1
|
Deshpande JN, Kaltz O, Fronhofer EA. Host–parasite dynamics set the ecological theatre for the evolution of state‐ and context‐dependent dispersal in hosts. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jhelam N. Deshpande
- ISEM, Univ. de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD Montpellier France
- Indian Inst. of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Oliver Kaltz
- ISEM, Univ. de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD Montpellier France
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effect of pappus removal on seed germination in Solidago ×niederederi (Asteraceae) and closely related species. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn Solidago, the pappus, a modified calyx, protects ovary and fruit from predation and is strongly involved in anemochory. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that the mechanical removal of pappus decreases the final percentage and speed of seed germination. We examined S. ×niederederi, a natural hybrid between invasive S. canadensis and native S. virgaurea, in comparison to its parental species and S. gigantea. We conducted a 21-day germination test in the laboratory, using 50 fruits with intact pappus and 50 fruits with removed pappus in four replicates, for each taxon. The statistical analysis demonstrated that the final percentage of germinated seeds was remarkably lower in the group of fruits with removed pappus in S. canadensis (p ≤ 0.05) and S. gigantea (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the speed of seed germination was also significantly lower after pappus removal in S. canadensis and S. gigantea, based on the Timson’s index (p ≤ 0.05). In the case of S. ×niederederi and S. virgaurea, the hypothesis was rejected. We assumed that the small size of the cypselae could be responsible for the negative effect of pappus removal on seed germination.
Collapse
|
3
|
Pisman M, Bonte D, de la Peña E. Urbanization alters plastic responses in the common dandelion Taraxacum officinale. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4082-4090. [PMID: 32489632 PMCID: PMC7244812 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban environments expose species to contrasting selection pressures relative to rural areas due to altered microclimatic conditions, habitat fragmentation, and changes in species interactions. To improve our understanding on how urbanization impacts selection through biotic interactions, we assessed differences in plant defense and tolerance, dispersal, and flowering phenology of a common plant species (Taraxacum officinale) along an urbanization gradient and their reaction norms in response to a biotic stressor (i.e., herbivory). We raised plants from 45 lines collected along an urbanization gradient under common garden conditions and assessed the impact of herbivory on plant growth (i.e., aboveground biomass), dispersal capacity (i.e., seed morphology), and plant phenology (i.e., early seed production) by exposing half of our plants to two events of herbivory (i.e., grazing by locusts). Independent from their genetic background, all plants consistently increased their resistance to herbivores by which the second exposure to locusts resulted in lower levels of damage suffered. Herbivory had consistent effects on seed pappus length, with seeds showing a longer pappus (and, hence, increased dispersal capacities) regardless of urbanization level. Aboveground plant biomass was neither affected by urbanization nor herbivore presence. In contrast to consistent responses in plant defenses and pappus length, plant fitness did vary between lines. Urban lines had a reduced early seed production following herbivory while rural and suburban lines did not show any plastic response. Our results show that herbivory affects plant phenotypes but more importantly that differences in herbivory reaction norms exist between urban and rural populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Pisman
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC)Department of BiologyGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Dries Bonte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC)Department of BiologyGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Eduardo de la Peña
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC)Department of BiologyGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Institute for Subtropical and Mediterranean HorticultureFinca Experimental La MayoraSpanish National Research Council (IHSM‐UMA‐CSIC)MalagaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bont Z, Pfander M, Robert CAM, Huber M, Poelman EH, Raaijmakers CE, Erb M. Adapted dandelions trade dispersal for germination upon root herbivore attack. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192930. [PMID: 32097589 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A plant's offspring may escape unfavourable local conditions through seed dispersal. Whether plants use this strategy to escape insect herbivores is not well understood. Here, we explore how different dandelion (Taraxacum officinale agg.) populations, including diploid outcrossers and triploid apomicts, modify seed dispersal in response to root herbivore attack by their main root-feeding natural enemy, the larvae of the common cockchafer Melolontha melolontha. In a manipulative field experiment, root herbivore attack increased seed dispersal potential through a reduction in seed weight in populations that evolved under high root herbivore pressure, but not in populations that evolved under low pressure. This increase in dispersal potential was independent of plant cytotype, but associated with a reduction in germination rate, suggesting that adapted dandelions trade dispersal for establishment upon attack by root herbivores. Analysis of vegetative growth parameters suggested that the increased dispersal capacity was not the result of stress flowering. In summary, these results suggest that root herbivory selects for an induced increase in dispersal ability in response to herbivore attack. Induced seed dispersal may be a strategy that allows adapted plants to escape from herbivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Bont
