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Li X, Li J, Li K, Zhang Z, Wang H. Effects of perchlorate and exogenous T4 exposures on body condition and endochondral ossification of Rana chensinensis tadpoles. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 265:106767. [PMID: 37972501 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate, as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), is largely produced and used in the military, fireworks, fertilizers, and other industries and widely exists in water. Although perchlorate is known to destroy the normal function of thyroid hormones (THs) in amphibians and interfere with their growth and development, the impact of TH levels caused by sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) on endochondral ossification and skeletal development is poorly investigated, and the underlying molecular mechanism has not been clarified. The present study aimed to explore the potential effects of NaClO4 and exogenous thyroxine (T4) on the skeletal development of Rana chensinensis tadpoles and elucidate the related molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that histological changes occurred to the femur and tibia-fibula of tadpoles raised in 250 μg/L NaClO4 and 5 μg/L exogenous T4, and the length of their hindlimbs was significantly reduced. In addition, exogenous T4 exposure significantly interfered with the expression of Dio3, TRβ, MMP9, MMP13, and Runx2, inhibiting the endochondral ossification process. Therefore, we provide robust evidence that the changes in TH levels caused by NaClO4 and exogenous T4 will adversely affect the endochondral ossification and skeletal development of R. chensinensis tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Kaiyue Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Zhiqin Zhang
- Basic Experimental Teaching Center, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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Indriani S, Karnjanapratum S, Nirmal NP, Nalinanon S. Amphibian Skin and Skin Secretion: An Exotic Source of Bioactive Peptides and Its Application. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061282. [PMID: 36981206 PMCID: PMC10048636 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibians have been consumed as an alternative protein source all around the world due to their delicacy. The skin of edible amphibians, particularly frogs and giant salamanders, always goes to waste without further utilization. However, these wastes can be utilized to extract protein and bioactive peptides (BPs). Various BPs have been extracted and reported for numerous biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, etc. The main BPs identified were brevinins, bombesins, dermaseptins, esculentins, magainin, temporins, tigerinins, and salamandrins. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on various BPs isolated and identified from different amphibian skins or skin secretion and their biological activities. The general nutritional composition and production statues of amphibians were described. Additionally, multiple constraints against the utilization of amphibian skin and secretions are reported. Finally, the prospective applications of BPs in food and biomedical industries are presented such as multifunctional food additives and/or supplements as well as drug delivery agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Indriani
- School of Food Industry, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Supatra Karnjanapratum
- Professional Culinary Arts Program, School of Management, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, Department of Agro-Industry, School of Agricultural Technology, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | | | - Sitthipong Nalinanon
- School of Food Industry, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Landler L, Burgstaller S, Spießberger M, Horvath A, Zhelev Z, Mollov I, Sinsch U, Nepita J, Schwabel F, Kuhn W, Köbele C, Sedlmeier H, Amon C, Mazgajska J, Mazgajski TD, Sistani A, Schluckebier R, Andrä E, Ott M, Gollmann G. A Unified Approach to Analysis of Body Condition in Green Toads. DIVERSITY 2022; 15:43. [PMID: 36999161 PMCID: PMC7614385 DOI: 10.3390/d15010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Body condition is increasingly used to assess the status of populations and as a proxy for individual fitness. A common, quick and non-invasive approach is to estimate condition from the relation between body length and mass. Among the methods developed for this purpose, the Scaled Mass Index (SMI) appears best suited for comparisons among populations. We assembled data from 17 populations of European green toads (Bufotes viridis) with the aim of devising a standard formula applicable for monitoring this species. The mean value of the exponents describing length–mass allometry in these samples was 3.0047. Hence, we propose using 3 as a scaling coefficient for calculating the SMI in green toads. From the contrast of SMI values for both sexes within populations, estimated with either the population-specific or the standard coefficient, we conclude that applying the standard formula not only facilitates comparisons among populations but may also help to avoid misinterpretation of variation within populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Landler
- Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Burgstaller
- Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Spießberger
- Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andras Horvath
- Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zhivko Zhelev
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ivelin Mollov
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ulrich Sinsch
- Department of Biology, AG Zoology, Institute of Integrated Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, 56070 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Johannes Nepita
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Schwabel
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kuhn
- Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München, Alte Akademie 8, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Köbele
- Landesbund für Vogelschutz in Bayern e.V. (LBV), Kreisgruppe München, Klenzestr. 37, 80469 München, Germany
| | - Heinz Sedlmeier
- Landesbund für Vogelschutz in Bayern e.V. (LBV), Kreisgruppe München, Klenzestr. 37, 80469 München, Germany
| | - Cornelia Amon
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanna Mazgajska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Tomasz D. Mazgajski
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Amir Sistani
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rieke Schluckebier
- NABU—Naturschutzstation Leverkusen-Köln, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 49, 50996 Köln, Germany
| | - Eberhard Andrä
- Independent Researcher, Ebenreuth 47, 94169 Thurmansbang, Germany
| | - Moritz Ott
- Landschaftserhaltungsverband Landkreis Ravensburg e.V., Frauenstr. 4, 88212 Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Günter Gollmann
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Chen A, Deng H, Song X, Liu X, Chai L. Effects of Separate and Combined Exposure of Cadmium and Lead on the Endochondral Ossification in Bufo gargarizans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1228-1245. [PMID: 35040517 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments and most studies have examined the potential effects of Cd or Pb alone on aquatic organisms. In the present study, chronic effects of Cd and Pb, alone and in combination, on Bufo gargarizans were investigated by exposing embryos to these contaminants throughout metamorphosis. Significant reductions in body mass and snout-to-vent length were observed in B. gargarizans at Gosner stage 42 (Gs 42) and Gs 46 exposed to a Cd/Pb mixture. Single and combined exposure with Cd and Pb induced histological alterations of the thyroid gland characterized by reduced colloid area and thickness of epithelial cells. There was a significant decrease in the maximum jump distance of froglets exposed to Cd alone and the Cd/Pb mixture, and the jumping capacity showed a positive correlation with hind limb length and tibia/fibula. Moreover, single metals and their mixture induced reduction of endochondral bone formation in B. gargarizans. Transcriptomic and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that genes involved in skeletal ossification (TRα, TRβ, Dio2, Dio3, MMP9, MMP13, Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3) were transcriptionally dysregulated by Cd and Pb exposure alone or in combination. Our results suggested that despite the low concentration tested, the Cd/Pb mixture induced more severe impacts on B. gargarizans. In addition, the Cd/Pb mixture might reduce chances of survival for B. gargarizans froglets by decreasing size at metamorphosis, impaired skeletal ossification, and reduction in jumping ability, which might result from dysregulation of genes involved in thyroid hormone action and endochondral ossification. The findings obtained could add a new dimension to understanding of the mechanisms underpinning skeletal ossification response to heavy metals in amphibians. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1228-1245. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixia Chen
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongzhang Deng
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuling Song
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
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Bodensteiner BL, Agudelo‐Cantero GA, Arietta AZA, Gunderson AR, Muñoz MM, Refsnider JM, Gangloff EJ. Thermal adaptation revisited: How conserved are thermal traits of reptiles and amphibians? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:173-194. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Bodensteiner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Gustavo A. Agudelo‐Cantero
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Biology ‐ Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Alex R. Gunderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana USA
| | - Martha M. Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | | | - Eric J. Gangloff
- Department of Zoology Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware Ohio USA
