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Barrios-Leal DY, Mateus RP, Santos CG, Manfrin MH. Plastic Variation in the Phyletic Lineages of Cactophilic Drosophila meridionalis and Relation to Hosts as Potential for Diversification. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:515-523. [PMID: 33846963 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The insect/plant interaction is known to be a trigger for diversification and even speciation. Experimental analyses on fitness traits and phenotypic variation using alternative host sites have been performed to understand the process of diversification relative to insect/plant interactions. For cactophilic species of Drosophila, the speciation process is considered an adaptive radiation in response to the exploration of species of the Cactaceae as breeding and feeding sites. In this work, we analyzed life history and morphological traits in individuals from two phyletic lineages (Evolutionarily Significant Units ESU) of the cactophilic species Drosophila meridionalis (Wasserman 1962) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) raised from media prepare. The characters analyzed corresponded to viability, developmental time, and four morphological measurements. The experiments were performed in a semi-natural medium prepared with fermenting tissues of the natural hosts, Cereus hildmaniannus and Opuntia monacantha. Viability, development time, and three morphological measurements were influenced by lineage, suggesting differentiation between the lineages. However, in O. monacantha, the mean viability was greater (~15%) and development time was longer (~336 h) than in C. hildmaniannus (~11% and ~301 h, respectively). Only the developmental time was significantly affected by the host cactus. In general, ESU group A had better values than ESU group BC for the evaluated traits. This finding suggested differentiation between the two lineages and different plastic responsiveness to the contrasting environments of the hosts, and that C. hildmaniannus may be a relatively stressful environment for the larvae, as for other Drosophila species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Yovana Barrios-Leal
- Pós-Graduação em Genética - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Univ de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rogério P Mateus
- Depto de Ciências Biológicas - DEBIO, Univ Estadual do Centro-Oeste - UNICENTRO, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cintia Graziela Santos
- Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada - Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Univ de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maura Helena Manfrin
- Pós-Graduação em Genética - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Univ de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
- Depto de Biologia - Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Univ de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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2
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Di XY, Yan B, Wu CX, Yu XF, Liu JF, Yang MF. Does Larval Rearing Diet Lead to Premating Isolation in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)? INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030203. [PMID: 33673724 PMCID: PMC7997327 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious polyphagous pest. Most studies focus on the effects of natural hosts on S. litura. However, progressively more laboratory studies S. litura involve feeding the larvae with an artificial diet. We compared the life performance and observed mating choice of S. litura reared on tobacco, Chinese cabbage, and an artificial diet. The results revealed that diet had a significant effect on the duration of each stage of development. In the multiple-choice test with individual males consuming tobacco, Chinese cabbage, or an artificial diet, females fed on the artificial diet preferred to mate with males that were fed on the same diet and rarely mated with males fed on tobacco or Chinese cabbage. We suggest that the diet of S. litura has a potential impact on mate choice and sexual isolation. Abstract Host plant preference during the larval stage may help shape not only phenotypic plasticity but also behavioral isolation. We assessed the effects of diet on population parameters and mate choice in Spodoptera litura. We raised larvae fed on tobacco, Chinese cabbage, or an artificial diet, and we observed the shortest developmental time and highest fecundity in individuals fed the artificial diet. However, survival rates were higher for larvae on either of the natural diets. Population parameters including intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase were significantly higher with the artificial diet, but this diet led to a lower mean generation time. Copulation duration, copulation time, and number of eggs reared significantly differed between diets. In terms of mate choice, females on the artificial diet rarely mated with males fed on a natural host. Our results support the hypothesis that different diets may promote behavioral isolation, affecting mating outcomes. Thus, findings for populations fed an artificial diet may not reflect findings for populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yuan Di
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.-Y.D.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bin Yan
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.-Y.D.); (B.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Xu Wu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Xiao-Fei Yu
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.-Y.D.); (B.Y.)