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Pfander
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Meret Huber
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ciska E Raaijmakers
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hervé MR, Erb M. Distinct defense strategies allow different grassland species to cope with root herbivore attack. Oecologia 2019; 191:127-139. [PMID: 31367912 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Root-feeding insect herbivores are of substantial evolutionary, ecological and economical importance. Plants defend themselves against insect herbivores through a variety of tolerance and resistance strategies. To date, few studies have systematically assessed the prevalence and importance of these strategies for root-herbivore interactions across different plant species. Here, we characterize the defense strategies used by three different grassland species to cope with a generalist root herbivore, the larvae of the European cockchafer Melolontha melolontha. Our results reveal that the different plant species rely on distinct sets of defense strategies. The spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) resists attack by dissuading the larvae through the release of repellent chemicals. White clover (Trifolium repens) does not repel the herbivore, but reduces feeding, most likely through structural defenses and low nutritional quality. Finally, the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) allows M. melolontha to feed abundantly but compensates for tissue loss through induced regrowth. Thus, three co-occurring plant species have evolved different solutions to defend themselves against attack by a generalist root herbivore. The different root defense strategies may reflect distinct defense syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime R Hervé
- University of Rennes, Inra, Agrocampus Ouest, IGEPP, UMR-A 1349, Campus Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000, Rennes, France.
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson JS, Cantrell RS, Cosner C, Hartig F, Hastings A, Rogers HS, Schupp EW, Shea K, Teller BJ, Yu X, Zurell D, Pufal G. Rapid changes in seed dispersal traits may modify plant responses to global change. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz020. [PMID: 31198528 PMCID: PMC6548345 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
When climatic or environmental conditions change, plant populations must either adapt to these new conditions, or track their niche via seed dispersal. Adaptation of plants to different abiotic environments has mostly been discussed with respect to physiological and demographic parameters that allow local persistence. However, rapid modifications in response to changing environmental conditions can also affect seed dispersal, both via plant traits and via their dispersal agents. Studying such changes empirically is challenging, due to the high variability in dispersal success, resulting from environmental heterogeneity, and substantial phenotypic variability of dispersal-related traits of seeds and their dispersers. The exact mechanisms that drive rapid changes are often not well understood, but the ecological implications of these processes are essential determinants of dispersal success, and deserve more attention from ecologists, especially in the context of adaptation to global change. We outline the evidence for rapid changes in seed dispersal traits by discussing variability due to plasticity or genetics broadly, and describe the specific traits and biological systems in which variability in dispersal is being studied, before discussing some of the potential underlying mechanisms. We then address future research needs and propose a simulation model that incorporates phenotypic plasticity in seed dispersal. We close with a call to action and encourage ecologists and biologist to embrace the challenge of better understanding rapid changes in seed dispersal and their consequences for the reaction of plant populations to global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Johnson
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Dorena Genetic Resource Center, USDA Forest Service, Cottage Grove, OR, USA
| | | | - Chris Cosner
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alan Hastings
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Haldre S Rogers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eugene W Schupp
- Department of Wildland Resources & Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Katriona Shea
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Brittany J Teller
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Damaris Zurell
- Department of Geography, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Land Change and Science, Swiss Federal Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Gesine Pufal
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Scheres B, van der Putten WH. The plant perceptron connects environment to development. Nature 2017; 543:337-345. [DOI: 10.1038/nature22010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde B. De Deyn