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Moreno-Rueda G, Requena-Blanco A, Zamora-Camacho FJ, Comas M, Pascual G. Morphological determinants of jumping performance in the Iberian green frog. Curr Zool 2020; 66:417-424. [PMID: 32617090 PMCID: PMC7319472 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation is one of the main selective forces in nature, frequently selecting potential prey for developing escape strategies. Escape ability is typically influenced by several morphological parameters, such as morphology of the locomotor appendices, muscular capacity, body mass, or fluctuating asymmetry, and may differ between sexes and age classes. In this study, we tested the relationship among these variables and jumping performance in 712 Iberian green frogs Pelophylax perezi from an urban population. The results suggest that the main determinant of jumping capacity was body size (explaining 48% of variance). Larger frogs jumped farther, but jumping performance reached an asymptote for the largest frogs. Once controlled by structural body size, the heaviest frogs jumped shorter distances, suggesting a trade-off between fat storage and jumping performance. Relative hind limb length also determined a small but significant percentage of variance (2.4%) in jumping performance—that is, the longer the hind limbs, the greater the jumping capacity. Juveniles had relatively shorter and less muscular hind limbs than adults (for a given body size), and their jumping performance was poorer. In our study population, the hind limbs of the frogs were very symmetrical, and we found no effect of fluctuating asymmetry on jumping performance. Therefore, our study provides evidence that jumping performance in frogs is not only affected by body size, but also by body mass and hind limb length, and differ between age classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Moreno-Rueda
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain
| | - Abelardo Requena-Blanco
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain
| | - Francisco J Zamora-Camacho
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain.,Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03055, USA
| | - Mar Comas
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain
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Ruthsatz K, Dausmann KH, Drees C, Becker LI, Hartmann L, Reese J, Reinhardt S, Robinson T, Sabatino NM, Peck MA, Glos J. Altered thyroid hormone levels affect the capacity for temperature-induced developmental plasticity in larvae of Rana temporaria and Xenopus laevis. J Therm Biol 2020; 90:102599. [PMID: 32479394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anuran larvae show phenotypic plasticity in age and size at metamorphosis as a response to temperature variation. The capacity for temperature-induced developmental plasticity is determined by the thermal adaptation of a population. Multiple factors such as physiological responses to changing environmental conditions, however, might influence this capacity as well. In anuran larvae, thyroid hormone (TH) levels control growth and developmental rate and changes in TH status are a well-known stress response to sub-optimal environmental conditions. We investigated how chemically altered TH levels affect the capacity to exhibit temperature-induced developmental plasticity in larvae of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) and the common frog (Rana temporaria). In both species, TH level influenced growth and developmental rate and modified the capacity for temperature-induced developmental plasticity. High TH levels reduced thermal sensitivity of metamorphic traits up to 57% (R. temporaria) and 36% (X. laevis). Rates of growth and development were more plastic in response to temperature in X. laevis (+30%) than in R. temporaria (+6%). Plasticity in rates of growth and development is beneficial to larvae in heterogeneous habitats as it allows a more rapid transition into the juvenile stage where rates of mortality are lower. Therefore, environmental stressors that increase endogenous TH levels and reduce temperature-dependent plasticity may increase risks and the vulnerability of anuran larvae. As TH status also influences metabolism, future studies should investigate whether reductions in physiological plasticity also increases the vulnerability of tadpoles to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ruthsatz
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Kathrin H Dausmann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Claudia Drees
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Laura I Becker
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa Hartmann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Janica Reese
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Steffen Reinhardt
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Tom Robinson
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Nikita M Sabatino
- Department of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Myron A Peck
- Institute of Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries Science, University of Hamburg, Große Elbstrasse 133, 22767 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Julian Glos