- Correspondence: (J.-F.L.); (M.-F.Y.)
| | - Mao-Fa Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.-Y.D.); (B.Y.)
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Correspondence: (J.-F.L.); (M.-F.Y.)
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3
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Ala-Honkola O, Kauranen H, Tyukmaeva V, Boetzl FA, Hoikkala A, Schmitt T. Diapause affects cuticular hydrocarbon composition and mating behavior of both sexes in Drosophila montana. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:304-316. [PMID: 30176124 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental cues, mainly photoperiod and temperature, are known to control female adult reproductive diapause in several insect species. Diapause enhances female survival during adverse conditions and postpones progeny production to the favorable season. Male diapause (a reversible inability to inseminate receptive females) has been studied much less than female diapause. However, if the males maximized their chances to fertilize females while minimizing their energy expenditure, they would be expected to be in diapause at the same time as females. We investigated Drosophila montana male mating behavior under short-day conditions that induce diapause in females and found the males to be reproductively inactive. We also found that males reared under long-day conditions (reproducing individuals) court reproducing postdiapause females, but not diapausing ones. The diapausing flies of both sexes had more long-chain and less short-chain hydrocarbons on their cuticle than the reproducing ones, which presumably increase their survival under stressful conditions, but at the same time decrease their attractiveness. Our study shows that the mating behavior of females and males is well coordinated during and after overwintering and it also gives support to the dual role of insect cuticular hydrocarbons in adaptation and mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Ala-Honkola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Hannele Kauranen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Venera Tyukmaeva
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Fabian A Boetzl
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anneli Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Berdan E, Enge S, Nylund GM, Wellenreuther M, Martens GA, Pavia H. Genetic divergence and phenotypic plasticity contribute to variation in cuticular hydrocarbons in the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12156-12170. [PMID: 31832150 PMCID: PMC6854331 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) form the boundary between insects and their environments and often act as essential cues for species, mate, and kin recognition. This complex polygenic trait can be highly variable both among and within species, but the causes of this variation, especially the genetic basis, are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated phenotypic and genetic variation of CHCs in the seaweed fly, Coelopa frigida, and found that composition was affected by both genetic (sex and population) and environmental (larval diet) factors. We subsequently conducted behavioral trials that show CHCs are likely used as a sexual signal. We identified general shifts in CHC chemistry as well as individual compounds and found that the methylated compounds, mean chain length, proportion of alkenes, and normalized total CHCs differed between sexes and populations. We combined these data with whole genome resequencing data to examine the genetic underpinnings of these differences. We identified 11 genes related to CHC synthesis and found population-level outlier SNPs in 5 that are concordant with phenotypic differences. Together these results reveal that the CHC composition of C. frigida is dynamic, strongly affected by the larval environment, and likely under natural and sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Berdan
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGöteborgSweden
| | - Swantje Enge
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine EnvironmentCarl‐von‐Ossietzky University OldenburgWilhelmshavenGermany
- Department of Marine Sciences – TjärnöUniversity of GothenburgStrömstadSweden
| | - Göran M. Nylund
- Department of Marine Sciences – TjärnöUniversity of GothenburgStrömstadSweden
| | - Maren Wellenreuther
- Plant & Food Research LimitedNelsonNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | | | - Henrik Pavia
- Department of Marine Sciences – TjärnöUniversity of GothenburgStrömstadSweden
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5
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Otte T, Hilker M, Geiselhardt S. Phenotypic Plasticity of Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profiles in Insects. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:235-247. [PMID: 29468480 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The insect integument is covered by cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) which provide protection against environmental stresses, but are also used for communication. Here we review current knowledge on environmental and insect-internal factors which shape phenotypic plasticity of solitary living insects, especially herbivorous ones. We address the dynamics of changes which may occur within minutes, but may also last weeks, depending on the species and conditions. Two different modes of changes are suggested, i.e. stepwise and gradual. A switch between two distinct environments (e.g. host plant switch by phytophagous insects) results in stepwise formation of two distinct adaptive phenotypes, while a gradual environmental change (e.g. temperature gradients) induces a gradual change of numerous adaptive CHC phenotypes. We further discuss the ecological and evolutionary consequences of phenotypic plasticity of insect CHC profiles by addressing the question at which conditions is CHC phenotypic plasticity beneficial. The high plasticity of CHC profiles might be a trade-off for insects using CHCs for communication. We discuss how insects cope with the challenge to produce and "understand" a highly plastic, environmentally dependent CHC pattern that conveys reliable and comprehensible information. Finally, we outline how phenotypic plasticity of CHC profiles may promote speciation in insects that rely on CHCs for mate recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Otte
