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Effective dispersal and genetic structure of a small mammal in an intensively managed agricultural landscape: is there any barrier to movement? Evol Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-023-10233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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2
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Lima-Rezende CA, Cabanne GS, Rocha AV, Carboni M, Zink RM, Caparroz R. A comparative phylogenomic analysis of birds reveals heterogeneous differentiation processes among Neotropical savannas. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3451-3467. [PMID: 35510775 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to evaluate biogeographic hypotheses of diversification and connection between isolated savannas north (Amazonian savannas) and south (Cerrado core) of the Amazon River. To achieve our goal, we employed genomic markers (genotyping-by-sequencing) to evaluate the genetic structure, population phylogenetic relationships, and historical range shifts of four Neotropical passerines with peri-Atlantic distributions: the Narrow-billed Woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes angustirostris), the Plain-crested Elaenia (Elaenia cristata), the Grassland Sparrow (Ammodramus humeralis), and the White-banded Tanager (Neothraupis fasciata). The population genetic analyses indicated that landscape (e.g., geographic distance, landscape resistance, and percentage of tree cover) and climate metrics explained divergence among populations in most species, but without indicating a differential role between current and historical factors. Our results did not fully support the hypothesis that isolated populations at Amazonian savannas have been recently derived from the Cerrado core domain. Intraspecific phylogenies and gene flow analyses supported multiple routes of connection between the Cerrado and Amazonian savannas, rejecting the hypothesis that the Atlantic corridor explains the peri-Atlantic distribution. Our results reveal that the biogeographic history of the region is complex and cannot be explained by simple vicariant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia Alves Lima-Rezende
- División de Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo S Cabanne
- División de Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amanda Vaz Rocha
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Martin Carboni
- División de Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Robert M Zink
- School of Natural Resources, School of Biological Sciences, and Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
| | - Renato Caparroz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Austrich A, Mora MS, Mapelli FJ, Fameli A, Kittlein MJ. Influences of landscape characteristics and historical barriers on the population genetic structure in the endangered sand-dune subterranean rodent Ctenomys australis. Genetica 2020; 148:149-164. [PMID: 32451787 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-020-00096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the processes and patterns of local adaptation and migration involves an exhaustive knowledge of how landscape features and population distances shape the genetic variation at the geographical level. Ctenomys australis is an endangered subterranean rodent characterized by having a restricted geographic range immerse in a highly fragmented sand dune landscape in the Southeast of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. We use 13 microsatellite loci in a total of 194 individuals from 13 sampling sites to assess the dispersal patterns and population structure in the complete geographic range of this endemic species. Our analyses show that populations are highly structured with low rates of gene flow among them. Genetic differentiation among sampling sites was consistent with an isolation by distance pattern, however, an important fraction of the population differentiation was explained by natural barriers such as rivers and streams. Although the individuals were sampled at locations distanced from each other, we also use some landscape genetics approaches to evaluate the effects of landscape configuration on the genetic connectivity among populations. These analyses showed that the sand dune habitat availability (the most suitable habitat for the occupation of the species), was one of the main factors that explained the differentiation patterns of the different sampling sites located on both sides of the Quequén Salado River. Finally, habitat availability was directly associated with the width of the sand dune landscape in the Southeast of Buenos Aires province, finding the greatest genetic differentiation among the populations of the Northeast, where this landscape is narrower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Austrich
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, (IIMyC, CONICET),, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 3th Floor, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Matías S Mora
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, (IIMyC, CONICET),, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 3th Floor, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Fernando J Mapelli
- Grupo de Genética y Ecología Para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", CONICET, Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Fameli
- Grupo de Genética y Ecología Para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", CONICET, Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo J Kittlein
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, (IIMyC, CONICET),, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 3th Floor, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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4
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Differing, multiscale landscape effects on genetic diversity and differentiation in eastern chipmunks. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 124:457-468. [PMID: 31919481 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-0293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how habitat loss and fragmentation impact genetic variation is a major goal in landscape genetics, but to date, most studies have focused solely on the correlation between intervening matrix and genetic differentiation at a single spatial scale. Several caveats exist in these study designs, among them is the inability to include measures of genetic diversity in addition to differentiation. Both genetic metrics help predict population persistence, but are expected to function at differing spatial scales, which requires a multiscale investigation. In this study, we sampled two distinct spatial scales in 31 independent landscapes along a gradient of landscape context (i.e., forest amount, configuration, and types of intervening matrix) to investigate how landscape heterogeneity influences genetic diversity and differentiation in the forest-associated eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus). Overall, quality of intervening matrix was correlated with genetic differentiation at multiple spatial scales, whereas only configuration was associated with regional scale genetic diversity. Habitat amount, in contrast, did not influence genetic differentiation or diversity at either spatial scale. Based on our findings, landscape effects on genetic variation appears to differ based on spatial scale, the type of genetic response variable, and random variation among landscapes, making extrapolation of results from single scale, unreplicated studies difficult. We encourage landscape geneticists to utilize multiscale, replicated landscapes with both genetic diversity, and differentiation to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how habitat loss and fragmentation influence genetic variation.