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Ruthsatz K, Dausmann KH, Reinhardt S, Robinson T, Sabatino NM, Peck MA, Glos J. Post-metamorphic carry-over effects of altered thyroid hormone level and developmental temperature: physiological plasticity and body condition at two life stages in Rana temporaria. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:297-315. [PMID: 32144506 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stress induced by natural and anthropogenic processes including climate change may threaten the productivity of species and persistence of populations. Ectotherms can potentially cope with stressful conditions such as extremes in temperature by exhibiting physiological plasticity. Amphibian larvae experiencing stressful environments display altered thyroid hormone (TH) status with potential implications for physiological traits and acclimation capacity. We investigated how developmental temperature (Tdev) and altered TH levels (simulating proximate effects of environmental stress) influence the standard metabolic rate (SMR), body condition (BC), and thermal tolerance in metamorphic and post-metamorphic anuran larvae of the common frog (Rana temporaria) reared at five constant temperatures (14-28 °C). At metamorphosis, larvae that developed at higher temperatures had higher maximum thermal limits but narrower ranges in thermal tolerance. Mean CTmax was 37.63 °C ± 0.14 (low TH), 36.49 °C ± 0.31 (control), and 36.43 °C ± 0.68 (high TH) in larvae acclimated to different temperatures. Larvae were able to acclimate to higher Tdev by adjusting their thermal tolerance, but not their SMR, and this effect was not impaired by altered TH levels. BC was reduced by 80% (metamorphic) and by 85% (post-metamorphic) at highest Tdev. The effect of stressful larval conditions (i.e., different developmental temperatures and, to some extent, altered TH levels) on SMR and particularly on BC at the onset of metamorphosis was carried over to froglets at the end of metamorphic climax. This has far reaching consequences, since body condition at metamorphosis is known to determine metamorphic success and, thus, is indirectly linked to individual fitness in later life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ruthsatz
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Kathrin H Dausmann
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Reinhardt
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tom Robinson
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nikita M Sabatino
- Department of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Myron A Peck
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, University of Hamburg, Olbersweg 24, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Glos
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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Cayuela H, Valenzuela-Sánchez A, Teulier L, Martínez-Solano Í, Léna JP, Merilä J, Muths E, Shine R, Quay L, Denoël M, Clobert J, Schmidt BR. Determinants and Consequences of Dispersal in Vertebrates with Complex Life Cycles: A Review of Pond-Breeding Amphibians. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1086/707862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Weerathunga WAMT, Rajapaksa G. The impact of elevated temperature and CO 2 on growth, physiological and immune responses of Polypedates cruciger (common hourglass tree frog). Front Zool 2020; 17:3. [PMID: 31956329 PMCID: PMC6958743 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amphibians are one of the most susceptible groups to climate change as their development occurs in aquatic environments or in microhabitats with high humidity. Accordingly, our primary objective was to investigate the chronic physiological responses seen in early larval to adult stages of Polypedates cruciger (Common hourglass tree frog) to future climate change based on continuous exposure to elevated temperature and elevated CO2 -induced low water pH. Free-swimming and free-feeding tadpoles were observed until metamorphosis under four experimental treatments; two elevated temperatures, one elevated CO2 (reduced pH) and a control maintained at ambient temperature (29 °C ± 1 °C) and CO2 (pH = 7). Elevated temperature treatments were maintained at 32 °C ± 0.5 °C and 34 °C ± 0.5 °C to represent respectively, the future climate scenarios RCP2.6 (Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6, the 'base-case' scenario) and RCP8.5 ('business-as-usual' scenario) according to the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC. Elevated CO2 treatment was maintained within the pH range of 5.5-5.6 representing the range expected between RCP8.5 and RCP2.6. RESULTS Compared to the control, elevated CO2 accelerated phenological progression of tadpoles through Gosner stages, thus resulting in lower body size at metamorphosis. Both elevated temperatures significantly delayed the development and reduced the growth of tadpoles. 100% mortality was observed in 34 °C treatment before metamorphosis (before Gosner stage 36) while all the tadpoles died after metamorphosis (at Gosner stage 46) in 32 °C treatment. Elevated CO2 increased tadpole activity, in terms of their swimming speed, while both of the elevated temperatures reduced it compared to the control. Catalase activity increased at elevated CO2. Ammonia excretion by tadpoles was decreased by elevated CO2, but increased under temperature elevation. Both Elevated CO2 and temperature treatments reduced the white blood cell count and its percentage of thrombocytes. Percentages of lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils were increased at 32 °C, while lymphocyte percentage and lysozyme activity were increased at elevated CO2. Several deformities were observed in tadpoles at elevated temperature and CO2. CONCLUSIONS Elevated temperatures and reduced pH due to elevated CO2, being major features of climate change, increase the vulnerability of amphibians, who are already one of the most threatened vertebrate groups. Based on our observations on the model amphibian species P. cruciger, increased vulnerability to climate change occurs by reducing their growth, body size and motility while also reducing their immunity and inducing physical deformities. These impacts are highly-likely to reduce the foraging, competitive and reproductive capabilities in their natural habitats. We conclude further that even the 'best-case' scenario of future climate change can impose significant physiological impacts that could threaten amphibian populations on broader spatial and temporal scales. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- W. A. Manasee T. Weerathunga
