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Cárdenas RE, Rodríguez-Ortega C, Utreras D, Forrister DL, Endara MJ, Queenborough SA, Alvia P, Menéndez-Guerrero PA, Báez S, Donoso DA. Long-term strict ant-plant mutualism identity characterises growth rate and leaf shearing resistance of an Amazonian myrmecophyte. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17813. [PMID: 39090121 PMCID: PMC11294366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Over 125 million years of ant-plant interactions have culminated in one of the most intriguing evolutionary outcomes in life history. The myrmecophyte Duroia hirsuta (Rubiaceae) is known for its mutualistic association with the ant Myrmelachista schumanni and several other species, mainly Azteca, in the north-western Amazon. While both ants provide indirect defences to plants, only M. schumanni nests in plant domatia and has the unique behaviour of clearing the surroundings of its host tree from heterospecific plants, potentially increasing resource availability to its host. Using a 12-year survey, we asked how the continuous presence of either only M. schumanni or only Azteca spp. benefits the growth and defence traits of host trees. We found that the continuous presence of M. schumanni improved relative growth rates and leaf shearing resistance of Duroia better than trees with Azteca. However, leaf herbivory, dry matter content, trichome density, and secondary metabolite production were the same in all trees. Survival depended directly on ant association (> 94% of trees died when ants were absent). This study extends our understanding of the long-term effects of strict ant-plant mutualism on host plant traits in the field and reinforces the use of D. hirsuta-M. schumanni as a model system suitable for eco-co-evolutionary research on plant-animal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael E Cárdenas
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Laboratorio de Entomología y Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Camila Rodríguez-Ortega
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Laboratorio de Entomología y Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Utreras
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Laboratorio de Entomología y Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Dale L Forrister
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apdo. 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - María-José Endara
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Evolutiva en los Trópicos-EETROP, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Simon A Queenborough
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Laboratorio de Entomología y Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pablo Alvia
- Estación Científica Yasuní, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Parque Nacional Yasuní, Orellana, Ecuador
| | - Pablo A Menéndez-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Macroecología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Selene Báez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | - David A Donoso
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Evolutiva en los Trópicos-EETROP, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
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Hung TH, Wu ETY, Zeltiņš P, Jansons Ā, Ullah A, Erbilgin N, Bohlmann J, Bousquet J, Birol I, Clegg SM, MacKay JJ. Long-insert sequence capture detects high copy numbers in a defence-related beta-glucosidase gene βglu-1 with large variations in white spruce but not Norway spruce. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:118. [PMID: 38281030 PMCID: PMC10821269 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-09978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Conifers are long-lived and slow-evolving, thus requiring effective defences against their fast-evolving insect natural enemies. The copy number variation (CNV) of two key acetophenone biosynthesis genes Ugt5/Ugt5b and βglu-1 may provide a plausible mechanism underlying the constitutively variable defence in white spruce (Picea glauca) against its primary defoliator, spruce budworm. This study develops a long-insert sequence capture probe set (Picea_hung_p1.0) for quantifying copy number of βglu-1-like, Ugt5-like genes and single-copy genes on 38 Norway spruce (Picea abies) and 40 P. glauca individuals from eight and nine provenances across Europe and North America respectively. We developed local assemblies (Piabi_c1.0 and Pigla_c.1.0), full-length transcriptomes (PIAB_v1 and PIGL_v1), and gene models to characterise the diversity of βglu-1 and Ugt5 genes. We observed very large copy numbers of βglu-1, with up to 381 copies in a single P. glauca individual. We observed among-provenance CNV of βglu-1 in P. glauca but not P. abies. Ugt5b was predominantly single-copy in both species. This study generates critical hypotheses for testing the emergence and mechanism of extreme CNV, the dosage effect on phenotype, and the varying copy number of genes with the same pathway. We demonstrate new approaches to overcome experimental challenges in genomic research in conifer defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Hang Hung
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Ernest T Y Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Pauls Zeltiņš
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava", Salaspils, 2169, Latvia
| | - Āris Jansons
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava", Salaspils, 2169, Latvia
| | - Aziz Ullah
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Canada Research Chair in Forest Genomics, Forest Research Centre, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Inanc Birol
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Sonya M Clegg
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - John J MacKay
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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Fattorini R, Egan PA, Rosindell J, Farrell IW, Stevenson PC. Grayanotoxin I variation across tissues and species of Rhododendron suggest pollinator-herbivore defence trade-offs. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 212:113707. [PMID: 37149121 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Grayanotoxin I (GTX I) is a major toxin in leaves of Rhododendron species, where it provides a defence against insect and vertebrate herbivores. Surprisingly, it is also present in R. ponticum nectar, and this can hold important implications for plant-pollinator mutualisms. However, knowledge of GTX I distributions across the genus Rhododendron and in different plant materials is currently limited, despite the important ecological function of this toxin. Here we characterise GTX I expression in the leaves, petals, and nectar of seven Rhododendron species. Our results indicated interspecific variation in GTX I concentration across all species. GTX I concentrations were consistently higher in leaves compared to petals and nectar. Our findings provide preliminary evidence for phenotypic correlation between GTX I concentrations in defensive tissues (leaves and petals) and floral rewards (nectar), suggesting that Rhododendron species may commonly experience functional trade-offs between herbivore defence and pollinator attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín Fattorini
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Paul A Egan
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 102, Alnarp 23053, Sweden
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Iain W Farrell
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Green, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE UK
| | - Philip C Stevenson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Green, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE UK; Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
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Veeramohan R, Zamani AI, Azizan KA, Goh HH, Aizat WM, Razak MFA, Yusof NSM, Mansor SM, Baharum SN, Ng CL. Comparative metabolomics analysis reveals alkaloid repertoires in young and mature Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. Leaves. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283147. [PMID: 36943850 PMCID: PMC10030037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The fresh leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. have been traditionally consumed for centuries in Southeast Asia for its healing properties. Although the alkaloids of M. speciosa have been studied since the 1920s, comparative and systematic studies of metabolite composition based on different leaf maturity levels are still lacking. This study assessed the secondary metabolite composition in two different leaf stages (young and mature) of M. speciosa, using an untargeted liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-TOF-MS) metabolite profiling. The results revealed 86 putatively annotated metabolite features (RT:m/z value) comprising 63 alkaloids, 10 flavonoids, 6 terpenoids, 3 phenylpropanoids, and 1 of each carboxylic acid, glucoside, phenol, and phenolic aldehyde. The alkaloid features were further categorised into 14 subclasses, i.e., the most abundant class of secondary metabolites identified. As per previous reports, indole alkaloids are the most abundant alkaloid subclass in M. speciosa. The result of multivariate analysis (MVA) using principal component analysis (PCA) showed a clear separation of 92.8% between the young and mature leaf samples, indicating a high variance in metabolite levels between them. Akuammidine, alstonine, tryptamine, and yohimbine were tentatively identified among the many new alkaloids reported in this study, depicting the diverse biological activities of M. speciosa. Besides delving into the knowledge of metabolite distribution in different leaf stages, these findings have extended the current alkaloid repository of M. speciosa for a better understanding of its pharmaceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubashiny Veeramohan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Arief Izzairy Zamani