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Thatte P, Chandramouli A, Tyagi A, Patel K, Baro P, Chhattani H, Ramakrishnan U. Human footprint differentially impacts genetic connectivity of four wide‐ranging mammals in a fragmented landscape. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Thatte
- National Center for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
| | - Anuradha Chandramouli
- National Center for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
| | - Abhinav Tyagi
- National Center for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
| | - Kaushal Patel
- National Center for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
| | - Phulmani Baro
- National Center for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
| | - Himanshu Chhattani
- National Center for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
| | - Uma Ramakrishnan
- National Center for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
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Chan KO, Brown RM. Elucidating the drivers of genetic differentiation in Malaysian torrent frogs (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops): a landscape genomics approach. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The interplay between environmental attributes and evolutionary processes can provide valuable insights into how biodiversity is generated, partitioned and distributed. This study investigates the role of spatial, environmental and historical factors that could potentially drive diversification and shape genetic variation in Malaysian torrent frogs. Torrent frogs are ecologically conserved, and we hypothesize that this could impose tight constraints on dispersal routes, gene flow and consequently genetic structure. Moreover, levels of gene flow were shown to vary among populations from separate mountain ranges, indicating that genetic differentiation could be influenced by landscape features. Using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms, in conjunction with landscape variables derived from Geographic Information Systems, we performed distance-based redundancy analyses and variance partitioning to disentangle the effects of isolation-by-distance (IBD), isolation-by-resistance (IBR) and isolation-by-colonization (IBC). Our results demonstrated that IBR contributed minimally to genetic variation. Intraspecific population structure can be largely attributed to IBD, whereas interspecific diversification was primarily driven by IBC. We also detected two distinct population bottlenecks, indicating that speciation events were likely driven by vicariance or founder events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Onn Chan
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rafe M Brown
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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Vera NS, Chiappero MB, Priotto JW, Sommaro LV, Steinmann AR, Gardenal CN. Genetic structure of populations of the Pampean grassland mouse, Akodon azarae, in an agroecosystem under intensive management. Mamm Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Bonzi VR, Carneiro CM, Wisely SM, Monadjem A, McCleery RA, Gumbi B, Austin JD. Comparative spatial genetic structure of two rodent species in an agro-ecological landscape in southern Africa. Mamm Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kjeldsen SR, Raadsma HW, Leigh KA, Tobey JR, Phalen D, Krockenberger A, Ellis WA, Hynes E, Higgins DP, Zenger KR. Genomic comparisons reveal biogeographic and anthropogenic impacts in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): a dietary-specialist species distributed across heterogeneous environments. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 122:525-544. [PMID: 30209291 PMCID: PMC6461856 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Australian koala is an iconic marsupial with highly specific dietary requirements distributed across heterogeneous environments, over a large geographic range. The distribution and genetic structure of koala populations has been heavily influenced by human actions, specifically habitat modification, hunting and translocation of koalas. There is currently limited information on population diversity and gene flow at a species-wide scale, or with consideration to the potential impacts of local adaptation. Using species-wide sampling across heterogeneous environments, and high-density genome-wide markers (SNPs and PAVs), we show that most koala populations display levels of diversity comparable to other outbred species, except for those populations impacted by population reductions. Genetic clustering analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction reveals a lack of support for current taxonomic classification of three koala subspecies, with only a single evolutionary significant unit supported. Furthermore, ~70% of genetic variance is accounted for at the individual level. The Sydney Basin region is highlighted as a unique reservoir of genetic diversity, having higher diversity levels (i.e., Blue Mountains region; AvHecorr=0.20, PL% = 68.6). Broad-scale population differentiation is primarily driven by an isolation by distance genetic structure model (49% of genetic variance), with clinal local adaptation corresponding to habitat bioregions. Signatures of selection were detected between bioregions, with no single region returning evidence of strong selection. The results of this study show that although the koala is widely considered to be a dietary-specialist species, this apparent specialisation has not limited the koala's ability to maintain gene flow and adapt across divergent environments as long as the required food source is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Kjeldsen
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
| | - Herman W Raadsma
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Private Mail Bag 4003, Narellan, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Kellie A Leigh
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Private Mail Bag 4003, Narellan, NSW, 2570, Australia
- Science for Wildlife, PO Box 286, Cammeray, NSW, 2062, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Tobey
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA, 92027, USA
| | - David Phalen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Private Mail Bag 4003, Narellan, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Andrew Krockenberger
- Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change, Division of Research and Innovation, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia
| | - William A Ellis
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Emily Hynes
- Ecoplan Australia, PO Box 968, Torquay, VIC, 3228, Australia
| | - Damien P Higgins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kyall R Zenger
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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Baumgartner JM, Hoffman SMG. Comparison of the responses of two Great Lakes lineages of Peromyscus leucopus to climate change. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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11