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Geiselhardt
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Soto EM, Mongiardino Koch N, Milla Carmona P, Soto IM, Hasson E. Cactus–fungi interactions mediate host preference in cactophilic Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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7
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Date P, Crowley-Gall A, Diefendorf AF, Rollmann SM. Population differences in host plant preference and the importance of yeast and plant substrate to volatile composition. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3815-3825. [PMID: 28616178 PMCID: PMC5468138 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Divergent selection between environments can result in changes to the behavior of an organism. In many insects, volatile compounds are a primary means by which host plants are recognized and shifts in plant availability can result in changes to host preference. Both the plant substrate and microorganisms can influence this behavior, and host plant choice can have an impact on the performance of the organism. In Drosophila mojavensis, four geographically isolated populations each use different cacti as feeding and oviposition substrates and identify those cacti by the composition of the volatile odorants emitted. Behavioral tests revealed D. mojavensis populations vary in their degree of preference for their natural host plant. Females from the Mojave population show a marked preference for their host plant, barrel cactus, relative to other cactus choices. When flies were given a choice between cacti that were not their host plant, the preference for barrel and organ pipe cactus relative to agria and prickly pear cactus was overall lower for all populations. Volatile headspace composition is influenced by the cactus substrate, microbial community, and substrate-by-microorganism interactions. Differences in viability, developmental time, thorax length, and dry body weight exist among populations and depend on cactus substrate and population-by-cactus interactions. However, no clear association between behavioral preference and performance was observed. This study highlights a complex interplay between the insect, host plant, and microbial community and the factors mediating insect host plant preference behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Date
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA.,Present address: Department of Pediatrics Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Amber Crowley-Gall
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
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8
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Rajpurohit S, Hanus R, Vrkoslav V, Behrman EL, Bergland AO, Petrov D, Cvačka J, Schmidt PS. Adaptive dynamics of cuticular hydrocarbons in Drosophila. J Evol Biol 2016; 30:66-80. [PMID: 27718537 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are hydrophobic compounds deposited on the arthropod cuticle that are of functional significance with respect to stress tolerance, social interactions and mating dynamics. We characterized CHC profiles in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster at five levels: across a latitudinal transect in the eastern United States, as a function of developmental temperature during culture, across seasonal time in replicate years, and as a function of rapid evolution in experimental mesocosms in the field. Furthermore, we also characterized spatial and temporal changes in allele frequencies for SNPs in genes that are associated with the production and chemical profile of CHCs. Our data demonstrate a striking degree of parallelism for clinal and seasonal variation in CHCs in this taxon; CHC profiles also demonstrate significant plasticity in response to rearing temperature, and the observed patterns of plasticity parallel the spatiotemporal patterns observed in nature. We find that these congruent shifts in CHC profiles across time and space are also mirrored by predictable shifts in allele frequencies at SNPs associated with CHC chain length. Finally, we observed rapid and predictable evolution of CHC profiles in experimental mesocosms in the field. Together, these data strongly suggest that CHC profiles respond rapidly and adaptively to environmental parameters that covary with latitude and season, and that this response reflects the process of local adaptation in natural populations of D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajpurohit
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R Hanus
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - V Vrkoslav
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - E L Behrman
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A O Bergland
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - D Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J Cvačka
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - P S Schmidt