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Leave a Nest Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kamalrul Azlan Azizan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hoe-Han Goh
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Aizat
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fauzi Abd Razak
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Chyan Leong Ng
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Forrister DL, Endara MJ, Soule AJ, Younkin GC, Mills AG, Lokvam J, Dexter KG, Pennington RT, Kidner CA, Nicholls JA, Loiseau O, Kursar TA, Coley PD. Diversity and divergence: evolution of secondary metabolism in the tropical tree genus Inga. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:631-642. [PMID: 36263711 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants are widely recognized as chemical factories, with each species producing dozens to hundreds of unique secondary metabolites. These compounds shape the interactions between plants and their natural enemies. We explore the evolutionary patterns and processes by which plants generate chemical diversity, from evolving novel compounds to unique chemical profiles. We characterized the chemical profile of one-third of the species of tropical rainforest trees in the genus Inga (c. 100, Fabaceae) using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and applied phylogenetic comparative methods to understand the mode of chemical evolution. We show: each Inga species contain structurally unrelated compounds and high levels of phytochemical diversity; closely related species have divergent chemical profiles, with individual compounds, compound classes, and chemical profiles showing little-to-no phylogenetic signal; at the evolutionary time scale, a species' chemical profile shows a signature of divergent adaptation. At the ecological time scale, sympatric species were the most divergent, implying it is also advantageous to maintain a unique chemical profile from community members; finally, we integrate these patterns with a model for how chemical diversity evolves. Taken together, these results show that phytochemical diversity and divergence are fundamental to the ecology and evolution of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L Forrister
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
| | - María-José Endara
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud-BIOMAS - Universidad de las Américas, 170513, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Abrianna J Soule
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
| | - Gordon C Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Anthony G Mills
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
| | - John Lokvam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
| | - Kyle G Dexter
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - R Toby Pennington
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Catherine A Kidner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - James A Nicholls
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC), Building 101, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Oriane Loiseau
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
| | - Phyllis D Coley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
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6
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Morrison JA, Woldemariam M. Ecological and metabolomic responses of plants to deer exclosure in a suburban forest. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9475. [PMCID: PMC9643135 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janet A. Morrison
- Department of Biology The College of New Jersey Ewing New Jersey USA
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7
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Nocchi N, Pereira RC, Duarte HM, Clavico EEG, Konno TUP, Soares AR. Differential susceptibility of distinct parts of the aquatic plant Nymphoides humboldtiana to herbivory supports the optimal defense theory. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2174-2182. [PMID: 34618356 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The optimal defense theory (ODT) predicts that the allocation of chemical defenses in plants will be concentrated in parts or tissues that are of higher fitness value for the individuals that produce them. Chemicals are known to be allocated to certain parts of aquatic plants, and the morphological architecture of Nymphoides humboldtiana, a species that exposes its parts to different environmental factors and consumers, may be an excellent model to evaluate within-plant susceptibility to consumers according to the ODT. METHODS Under laboratory experimental conditions, we evaluated the defensive properties of extracts from vegetative (leaves, rhizomes, roots) and reproductive (long stem internodes, flowers, fruits) parts of N. humboldtiana against consumption by the generalist herbivorous gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata. Extracts were also subjected to chemical analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography, principal component analysis, and analysis of their relationships to defensive actions. RESULTS Extracts of all vegetative and internode (reproductive) parts of N. humboldtiana exhibited defensive properties against B. glabrata, but the long stem internodes exhibited the highest percentage of inhibition. Chemical profiles of these parts were qualitatively and quantitatively different, but a major unidentified compound is presumably responsible for the higher defensive property found in internodes. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the ODT, since chemical defense was more effective in long stem internodes, which have a high fitness value for N. humboldtiana to keep the flowers emerged on the water surface in response to the rapid and dynamic changes in water levels typical of freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Nocchi
- Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, 27965-045, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato C Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), P.O. Box 100.644, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24001-970, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor M Duarte
- Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, 27965-045, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Etiene E G Clavico
- Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, 27965-045, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana U P Konno
- Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, 27965-045, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angélica R Soares
- Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, 27965-045, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Seifert CL, Jorge LR, Volf M, Wagner DL, Lamarre GPA, Miller SE, Gonzalez‐Akre E, Anderson‐Teixeira KJ, Novotný V. Seasonality affects specialisation of a temperate forest herbivore community. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo L. Seifert
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Inst. of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Univ. of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Leonardo R. Jorge
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Inst. of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Univ. of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Martin Volf
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Inst. of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - David L. Wagner
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | - Greg P. A. Lamarre
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Inst. of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Univ. of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Scott E. Miller
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Inst. Washington D.C. USA
| | - Erika Gonzalez‐Akre
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Inst. Front Royal VA USA
| | | | - Vojtěch Novotný
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Inst. of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Univ. of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
- ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Inst. Balboa Ancon Panama
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9
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Whitehead SR, Schneider GF, Dybzinski R, Nelson AS, Gelambi M, Jos E, Beckman NG. Fruits, frugivores, and the evolution of phytochemical diversity. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan R. Whitehead
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. Blacksburg VI USA
| | | | - Ray Dybzinski
- School of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola Univ. Chicago IL USA
| | - Annika S. Nelson
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. Blacksburg VI USA
| | - Mariana Gelambi
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. Blacksburg VI USA
| | - Elsa Jos
- Dept of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State Univ. Logan UT USA
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10
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Ochoa-López S, Damián X, Rebollo R, Fornoni J, Domínguez CA, Boege K. Ontogenetic changes in the targets of natural selection in three plant defenses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1480-1491. [PMID: 31943211 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of plant defenses has traditionally been studied at single plant ontogenetic stages, overlooking the fact that natural selection acts continuously on organisms along their development, and that the adaptive value of phenotypes can change along ontogeny. We exposed 20 replicated genotypes of Turnera velutina to field conditions to evaluate whether the targets of natural selection on different defenses and their adaptative value change across plant development. We found that low chemical defense was favored in seedlings, which seems to be explained by the assimilation efficiency and the ability of the specialist herbivore to sequester cyanogenic glycosides. Whereas trichome density was unfavored in juvenile plants, it increased relative plant fitness in reproductive plants. At this stage we also found a positive correlative gradient between cyanogenic potential and sugar content in extrafloral nectar. We visualize this complex multi-trait combination as an ontogenetic defensive strategy. The inclusion of whole-plant ontogeny as a key source of variation in plant defense revealed that the targets and intensity of selection change along the development of plants, indicating that the influence of natural selection cannot be inferred without the assessment of ontogenetic strategies in the expression of multiple defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Ochoa-López
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio A, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Xóchitl Damián
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio A, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roberto Rebollo
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Fornoni
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - César A Domínguez
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Karina Boege
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México
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11
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Parent GJ, Méndez‐Espinoza C, Giguère I, Mageroy MH, Charest M, Bauce É, Bohlmann J, MacKay JJ. Hydroxyacetophenone defenses in white spruce against spruce budworm. Evol Appl 2020; 13:62-75. [PMID: 31892944 PMCID: PMC6935585 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We review a recently discovered white spruce (Picea glauca) chemical defense against spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) involving hydroxyacetophenones. These defense metabolites detected in the foliage accumulate variably as the aglycons, piceol and pungenol, or the corresponding glucosides, picein and pungenin. We summarize current knowledge of the genetic, genomic, molecular, and biochemical underpinnings of this defense and its effects on C. fumiferana. We present an update with new results on the ontogenic variation and the phenological window of this defense, including analysis of transcript responses in P. glauca to C. fumiferana herbivory. We also discuss this chemical defense from an evolutionary and a breeding context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève J. Parent
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêtCentre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmesUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Claudia Méndez‐Espinoza
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêtCentre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmesUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Conservación y Mejoramiento de Ecosistemas ForestalesInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y PecuariasCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Isabelle Giguère
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêtCentre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmesUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
| | - Melissa H. Mageroy
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Martin Charest
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêtCentre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
| | - Éric Bauce
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêtCentre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - John J. MacKay
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêtCentre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmesUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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12
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Wetzel WC, Whitehead SR. The many dimensions of phytochemical diversity: linking theory to practice. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:16-32. [PMID: 31724320 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Research on the ecological and evolutionary roles of phytochemicals has recently progressed from studying single compounds to examining chemical diversity itself. A key conceptual advance enabling this progression is the use of species diversity metrics for quantifying phytochemical diversity. In this perspective, we extend the theory developed for species diversity to further our understanding of what exactly phytochemical diversity is and how its many dimensions impact ecological and evolutionary processes. First, we discuss the major dimensions of phytochemical diversity - richness, evenness, functional diversity, and alpha, gamma and beta diversity. We describe their potential independent roles in biotic interactions and the practical challenges associated with their analysis. Second, we re-analyse the published and unpublished datasets to reveal that the phytochemical diversity experienced by an organism (or observed by a researcher) depends strongly on the scale of the interaction and the total amount of phytochemicals involved. We argue that we must account for these frames of reference to meaningfully understand diversity. Moving from a general notion of phytochemical diversity as a single measure to a precise definition of its multidimensional and multiscale nature yields overlooked testable predictions that will facilitate novel insights about the evolutionary ecology of plant biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Wetzel
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Susan R Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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13
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Schneider GF, Coley PD, Younkin GC, Forrister DL, Mills AG, Kursar TA. Phenolics lie at the centre of functional versatility in the responses of two phytochemically diverse tropical trees to canopy thinning. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019. [PMID: 31257446 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.t469v60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Saplings in the shade of the tropical understorey face the challenge of acquiring sufficient carbon for growth as well as defence against intense pest pressure. A minor increase in light availability via canopy thinning may allow for increased investment in chemical defence against pests, but it may also necessitate additional biochemical investment to prevent light-induced oxidative stress. The shifts in secondary metabolite composition that increased sun exposure may precipitate in such tree species present an ideal milieu for evaluating the potential of a single suite of phenolic secondary metabolites to be used in mitigating both abiotic and biotic stressors. To conduct such an evaluation, we exposed saplings of two unrelated species to a range of light environments and compared changes in their foliar secondary metabolome alongside corresponding changes in the abiotic and biotic activity of their secondary metabolite suites. Among the numerous classes of secondary metabolites found in both species, phenolics accounted for the majority of increases in antioxidant and UV-absorbing properties as well as activity against an invertebrate herbivore and a fungal pathogen. Our results support the hypothesis that phenolics contribute to the capacity of plants to resist co-occurring abiotic and biotic stressors in resource-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Phyllis D Coley