- Dept of Soil Quality; Wageningen Univ.; PO Box 47 NL-6700AA Wageningen the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carrillo J, Siemann E. A native plant competitor mediates the impact of above- and belowground damage on an invasive tree. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:2060-2071. [PMID: 27755734 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant competition may mediate the impacts of herbivory on invasive plant species through effects on plant growth and defense. This may predictably depend on whether herbivory occurs above or below ground and on relative plant competitive ability. We simulated the potential impact of above- or belowground damage by biocontrol agents on the growth of a woody invader (Chinese tallow tree, Triadica sebifera) through artificial herbivory, with or without competition with a native grass, little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). We measured two defense responses of Triadica through quantifying constitutive and induced extrafloral nectar production and tolerance of above- and belowground damage (root and shoot biomass regrowth). We examined genetic variation in plant growth and defense across native (China) and invasive (United States) Triadica populations. Without competition, aboveground damage had a greater impact than belowground damage on Triadica performance, whereas with competition and above- and belowground damage impacted Triadica similarly. Whole plant tolerance to damage below ground was negatively associated with tolerance to grass competitors indicating tradeoffs in the ability to tolerate herbivory vs. compete. Competition reduced investment in defensive extrafloral nectar (EFN) production. Aboveground damage inhibited rather than induced EFN production while belowground plant damage did not impact aboveground nectar production. We found some support for the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis for invasive plants as United States plants were larger than native China plants and were more plastic in their response to biotic stressors than China plants (they altered their root to shoot ratios dependent on herbivory and competition treatments). Our results indicate that habitat type and the presence of competitors may be a larger determinant of herbivory impact than feeding mode and suggest that integrated pest management strategies including competitive dynamics of recipient communities should be incorporated into biological control agent evaluation at earlier stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juli Carrillo
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
| | - Evan Siemann
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Peña E, Baeten L, Steel H, Viaene N, De Sutter N, De Schrijver A, Verheyen K. Beyond plant–soil feedbacks: mechanisms driving plant community shifts due to land‐use legacies in post‐agricultural forests. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Peña
- Institute for Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture (IHSM‐UMA‐CSIC) 29750 Malaga Spain
- Department of Forest and Water Management Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Forest & Nature Lab Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267 9090 Melle‐Gontrode Belgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Lander Baeten
- Department of Forest and Water Management Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Forest & Nature Lab Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267 9090 Melle‐Gontrode Belgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Hanne Steel
- Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Laboratory of Nematology K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Nicole Viaene
- Plant Unit Crop Protection Department Laboratory of Nematology Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Research Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Nancy De Sutter
- Plant Unit Crop Protection Department Laboratory of Nematology Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Research Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - An De Schrijver
- Department of Forest and Water Management Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Forest & Nature Lab Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267 9090 Melle‐Gontrode Belgium
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Department of Forest and Water Management Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Forest & Nature Lab Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267 9090 Melle‐Gontrode Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Traveset A. Putative linkages between below- and aboveground mutualisms during alien plant invasions. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv062. [PMID: 26034049 PMCID: PMC4571103 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of the fundamental role of below-aboveground links in controlling ecosystem processes is mostly based on studies done with soil herbivores or mutualists and aboveground herbivores. Much less is known about the links between belowground and aboveground mutualisms, which have been studied separately for decades. It has not been until recently that these mutualisms-mycorrhizas and legume-rhizobia on one hand, and pollinators and seed dispersers on the other hand-have been found to influence each other, with potential ecological and evolutionary consequences. Here we review the mechanisms that may link these two-level mutualisms, mostly reported for native plant species, and make predictions about their relevance during alien plant invasions. We propose that alien plants establishing effective mutualisms with belowground microbes might improve their reproductive success through positive interactions between those mutualists and pollinators and seed dispersers. On the other hand, changes in the abundance and diversity of soil mutualists induced by invasion can also interfere with below-aboveground links for native plant species. We conclude that further research on this topic is needed in the field of invasion ecology as it can provide interesting clues on synergistic interactions and invasional meltdowns during alien plant invasions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marqués 21, E07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|