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Emel SL, Olson DH, Knowles LL, Storfer A. Comparative landscape genetics of two endemic torrent salamander species, Rhyacotriton kezeri and R. variegatus: implications for forest management and species conservation. CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-019-01172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Flores‐Manzanero A, Luna‐Bárcenas MA, Dyer RJ, Vázquez‐Domínguez E. Functional connectivity and home range inferred at a microgeographic landscape genetics scale in a desert-dwelling rodent. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:437-453. [PMID: 30680126 PMCID: PMC6342108 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene flow in animals is limited or facilitated by different features within the landscape matrix they inhabit. The landscape representation in landscape genetics (LG) is traditionally modeled as resistance surfaces (RS), where novel optimization approaches are needed for assigning resistance values that adequately avoid subjectivity. Also, desert ecosystems and mammals are scarcely represented in LG studies. We addressed these issues by evaluating, at a microgeographic scale, the effect of landscape features on functional connectivity of the desert-dwelling Dipodomys merriami. We characterized genetic diversity and structure with microsatellites loci, estimated home ranges and movement of individuals using telemetry-one of the first with rodents, generated a set of individual and composite environmental surfaces based on hypotheses of variables influencing movement, and assessed how these variables relate to individual-based gene flow. Genetic diversity and structure results evidenced a family-induced pattern driven by first-order-related individuals, notably determining landscape genetic inferences. The vegetation cover and soil resistance optimized surface (NDVI) were the best-supported model and a significant predictor of individual genetic distance, followed by humidity and NDVI+humidity. Based on an accurate definition of thematic resolution, we also showed that vegetation is better represented as continuously (vs. categorically) distributed. Hence, with a nonsubjective optimization framework for RS and telemetry, we were able to describe that vegetation cover, soil texture, and climatic variables influence D. merriami's functional connectivity at a microgeographic scale, patterns we could further explain based on the home range, habitat use, and activity observed between sexes. We describe the relationship between environmental features and some aspects of D. merriami's behavior and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Flores‐Manzanero
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
- Posgrado en Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Madisson A. Luna‐Bárcenas
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Rodney J. Dyer
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental StudiesVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginia
| | - Ella Vázquez‐Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
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Kanine JM, Kierepka EM, Castleberry SB, Mengak MT, Nibbelink NP, Glenn TC. Influence of landscape heterogeneity on the functional connectivity of Allegheny woodrats (Neotoma magister) in Virginia. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Berl JL, Kellner KF, Flaherty EA, Swihart RK. Spatial Variation in Density of White-footed Mice Along Edges in Fragmented Habitat. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-179.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L. Berl
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Kenneth F. Kellner
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Elizabeth A. Flaherty
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Robert K. Swihart
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Burkhart JJ, Peterman WE, Brocato ER, Romine KM, Willis MMS, Ousterhout BH, Anderson TL, Drake DL, Rowland FE, Semlitsch RD, Eggert LS. The influence of breeding phenology on the genetic structure of four pond-breeding salamanders. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4670-4681. [PMID: 28690797 PMCID: PMC5496555 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding metapopulation dynamics requires knowledge about local population dynamics and movement in both space and time. Most genetic metapopulation studies use one or two study species across the same landscape to infer population dynamics; however, using multiple co-occurring species allows for testing of hypotheses related to different life history strategies. We used genetic data to study dispersal, as measured by gene flow, in three ambystomatid salamanders (Ambystoma annulatum, A. maculatum, and A. opacum) and the Central Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis) on the same landscape in Missouri, USA. While all four salamander species are forest dependent organisms that require fishless ponds to reproduce, they differ in breeding phenology and spatial distribution on the landscape. We use these differences in life history and distribution to address the following questions: (1) Are there species-level differences in the observed patterns of genetic diversity and genetic structure? and (2) Is dispersal influenced by landscape resistance? We detected two genetic clusters in A. annulatum and A. opacum on our landscape; both species breed in the fall and larvae overwinter in ponds. In contrast, no structure was evident in A. maculatum and N. v. louisianensis, species that breed during the spring. Tests for isolation by distance were significant for the three ambystomatids but not for N. v. louisianensis. Landscape resistance also contributed to genetic differentiation for all four species. Our results suggest species-level differences in dispersal ability and breeding phenology are driving observed patterns of genetic differentiation. From an evolutionary standpoint, the observed differences in dispersal distances and genetic structure between fall breeding and spring breeding species may be a result of the trade-off between larval period length and size at metamorphosis which in turn may influence the long-term viability of the metapopulation. Thus, it is important to consider life history differences among closely related and ecologically similar species when making management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Burkhart
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | - William E Peterman
- School of Environment and Natural Resources The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Emily R Brocato
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | - Kimberly M Romine
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | | | | | | | - Dana L Drake
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | - Freya E Rowland
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | | | - Lori S Eggert
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
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