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Gordon C Younkin
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dale L Forrister
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anthony G Mills
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
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14
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Schneider GF, Coley PD, Younkin GC, Forrister DL, Mills AG, Kursar TA. Phenolics lie at the centre of functional versatility in the responses of two phytochemically diverse tropical trees to canopy thinning. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5853-5864. [PMID: 31257446 PMCID: PMC6812699 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Saplings in the shade of the tropical understorey face the challenge of acquiring sufficient carbon for growth as well as defence against intense pest pressure. A minor increase in light availability via canopy thinning may allow for increased investment in chemical defence against pests, but it may also necessitate additional biochemical investment to prevent light-induced oxidative stress. The shifts in secondary metabolite composition that increased sun exposure may precipitate in such tree species present an ideal milieu for evaluating the potential of a single suite of phenolic secondary metabolites to be used in mitigating both abiotic and biotic stressors. To conduct such an evaluation, we exposed saplings of two unrelated species to a range of light environments and compared changes in their foliar secondary metabolome alongside corresponding changes in the abiotic and biotic activity of their secondary metabolite suites. Among the numerous classes of secondary metabolites found in both species, phenolics accounted for the majority of increases in antioxidant and UV-absorbing properties as well as activity against an invertebrate herbivore and a fungal pathogen. Our results support the hypothesis that phenolics contribute to the capacity of plants to resist co-occurring abiotic and biotic stressors in resource-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Phyllis D Coley
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Gordon C Younkin
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dale L Forrister
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anthony G Mills
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
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15
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Sedio BE, Durant Archibold A, Rojas Echeverri JC, Debyser C, Boya P CA, Wright SJ. A comparison of inducible, ontogenetic, and interspecific sources of variation in the foliar metabolome in tropical trees. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7536. [PMID: 31579568 PMCID: PMC6756142 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant interactions with other organisms are mediated by chemistry, yet chemistry varies among conspecific and within individual plants. The foliar metabolome—the suite of small-molecule metabolites found in the leaf—changes during leaf ontogeny and is influenced by the signaling molecule jasmonic acid. Species differences in secondary metabolites are thought to play an important ecological role by limiting the host ranges of herbivores and pathogens, and hence facilitating competitive coexistence among plant species in species-rich plant communities such as tropical forests. Yet it remains unclear how inducible and ontogenetic variation compare with interspecific variation, particularly in tropical trees. Here, we take advantage of novel methods to assemble mass spectra of all compounds in leaf extracts into molecular networks that quantify their chemical structural similarity in order to compare inducible and ontogenetic chemical variation to among-species variation in species-rich tropical tree genera. We ask (i) whether young and mature leaves differ chemically, (ii) whether jasmonic acid-inducible chemical variation differs between young and mature leaves, and (iii) whether interspecific exceeds intraspecific chemical variation for four species from four hyperdiverse tropical tree genera. We observed significant effects of the jasmonic acid treatment for three of eight combinations of species and ontogenetic stage evaluated. Three of the four species also exhibited large metabolomic differences with leaf ontogenetic stage. The profound effect of leaf ontogenetic stage on the foliar metabolome suggests a qualitative turnover in secondary chemistry with leaf ontogeny. We also quantified foliar metabolomes for 45 congeners of the four focal species. Chemical similarity was much greater within than between species for all four genera, even when within-species comparisons included leaves that differed in age and jasmonic acid treatment. Despite ontogenetic and inducible variation within species, chemical differences among congeneric species may be sufficient to partition niche space with respect to chemical defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Sedio
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama.,Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología-AIP, Ciudad del Saber, Republic of Panama.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Armando Durant Archibold
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología-AIP, Ciudad del Saber, Republic of Panama
| | - Juan Camilo Rojas Echeverri
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología-AIP, Ciudad del Saber, Republic of Panama
| | - Chloé Debyser
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cristopher A Boya P
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología-AIP, Ciudad del Saber, Republic of Panama.,Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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16
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Forrister DL, Endara MJ, Younkin GC, Coley PD, Kursar TA. Herbivores as drivers of negative density dependence in tropical forest saplings. Science 2019; 363:1213-1216. [PMID: 30872524 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau9460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ecological theory predicts that the high local diversity observed in tropical forests is maintained by negative density-dependent interactions within and between closely related plant species. By using long-term data on tree growth and survival for coexisting Inga (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) congeners, we tested two mechanisms thought to underlie negative density dependence (NDD): competition for resources and attack by herbivores. We quantified the similarity of neighbors in terms of key ecological traits that mediate these interactions, as well as the similarity of herbivore communities. We show that phytochemical similarity and shared herbivore communities are associated with decreased growth and survival at the sapling stage, a key bottleneck in the life cycle of tropical trees. None of the traits associated with resource acquisition affect plant performance, indicating that competition between neighbors may not shape local tree diversity. These results suggest that herbivore pressure is the primary mechanism driving NDD at the sapling stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L Forrister
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - María-José Endara
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos. Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gordon C Younkin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Phyllis D Coley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
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17
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Cobo‐Quinche J, Endara M, Valencia R, Muñoz‐Upegui D, Cárdenas RE. Physical, but not chemical, antiherbivore defense expression is related to the clustered spatial distribution of tropical trees in an Amazonian forest. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1750-1763. [PMID: 30847070 PMCID: PMC6392389 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The conspecific negative density dependence hypothesis states that mortality of young trees (seedlings and saplings) is higher near conspecific adults due to mechanisms such as allelopathy, intraspecific competition, and pest facilitation, explaining why in the tropics, most of plant species tend to be rare and live dispersed. However, there are some tree species that defy this expectation and grow in large clusters of conspecific juveniles and adults. We hypothesize that conspecifics living in clusters show higher and/or more variable defensive profiles than conspecifics with dispersed distributions.We evaluated our hypothesis by assessing the expression of physical leaf traits (thickness, and the resistance to punch, tear and shear) and leaf chemical defenses for six clustered and six non-clustered tree species in Yasuní National Park, Ecuadorian Amazon. We ask ourselves whether (a) clustered species have leaves with higher physical resistance to damage and more chemical defenses variability than non-clustered species; (b) saplings of clustered species may show higher physical resistance to damage and higher variation on chemical leaf defenses than their conspecific adults, and (c) saplings of non-clustered species show lower resistance to physical damage and lower variation in chemical defenses compared to conspecific adults.Overall, our study did not support any of our hypotheses. Remarkably, we found that soluble metabolites were significantly species-specific.Our study suggests that plants physical but not chemical leaf antiherbivore defenses may be a crucial strategy for explaining survivorship of clustered species. Trees in Yasuní may also fall along a suite of tolerance/escape/defense strategies based on limitations of each species physiological constraints for survival and establishment. We conclude that other mechanisms, such as those related to indirect defenses, soil nutrient exploitation efficiency, volatile organic compounds, delayed leaf-greening, and seed dispersal mechanisms, shall be evaluated to understand conspecific coexistence in this forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Cobo‐Quinche
- Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - María‐José Endara
- Department of BiologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtah
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio ClimáticoUniversidad Tecnológica IndoaméricaQuitoEcuador
| | - Renato Valencia
- Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - Dolly Muñoz‐Upegui
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Laboratorio de Entomología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - Rafael E. Cárdenas
- Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Laboratorio de Entomología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
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18
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López-Goldar X, Villari C, Bonello P, Borg-Karlson AK, Grivet D, Zas R, Sampedro L. Inducibility of Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Stem Predicts Genetic Variation in Resistance Against a Key Insect Herbivore in Maritime Pine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1651. [PMID: 30519249 PMCID: PMC6258960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to herbivores and pathogens is considered a key plant trait with strong adaptive value in trees, usually involving high concentrations of a diverse array of plant secondary metabolites (PSM). Intraspecific genetic variation and plasticity of PSM are widely known. However, their ecology and evolution are unclear, and even the implication of PSM as traits that provide direct effective resistance against herbivores is currently questioned. We used control and methyl jasmonate (MJ) induced clonal copies of genotypes within families from ten populations of the main distribution range of maritime pine to exhaustively characterize the constitutive and induced profile and concentration of PSM in the stem phloem, and to measure insect herbivory damage as a proxy of resistance. Then, we explored whether genetic variation in resistance to herbivory may be predicted by the constitutive concentration of PSM, and the role of its inducibility to predict the increase in resistance once the plant is induced. We found large and structured genetic variation among populations but not between families within populations in resistance to herbivory. The MJ-induction treatment strongly increased resistance to the weevil in the species, and the genetic variation in the inducibility of resistance was significantly structured among populations, with greater inducibility in the Atlantic populations. Genetic variation in resistance was largely explained by the multivariate concentration and profile of PSM at the genotypic level, rather than by bivariate correlations with individual PSM, after accounting for genetic relatedness among genotypes. While the constitutive concentration of the PSM blend did not show a clear pattern of resistance to herbivory, specific changes in the chemical profile and the increase in concentration of the PSM blend after MJ induction were related to increased resistance. To date, this is the first example of a comprehensive and rigorous approach in which inducibility of PSM in trees and its implication in resistance was analyzed excluding spurious associations due to genetic relatedness, often overlooked in intraspecific studies. Here we provide evidences that multivariate analyses of PSM, rather than bivariate correlations, provide more realistic information about the potentially causal relationships between PSM and resistance to herbivory in pine trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé López-Goldar
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Pontevedra, Spain
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Villari
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anna Karin Borg-Karlson
- Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delphine Grivet
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre, INIA, Madrid, Spain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, INIA-University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Zas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Luís Sampedro
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Pontevedra, Spain
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19
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Endara MJ, Nicholls JA, Coley PD, Forrister DL, Younkin GC, Dexter KG, Kidner CA, Pennington RT, Stone GN, Kursar TA. Tracking of Host Defenses and Phylogeny During the Radiation of Neotropical Inga-Feeding Sawflies (Hymenoptera; Argidae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1237. [PMID: 30190723 PMCID: PMC6116116 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Coevolutionary theory has long predicted that the arms race between plants and herbivores is a major driver of host selection and diversification. At a local scale, plant defenses contribute significantly to the structure of herbivore assemblages and the high alpha diversity of plants in tropical rain forests. However, the general importance of plant defenses in host associations and divergence at regional scales remains unclear. Here, we examine the role of plant defensive traits and phylogeny in the evolution of host range and species divergence in leaf-feeding sawflies of the family Argidae associated with Neotropical trees in the genus Inga throughout the Amazon, the Guiana Shield and Panama. Our analyses show that the phylogenies of both the sawfly herbivores and their Inga hosts are congruent, and that sawflies radiated at approximately the same time, or more recently than their Inga hosts. Analyses controlling for phylogenetic effects show that the evolution of host use in the sawflies associated with Inga is better correlated with Inga chemistry than with Inga phylogeny, suggesting a pattern of delayed host tracking closely tied to host chemistry. Finally, phylogenetic analyses show that sister species of Inga-sawflies are dispersed across the Neotropics, suggesting a role for allopatric divergence and vicariance in Inga diversification. These results are consistent with the idea that host defensive traits play a key role not only in structuring the herbivore assemblages at a single site, but also in the processes shaping host association and species divergence at a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Endara
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - James A. Nicholls
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Phyllis D. Coley
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Dale L. Forrister
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Gordon C. Younkin
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kyle G. Dexter
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A. Kidner
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Graham N. Stone
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Kursar
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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20