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Balvín O, Bartonička T, Pilařová K, DeVries Z, Schal C. Discrimination between lineage-specific shelters by bat- and human-associated bed bugs does not constitute a stable reproductive barrier. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:237-242. [PMID: 27830371 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The common bed bug Cimex lectularius, has been recently shown to constitute two host races, which are likely in the course of incipient speciation. The human-associated lineage splits from the ancestral bat-associated species deep in the history of modern humans, likely even prior to the Neolithic Period and establishment of the first permanent human settlements. Hybridization experiments between these two lineages show that post-mating reproductive barriers are incomplete due to local variation. As mating takes place in off-host refugia marked by aggregation semiochemicals, the present investigation tested the hypothesis that bed bugs use these semiochemicals to differentiate between refugia marked by bat- and human-associated bed bugs; this would constitute a pre-copulation isolation mechanism. The preference for lineage-specific odors was tested using artificial shelters conditioned by a group of either male or female bed bugs. Adult males were assayed individually in four-choice assays that included two clean unconditioned control shelters. In most assays, bed bugs preferred to rest in conditioned shelters, with no apparent fidelity to shelters conditioned by their specific lineage. However, 51 % of the bat-associated males preferred unconditioned shelters over female-conditioned shelters of either lineage. Thus, bed bugs show no preferences for lineage-specific shelters, strongly suggesting that semiochemicals associated with shelters alone do not function in reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Balvín
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Bartonička
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pilařová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zachary DeVries
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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10
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Quan WL, Liu W, Zhou RQ, Qureshi SR, Ding N, Ma WH, Lei CL, Wang XP. Do differences in life-history traits and the timing of peak mating activity between host-associated populations of Chilo suppressalis have a genetic basis? Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4478-87. [PMID: 27386090 PMCID: PMC4930995 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of host races, genetically distinct populations of the same species with different hosts, is considered to be the initial stage of ecological speciation. Ecological and biological differences consistent with host race formation have been reported between water-oat and rice-associated populations of Chilo suppressalis. In order to confirm whether these differences have a genetic basis, we conducted experiments to determine the extent to which various life-history traits and the time of peak mating activity of these populations were influenced by the species of host plant larvae were raised on. Individuals from each population were reared for three consecutive generations on either water-oat fruit pulp or rice seedlings. Descendants of both populations had higher larval survival rates, shorter larval developmental periods, higher pupal weight, and longer adult forewings, when reared on water-oats than when reared on rice. The time of peak of mating activity differed between the descendants of each population, irrespective of whether they were raised on water-oats or rice. These results indicate that although some life-history traits of host-associated populations of C. suppressalis are influenced by the host plant larvae are raised on, time of peak mating activity is not. Because it is a stable, objective, phenotypic trait, further research on difference in the time of peak mating activity between host-associated populations of C. suppressalis should be conducted to clarify the mechanism responsible for host race formation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Quan
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Wen Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Rui-Qi Zhou
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Sundas Rana Qureshi
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Nan Ding
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Wei-Hua Ma
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Chao-Liang Lei
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
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11
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Pavković-Lučić S, Todosijević M, Savić T, Vajs V, Trajković J, Anđelković B, Lučić L, Krstić G, Makarov S, Tomić V, Miličić D, Vujisić L. 'Does my Diet Affect my Perfume?' Identification and Quantification of Cuticular Compounds in Five Drosophila melanogaster Strains Maintained over 300 Generations on Different Diets. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:224-32. [PMID: 26880435 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) in Drosophila melanogaster represent the basis of chemical communication being involved in many important biological functions. The aim of this study was to characterize chemical composition and variation of cuticular profiles in five D. melanogaster strains. These strains were reared for approximately 300 generations on five diets: standard cornmeal medium and substrates prepared with apple, banana, tomato, and carrot. Differences in quantity and/or quality in CHCs were assumed as a result of activation of different metabolic pathways involved in food digestion and adaptations to the particular diet type. In total, independently of sex and strain, 66 chemical compounds were identified. In females of all strains, 60 compounds were identified, while, in males, 47 compounds were extracted. Certain new chemical compounds for D. melanogaster were found. MANOVA confirmed that CHC amounts significantly depend on sex and substrates, as well as on their interactions. Discriminant analysis revealed that flies belonging to 'apple' and 'carrot' strains exhibited the most noticeable differences in CHC repertoires. A non-hydrocarbon pheromone, cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) also contributed to the variation in the pheromone bouquet among the strains. Variability detected in CHCs and cVA may be used in the explanation of differences in mating behaviour previously determined in analyzed fly strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Todosijević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, RS-11000 Belgrade