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Dalugama, Sri Lanka
| | - Gayani Rajapaksa
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Dalugama, Sri Lanka
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11
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Ruthsatz K, Giertz LM, Schröder D, Glos J. Chemical composition of food induces plasticity in digestive morphology in larvae of Rana temporaria. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio048041. [PMID: 31852656 PMCID: PMC6955212 DOI: 10.1242/bio.048041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food conditions are changing due to anthropogenic activities and natural sources and thus, many species are exposed to new challenges. Animals might cope with altered quantitative and qualitative composition [i.e. variable protein, nitrogen (N) and energy content] of food by exhibiting trophic and digestive plasticity. We examined experimentally whether tadpoles of the common frog (Rana temporaria) exhibit phenotypic plasticity of the oral apparatus and intestinal morphology when raised on a diet of either low (i.e. Spirulina algae) or high protein, N and energy content (i.e. Daphnia pulex). Whereas intestinal morphology was highly plastic, oral morphology did not respond plastically to different chemical compositions of food. Tadpoles that were fed food with low protein and N content and low-energy density developed significantly longer guts and a larger larval stomachs than tadpoles raised on high protein, N and an energetically dense diet, and developed a different intestinal surface morphology. Body sizes of the treatment groups were similar, indicating that tadpoles fully compensated for low protein, N and energy diet by developing longer intestines. The ability of a species, R. temporaria, to respond plastically to environmental variation indicates that this species might have the potential to cope with new conditions during climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ruthsatz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Marie Giertz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Schröder
- Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Glos
- Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Dittrich C, Huster J, Rödel M, Feldhaar H. Matriline effects on metamorphic traits in a natural system in the European common frog ( Rana temporaria). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3075-3088. [PMID: 30962882 PMCID: PMC6434577 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful reproduction is an important determinant of the fitness of an individual and of the dynamics of populations. Offspring of the European common frog (Rana temporaria) exhibit a high degree of variability in metamorphic traits. However, environmental factors alone cannot explain this phenotypic variability, and the influence of genetic factors remains to be determined. Here, we tested whether the maternal genotype influences developmental time, body size, and body condition of offspring in a forest pond in Germany. We collected fertilized eggs from all 57 clutches deposited in the pond. We used multilocus genotypes based on seven microsatellite loci to assign metamorphosed offspring to mothers and to determine the number of fathers for a single matriline. We tested the influence of genetic effects in the same environment by comparing variability of metamorphic traits within and between full-sib offspring grouped to matrilines and tested whether multiple paternity increases the variability of metamorphic traits in a single matriline. The variability in size and body condition was higher within matrilines than between them, which indicates that these traits are more strongly influenced by environmental effects, which are counteracting underlying genetic effects. The developmental time varied considerably between matrilines and variability increased with the effective number of fathers, suggesting an additive genetic effect of multiple paternity. Our results show that metamorphic traits are shaped by environmental as well as genetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Dittrich
- Museum für NaturkundeLeibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity ScienceBerlinGermany
| | - Juliane Huster
- Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Mark‐Oliver Rödel
- Museum für NaturkundeLeibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity ScienceBerlinGermany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB)BerlinGermany
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
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Drakulić S, Feldhaar H, Lisičić D, Mioč M, Cizelj I, Seiler M, Spatz T, Rödel MO. Local differences of thermal preferences in European common frog (Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758) tadpoles. ZOOL ANZ 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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