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Vleminckx J, Salazar D, Fortunel C, Mesones I, Dávila N, Lokvam J, Beckley K, Baraloto C, Fine PVA. Divergent Secondary Metabolites and Habitat Filtering Both Contribute to Tree Species Coexistence in the Peruvian Amazon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:836. [PMID: 29971085 PMCID: PMC6018647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms promoting or limiting the coexistence of functionally divergent species in hyperdiverse tropical tree genera. Density-dependent enemy attacks have been proposed to be a major driver for the local coexistence of chemically divergent congeneric species. At the same time, we expect local soil conditions to favor the coexistence of species sharing similar functional traits related to resource use strategies, while environmental heterogeneity would promote the diversity of these traits at both local and large spatial scales. To test how these traits mediate species coexistence, we used functional trait data for 29 species from the tree genus Protium (Burseraceae), collected in 19 plots (2 ha each) in the Peruvian Amazon. We characterized the presence-absence of 189 plant secondary metabolites (SM) for 27 of these species, and 14 functional traits associated with resource use strategies (RUT) for 16 species. Based on these data, we found that SM were significantly more dissimilar than null expectations for species co-occurring within plots, whereas RUT were significantly more similar. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that density-dependent enemy attacks contribute to the local coexistence of congeneric species displaying divergent chemical defenses, whereas local habitat conditions filter species with similar RUT. Using measurements of nine soil properties in each plot, we also found a significant turnover of RUT traits with increasing dissimilarity of soil texture and nutrient availabilities, providing support for the hypothesis that soil heterogeneity maintains functional diversity at larger spatial scales (from 500 m up to ca. 200 km) in Protium communities. Our study provides new evidence suggesting that density-dependent enemy attacks and soil heterogeneity both contribute to maintaining high species richness in diverse tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Vleminckx
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Diego Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Claire Fortunel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- AMAP (botAnique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Italo Mesones
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nállarett Dávila
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - John Lokvam
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Krista Beckley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Paul V. A. Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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21
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Peters K, Worrich A, Weinhold A, Alka O, Balcke G, Birkemeyer C, Bruelheide H, Calf OW, Dietz S, Dührkop K, Gaquerel E, Heinig U, Kücklich M, Macel M, Müller C, Poeschl Y, Pohnert G, Ristok C, Rodríguez VM, Ruttkies C, Schuman M, Schweiger R, Shahaf N, Steinbeck C, Tortosa M, Treutler H, Ueberschaar N, Velasco P, Weiß BM, Widdig A, Neumann S, Dam NMV. Current Challenges in Plant Eco-Metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1385. [PMID: 29734799 PMCID: PMC5983679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively new research discipline of Eco-Metabolomics is the application of metabolomics techniques to ecology with the aim to characterise biochemical interactions of organisms across different spatial and temporal scales. Metabolomics is an untargeted biochemical approach to measure many thousands of metabolites in different species, including plants and animals. Changes in metabolite concentrations can provide mechanistic evidence for biochemical processes that are relevant at ecological scales. These include physiological, phenotypic and morphological responses of plants and communities to environmental changes and also interactions with other organisms. Traditionally, research in biochemistry and ecology comes from two different directions and is performed at distinct spatiotemporal scales. Biochemical studies most often focus on intrinsic processes in individuals at physiological and cellular scales. Generally, they take a bottom-up approach scaling up cellular processes from spatiotemporally fine to coarser scales. Ecological studies usually focus on extrinsic processes acting upon organisms at population and community scales and typically study top-down and bottom-up processes in combination. Eco-Metabolomics is a transdisciplinary research discipline that links biochemistry and ecology and connects the distinct spatiotemporal scales. In this review, we focus on approaches to study chemical and biochemical interactions of plants at various ecological levels, mainly plant⁻organismal interactions, and discuss related examples from other domains. We present recent developments and highlight advancements in Eco-Metabolomics over the last decade from various angles. We further address the five key challenges: (1) complex experimental designs and large variation of metabolite profiles; (2) feature extraction; (3) metabolite identification; (4) statistical analyses; and (5) bioinformatics software tools and workflows. The presented solutions to these challenges will advance connecting the distinct spatiotemporal scales and bridging biochemistry and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Peters
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Anja Worrich
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Oliver Alka
- Applied Bioinformatics Group, Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gerd Balcke
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cell and Metabolic Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Onno W Calf
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Dietz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Kai Dührkop
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Uwe Heinig
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, 234 Herzl St., P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Marlen Kücklich
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mirka Macel
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline Müller
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christian Ristok
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Victor Manuel Rodríguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Christoph Ruttkies
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Meredith Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Rabea Schweiger
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Nir Shahaf
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, 234 Herzl St., P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Christoph Steinbeck
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Maria Tortosa
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Hendrik Treutler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Nico Ueberschaar
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Brigitte M Weiß
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anja Widdig
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
- Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Steffen Neumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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22
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Shamshad S, Shahid M, Rafiq M, Khalid S, Dumat C, Sabir M, Murtaza B, Farooq ABU, Shah NS. Effect of organic amendments on cadmium stress to pea: A multivariate comparison of germinating vs young seedlings and younger vs older leaves. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 151:91-97. [PMID: 29329098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant recent advancement in research, biogeochemical behavior of heavy metals with respect to their applied form is still topical. Moreover, metal toxicity to plants may vary with their stage of development/maturity. Therefore, this study for the first time evaluated the influence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (CA) on cadmium (Cd) accumulation and toxicity to germinating and young pea seedlings as well as in younger and older leaves. The experimental setup of current study consisted of two separate studies. The first study was performed on germinating seedlings grown in a Cd-contaminated sand media. Pea seeds were treated with two levels of Cd (Cd-25 and Cd-100) alone and combined with different levels of EDTA and CA. The second study was carried out in hydroponic solution. The influence of organic amendments on Cd accumulation and toxicity to pea plants was evaluated by determining Cd contents in pea seedlings, H2O2 contents, chlorophyll contents and lipid peroxidation in younger and older leaves. Cadmium stress caused overproduction of H2O2 in roots and leaves of pea seedlings. Cadmium-induced overproduction of H2O2 caused a decrease in the pigment contents and increased lipid peroxidation. Application of EDTA at higher levels (81 and 200µM) increased Cd accumulation by pea plants. However, CA did not affect Cd accumulation by pea. Both EDTA and CA increased Cd-induced H2O2 production and lipid peroxidation. Younger pea leaves showed more sensitivity to Cd stress compared to older leaves. Similarly, Cd toxicity was more pronounced in germinating seedlings than young seedlings. Moreover, Pearson correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) showed very interesting correlations between treatments and stress responses of germination and young seedlings as well as younger and older leaves. Based on multivariate analysis, it is proposed that the Cd toxicity to pea plants greatly vary with its growth stage and the maturity of organs (younger or older leaves).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Shamshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari Campus, 61100 Vehari Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari Campus, 61100 Vehari Pakistan.