| | - Tatjana Savić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', Despota Stefana Blvd. 142, RS-11000 Belgrade
| | - Vlatka Vajs
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, RS-11000 Belgrade
| | - Jelena Trajković
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', Despota Stefana Blvd. 142, RS-11000 Belgrade
| | - Boban Anđelković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, RS-11000 Belgrade
| | - Luka Lučić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, RS-11000 Belgrade
| | - Gordana Krstić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, RS-11000 Belgrade
| | - Slobodan Makarov
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, RS-11000 Belgrade
| | - Vladimir Tomić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, RS-11000 Belgrade
| | - Dragana Miličić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, RS-11000 Belgrade
| | - Ljubodrag Vujisić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, RS-11000 Belgrade
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12
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Etges WJ, de Oliveira C, Rajpurohit S, Gibbs AG. Preadult life history variation determines adult transcriptome expression. Mol Ecol 2015; 25:741-63. [PMID: 26615085 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Preadult determinants of adult fitness and behaviour have been documented in a variety of organisms with complex life cycles, but little is known about expression patterns of genes underlying these adult traits. We explored the effects of differences in egg-to-adult development time on adult transcriptome and cuticular hydrocarbon variation in order to understand the nature of the genetic correlation between preadult development time and premating isolation between populations of Drosophila mojavensis reared in different host cactus environments. Transcriptome variation was analysed separately in flies reared on each host and revealed that hundreds of genes in adults were differentially expressed (FDR P < 0.05) due to development time differences. For flies reared on pitaya agria cactus, longer preadult development times caused increased expression of genes in adults enriched for ribosome production, protein metabolism, chromatin remodelling and regulation of alternate splicing and transcription. Baja California flies reared on organ pipe cactus showed fewer differentially expressed genes in adults due to longer preadult development time, but these were enriched for ATP synthesis and the TCA cycle. Mainland flies reared on organ pipe cactus with shorter development times showed increased transcription of genes enriched for mitochondria and energy production, protein synthesis and glucose metabolism: adults with longer development times had increased expression of genes enriched for adult life span, cuticle proteins and ion binding, although most differentially expressed genes were unannotated. Differences due to population, sex, mating status and their interactions were also assessed. Adult cuticular hydrocarbon profiles also showed shifts due to egg-to-adult development time and were influenced by population and mating status. These results help to explain why preadult life history variation determines subsequent expression of the adult transcriptome along with traits involved with reproductive isolation and revealed previously undocumented connections between genetic and environmental influences over the entire life cycle in this desert insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Etges
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701-1201, USA
| | - Cássia de Oliveira
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701-1201, USA
| | - Subhash Rajpurohit
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89119, USA
| | - Allen G Gibbs
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89119, USA
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13
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Insect Cuticular Hydrocarbons as Dynamic Traits in Sexual Communication. INSECTS 2015; 6:732-42. [PMID: 26463413 PMCID: PMC4598662 DOI: 10.3390/insects6030732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated extensive within-species variation in pheromone expression in insect species, contrary to the view that pheromones are largely invariant within species. In fact, many studies on insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) show that pheromones can be highly dynamic traits that can express significant short-term plasticity across both abiotic and social environments. It is likely that this variability in CHC expression contributes to their important role in sexual signaling and mate choice. In this review, I discuss CHC plasticity and how this might influence sexual communication. I also highlight two important avenues for future research: examining plasticity in how individuals respond to CHC signals, and testing how sexual communication varies across abiotic and social environments.
