolds numbers suggest viscous effects remain important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F. Harrison
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences Tempe, Arizona; and
| | - James S. Waters
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences Tempe, Arizona; and
| | - Arianne J. Cease
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences Tempe, Arizona; and
| | | | - Viviane Callier
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences Tempe, Arizona; and
| | - C. Jaco Klok
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences Tempe, Arizona; and
| | - Kimberly Shaffer
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences Tempe, Arizona; and
| | - John J. Socha
- Virginia Tech, Engineering Science and Mechanics, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Cease AJ, Elser JJ, Ford CF, Hao S, Kang L, Harrison JF. Heavy livestock grazing promotes locust outbreaks by lowering plant nitrogen content. Science 2012; 335:467-9. [PMID: 22282812 DOI: 10.1126/science.1214433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Current paradigms generally assume that increased plant nitrogen (N) should enhance herbivore performance by relieving protein limitation, increasing herbivorous insect populations. We show, in contrast to this scenario, that host plant N enrichment and high-protein artificial diets decreased the size and viability of Oedaleus asiaticus, a dominant locust of north Asian grasslands. This locust preferred plants with low N content and artificial diets with low protein and high carbohydrate content. Plant N content was lowest and locust abundance highest in heavily livestock-grazed fields where soils were N-depleted, likely due to enhanced erosion. These results suggest that heavy livestock grazing and consequent steppe degradation in the Eurasian grassland promote outbreaks of this locust by reducing plant protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J Cease
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Cease AJ, Hao S, Kang L, Elser JJ, Harrison JF. Are color or high rearing density related to migratory polyphenism in the band-winged grasshopper, Oedaleus asiaticus? J Insect Physiol 2010; 56:926-936. [PMID: 20621696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Locusts represent an impressive example of migratory polyphenism, with high densities triggering a switch from a solitarious, shorter dispersal range, and sometimes greenish phenotype to a gregarious and sometimes darker form exhibiting behavioral, morphological and physiological traits associated with long-distance migratory swarms. While such polyphenism has been well documented in Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria, the extent to which other grasshoppers exhibit this type of migratory polyphenism is unclear. Anecdotally, the Chinese grasshopper, Oedaleus asiaticus, forms migratory swarms comprised mostly of a darker, brown-colored morph, but also exhibits a non-migratory green-colored morph that predominates at low densities. In a population in Inner Mongolia not currently exhibiting migratory swarms, we found that while green and brown O. asiaticus are found concurrently across our sampled range, only brown grasshoppers were found in high densities. Differences between field-collected brown and green forms matched some but not key predictions associated with the hypothesis that the brown form is morphologically and physiologically specialized for gregarious migration. Controlling for body mass, brown forms had more massive thoraxes, abdomens and legs, and higher metabolic rates, but not more flight muscle or lipid stores. Further, the brown and green grasshoppers did not differ in gregarious behavior, and neither would fly in multiple lab and field trials. Lab or field-rearing at high densities for one-to-multiple juvenile instars caused grasshoppers to exhibit some morphological traits predicted to benefit migration (larger wings and a shift in relative mass from abdomen to thorax), but did not change color or induce flight behavior. One hypothesis to explain these data is that a migratory form of O. asiaticus is partially triggered by high field densities, but that existing ecological conditions blocked full expression of such traits (and outbreak swarms). Alternatively, color variation in this species may more tightly linked to other functions in this species such as crypsis or disease resistance, and mechanisms other than late-juvenile rearing density (e.g. genetic variation, maternal effects) may be more critical for promoting variation in color and/or migratory polyphenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J Cease
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Cease AJ, Lutterschmidt DI, Mason RT. Corticosterone and the transition from courtship behavior to dispersal in male red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 150:124-31. [PMID: 16989831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal modulation of baseline glucocorticoid concentrations as well as the sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays an important role in supporting critical life-history events such as seasonal reproduction and migration. Despite numerous studies on adrenocortical modulation, little is known about the exact timing of this seasonal modulation with respect to critical life-history stages. We tested the hypothesis that seasonal modulation of the HPA axis during the spring mating season in male red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) is temporally linked to the mechanisms regulating dispersal. We compared hormonal responses to capture stress in courting male red-sided garter snakes collected from the den site and den perimeter to those of dispersing snakes collected 0.6 km from the den. We also investigated possible changes in steroid hormones during the spring mating season. These studies support previous findings that plasma androgen and corticosterone concentrations significantly decline over the mating season. Our results demonstrate that males 0.6 km into a 15-20 km route to the feeding grounds have lower baseline corticosterone concentrations than male snakes actively courting at the den. Dispersing males also exhibit a typical stress response marked by a significant increase in corticosterone while actively courting males do not. Capture stress did not significantly influence androgen concentrations of either courting or dispersing male red-sided garter snakes. There were no significant differences in body composition indices among male snakes collected from the den, den perimeter, or 0.6 km away from the den. However, we did observe a significant negative correlation between baseline corticosterone levels and body composition indices. These data suggest that breeding is a distinct stage accompanied by specific physiological parameters that differ from those during dispersal to the feeding grounds. Our results indicate that declining baseline corticosterone concentrations may play a role in the behavioral switch between actively courting and dispersing (i.e., feeding) in the late spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J Cease
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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