| | - Marina Rafiq
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari Campus, 61100 Vehari Pakistan
| | - Sana Khalid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari Campus, 61100 Vehari Pakistan
| | - Camille Dumat
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir (CERTOP), UMR5044, Université J. Jaurès - Toulouse II, 5 allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Muhammad Sabir
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Behzad Murtaza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari Campus, 61100 Vehari Pakistan
| | - Abu Bakr Umer Farooq
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari Campus, 61100 Vehari Pakistan
| | - Noor S Shah
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari Campus, 61100 Vehari Pakistan
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23
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Endara MJ, Coley PD, Wiggins NL, Forrister DL, Younkin GC, Nicholls JA, Pennington RT, Dexter KG, Kidner CA, Stone GN, Kursar TA. Chemocoding as an identification tool where morphological- and DNA-based methods fall short: Inga as a case study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:847-858. [PMID: 29436716 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The need for species identification and taxonomic discovery has led to the development of innovative technologies for large-scale plant identification. DNA barcoding has been useful, but fails to distinguish among many species in species-rich plant genera, particularly in tropical regions. Here, we show that chemical fingerprinting, or 'chemocoding', has great potential for plant identification in challenging tropical biomes. Using untargeted metabolomics in combination with multivariate analysis, we constructed species-level fingerprints, which we define as chemocoding. We evaluated the utility of chemocoding with species that were defined morphologically and subject to next-generation DNA sequencing in the diverse and recently radiated neotropical genus Inga (Leguminosae), both at single study sites and across broad geographic scales. Our results show that chemocoding is a robust method for distinguishing morphologically similar species at a single site and for identifying widespread species across continental-scale ranges. Given that species are the fundamental unit of analysis for conservation and biodiversity research, the development of accurate identification methods is essential. We suggest that chemocoding will be a valuable additional source of data for a quick identification of plants, especially for groups where other methods fall short.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Endara
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, EC170103, Ecuador
| | - Phyllis D Coley
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
| | - Natasha L Wiggins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Dale L Forrister
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
| | - Gordon C Younkin
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
| | - James A Nicholls
- Ashworth Labs, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JY, UK
| | | | - Kyle G Dexter
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Catherine A Kidner
- Ashworth Labs, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JY, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Graham N Stone
- Ashworth Labs, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JY, UK
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
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24
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Coley PD, Endara MJ, Kursar TA. Consequences of interspecific variation in defenses and herbivore host choice for the ecology and evolution of Inga, a speciose rainforest tree. Oecologia 2018; 187:361-376. [PMID: 29428967 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We summarize work on a speciose Neotropical tree genus, Inga (Fabaceae), examining how interspecific variation in anti-herbivore defenses may have evolved, how defenses shape host choice by herbivores and how they might regulate community composition and influence species radiations. Defenses of expanding leaves include secondary metabolites, extrafloral nectaries, rapid leaf expansion, trichomes, and synchrony and timing of leaf production. These six classes of defenses are orthogonal, supporting independent evolutionary trajectories. Moreover, only trichomes show a phylogenetic signature, suggesting evolutionary lability in nearly all defenses. The interspecific diversity in secondary metabolite profiles does not arise from the evolution of novel compounds, but from novel combinations of common compounds, presumably due to changes in gene regulation. Herbivore host choice is determined by plant defensive traits, not host phylogeny. Neighboring plants escape each other's pests if their defenses differ enough, thereby enforcing the high local diversity typical of tropical forests. Related herbivores feed on hosts with similar defenses, implying that there are phylogenetic constraints placed on the herbivore traits that are associated with host use. Divergence in defensive traits among Inga appears to be driven by herbivore pressure. However, the lack of congruence between herbivore and host phylogeny suggests that herbivores are tracking defenses, choosing hosts based on traits for which they already have adaptations. There is, therefore, an asymmetry in the host-herbivore evolutionary arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis D Coley
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. .,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama.
| | - María-José Endara
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, EC170103, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
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25
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The Importance of Experimental Design, Quality Assurance, and Control in Plant Metabolomics Experiments. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1778:3-17. [PMID: 29761427 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7819-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The output of metabolomics relies to a great extent upon the methods and instrumentation to identify, quantify, and access spatial information on as many metabolites as possible. However, the most modern machines and sophisticated tools for data analysis cannot compensate for inappropriate harvesting and/or sample preparation procedures that modify metabolic composition and can lead to erroneous interpretation of results. In addition, plant metabolism has a remarkable degree of complexity, and the number of identified compounds easily surpasses the number of samples in metabolomics analyses, increasing false discovery risk. These aspects pose a large challenge when carrying out plant metabolomics experiments. In this chapter, we address the importance of a proper experimental design taking into consideration preventable complications and unavoidable factors to achieve success in metabolomics analysis. We also focus on quality control and standardized procedures during the metabolomics workflow.