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14
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Chung H, Carroll SB. Wax, sex and the origin of species: Dual roles of insect cuticular hydrocarbons in adaptation and mating. Bioessays 2015; 37:822-30. [PMID: 25988392 PMCID: PMC4683673 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary changes in traits that affect both ecological divergence and mating signals could lead to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species. Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are potential examples of such dual traits. They form a waxy layer on the cuticle of the insect to maintain water balance and prevent desiccation, while also acting as signaling molecules in mate recognition and chemical communication. Because the synthesis of these hydrocarbons in insect oenocytes occurs through a common biochemical pathway, natural or sexual selection on one role may affect the other. In this review, we explore how ecological divergence in insect CHCs can lead to divergence in mating signals and reproductive isolation. We suggest that the evolution of insect CHCs may be ripe models for understanding ecological speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Chung
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Sean B Carroll
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, WI, USA
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15
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Etges WJ, Trotter MV, de Oliveira CC, Rajpurohit S, Gibbs AG, Tuljapurkar S. Deciphering life history transcriptomes in different environments. Mol Ecol 2014; 24:151-79. [PMID: 25442828 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We compared whole transcriptome variation in six pre-adult stages and seven adult female ages in two populations of cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis reared on two host plants to understand how differences in gene expression influence standing life history variation. We used singular value decomposition (SVD) to identify dominant trajectories of life cycle gene expression variation, performed pairwise comparisons of stage and age differences in gene expression across the life cycle, identified when genes exhibited maximum levels of life cycle gene expression, and assessed population and host cactus effects on gene expression. Life cycle SVD analysis returned four significant components of transcriptional variation, revealing functional enrichment of genes responsible for growth, metabolic function, sensory perception, neural function, translation and ageing. Host cactus effects on female gene expression revealed population- and stage-specific differences, including significant host plant effects on larval metabolism and development, as well as adult neurotransmitter binding and courtship behaviour gene expression levels. In 3- to 6-day-old virgin females, significant upregulation of genes associated with meiosis and oogenesis was accompanied by downregulation of genes associated with somatic maintenance, evidence for a life history trade-off. The transcriptome of D. mojavensis reared in natural environments throughout its life cycle revealed core developmental transitions and genome-wide influences on life history variation in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Etges
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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16
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O'Connor TK, Humphrey PT, Lapoint RT, Whiteman NK, O'Grady PM. Microbial interactions and the ecology and evolution of Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:616. [PMID: 25566196 PMCID: PMC4270190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiations are characterized by an increased rate of speciation and expanded range of habitats and ecological niches exploited by those species. The Hawaiian Drosophilidae is a classic adaptive radiation; a single ancestral species colonized Hawaii approximately 25 million years ago and gave rise to two monophyletic lineages, the Hawaiian Drosophila and the genus Scaptomyza. The Hawaiian Drosophila are largely saprophagous and rely on approximately 40 endemic plant families and their associated microbes to complete development. Scaptomyza are even more diverse in host breadth. While many species of Scaptomyza utilize decomposing plant substrates, some species have evolved to become herbivores, parasites on spider egg masses, and exploit microbes on living plant tissue. Understanding the origin of the ecological diversity encompassed by these nearly 700 described species has been a challenge. The central role of microbes in drosophilid ecology suggests bacterial and fungal associates may have played a role in the diversification of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Here we synthesize recent ecological and microbial community data from the Hawaiian Drosophilidae to examine the forces that may have led to this adaptive radiation. We propose that the evolutionary success of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae is due to a combination of factors, including adaptation to novel ecological niches facilitated by microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parris T Humphrey
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Richard T Lapoint
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick M O'Grady
- Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
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