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26
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Selaković S, Vujić V, Stanisavljević N, Jovanović Ž, Radović S, Cvetković D. Ontogenetic stage, plant vigor and sex mediate herbivory loads in a dioecious understory herb. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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Schneider GF, Cheesman AW, Winter K, Turner BL, Sitch S, Kursar TA. Current ambient concentrations of ozone in Panama modulate the leaf chemistry of the tropical tree Ficus insipida. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 172:363-372. [PMID: 28088026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a major air pollutant and greenhouse gas, affecting carbon dynamics, ecological interactions, and agricultural productivity across continents and biomes. Elevated [O3] has been documented in tropical evergreen forests, the epicenters of terrestrial primary productivity and plant-consumer interactions. However, the effects of O3 on vegetation have not previously been studied in these forests. In this study, we quantified ambient O3 in a region shared by forests and urban/commercial zones in Panama and found levels two to three times greater than in remote tropical sites. We examined the effects of these ambient O3 levels on the growth and chemistry of seedlings of Ficus insipida, a regionally widespread tree with high stomatal conductance, using open-top chambers supplied with ozone-free or ambient air. We evaluated the differences across treatments in biomass and, using UPLC-MS-MS, leaf secondary metabolites and membrane lipids. Mean [O3] in ambient air was below the levels that induce chronic stress in temperate broadleaved trees, and biomass did not differ across treatments. However, leaf secondary metabolites - including phenolics and a terpenoid - were significantly downregulated in the ambient air treatment. Membrane lipids were present at lower concentrations in older leaves grown in ambient air, suggesting accelerated senescence. Thus, in a tree species with high O3 uptake via high stomatal conductance, current ambient [O3] in Panamanian forests are sufficient to induce chronic effects on leaf chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Alexander W Cheesman
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Stephen Sitch
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
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28
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Scott-Brown AS, Gregory T, Farrell IW, Stevenson PC. Leaf trichomes and foliar chemistry mediate defence against glasshouse thrips; Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché) in Rhododendron simsii. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:1170-1182. [PMID: 32480536 DOI: 10.1071/fp16045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore defence mechanisms are a costly diversion of resources away from growth and reproduction. Thus time-limited and tissue specific expression in critical plant parts is more efficient as defined by optimal defence theory. Surprisingly little is known about Rhododendron herbivore defence but it may be mediated by combined chemical and physical mechanisms. Rhododendron simsii Planch. survives cyclic infestations of a leaf-feeding thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché), which severely damage mature leaves but avoid terminal young leaves suggesting specific, localised defence expression. We examined correlations between the distribution of thrips and feeding damage with density of trichomes and the concentration of the diterpenoid, grayanotoxin I, a compound implicated in but not previously reported to mediate invertebrate defence in Rhododendron. Our data show that as leaves matured the number of thrips and area of feeding damage increased as trichome density and grayanotoxin I concentration decreased, this inverse correlation suggesting trichomes and grayanotoxin I mediate defence in younger leaf tissue. Grayanotoxin I was tested against H. haemorrhoidalis and was toxic to immature life stages and repellent to the adult thrips, reducing numbers of first instars emerging on leaves when applied at ecologically relevant concentrations. This work demonstrates that the pattern of defensive traits in foliage of a species of Rhododendron is key to its ability to tolerate cyclic infestations of a generalist herbivore, effectively conserving vital tissues required for growth and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison S Scott-Brown
- Department of Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Tom Gregory
- UCL Institute of Archaeology, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, UK
| | - Iain W Farrell
- Department of Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Philip C Stevenson
- Department of Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
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29
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Bixenmann RJ, Coley PD, Weinhold A, Kursar TA. High herbivore pressure favors constitutive over induced defense. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6037-49. [PMID: 27648224 PMCID: PMC5016630 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Theoretical and empirical studies show that, when past or current herbivory is a reliable cue of future attack and defenses are costly, defenses can be induced only when needed and thereby permit investment in other functions such as growth or reproduction. Theory also states that, in environments where herbivory is constantly high, constitutive defenses should be favored. Here, we present data to support the second aspect of the induced resistance hypothesis. We examined herbivore-induced responses for four species of Inga (Fabaceae), a common canopy tree in Neotropical forests. We quantified chemical defenses of expanding leaves, including phenolic, saponin and toxic amino acids, in experimental field treatments with and without caterpillars. Because young leaves lack fiber and are higher in protein than mature leaves, they typically lose >25% of their leaf area during the few weeks of expansion. We predicted that the high rates of attack would select for investment in constitutive defenses over induction. Our data show that chemical defenses were quite unresponsive to herbivory. We demonstrated that expanding leaves showed no or only small increases in investment in secondary metabolites, and no qualitative changes in the phenolic compound profile in response to herbivory. The proteinogenic amino acid tyrosine, which can be toxic at high concentrations, showed the greatest levels of induction. SYNTHESIS These results provide some of the first support for theoretical predictions that the evolution of induced vs. constitutive defenses depends on the risk of herbivory. In habitats with constant and high potential losses to herbivores, such as tropical rainforests, high investments in constitutive defenses are favored over induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Bixenmann
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Utah257S 1400ESalt Lake CityUtah84112
| | - Phyllis D. Coley
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Utah257S 1400ESalt Lake CityUtah84112
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBox 0843‐03092BalboaRepublic of Panama
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Utah257S 1400ESalt Lake CityUtah84112
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5eLeipzig04103Germany
| | - Thomas A. Kursar
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Utah257S 1400ESalt Lake CityUtah84112
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBox 0843‐03092BalboaRepublic of Panama
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