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Hu X, Li L, Huang J, Zeng Y, Zhang S, Su Y, Hong Y, Hong Z. Radar vegetation indices for monitoring surface vegetation: Developments, challenges, and trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173974. [PMID: 38897467 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring surface vegetation is essential for environmental protection, disaster prevention, and carbon sequestration in forests. However, optical remote-sensing methods and their derivative technologies typically fail to fully meet this requirement due to constraints such as lighting and weather. Radar vegetation indices (RVIs), developed based on microwave remote-sensing data, describe the dielectric properties and morphological structure of vegetation and have been applied for vegetation monitoring at various scales. This technical review is the first to systematically summarize RVIs; it analyzes and discusses their principles, developments, categories and applications, and provides a comprehensive guide for their use. Additionally, the challenges faced by RVIs, as well as their applicability, were analyzed, and future improvements and development trends were carefully projected. The selection of RVIs must consider the type of data used, the terrain and location of the study area, and the major vegetation types. The effectiveness of RVIs applied to vegetation monitoring can be affected by various factors, including index performance, sensor type, study area, and data type and quality. These factors reduce the reliability and robustness of results, as well as guide the improvement direction of RVIs. The development of technologies, such as artificial intelligence, in remote sensing offers new possibilities for RVIs, enabling the removal of background scattering, improvement in interpretation accuracy, and reduction in application thresholds. Additionally, the development trends in high resolution, multi-polarization, multi-base, multi-dimensional, and networked synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and their satellite platforms offer data support for the next generation of RVIs. The rapid development of RVIs strongly supports the use of surface vegetation monitoring and terrestrial ecosystem research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Hu
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jianxi Huang
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yelu Zeng
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiran Su
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yujiao Hong
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zixiang Hong
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
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Moudrý V, Cord AF, Gábor L, Laurin GV, Barták V, Gdulová K, Malavasi M, Rocchini D, Stereńczak K, Prošek J, Klápště P, Wild J. Vegetation structure derived from airborne laser scanning to assess species distribution and habitat suitability: The way forward. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vítězslav Moudrý
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha‐Suchdol Czech Republic
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague 2 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Anna F. Cord
- Chair of Computational Landscape Ecology, Institute of Geography Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Lukáš Gábor
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha‐Suchdol Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Gaia Vaglio Laurin
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro‐Food and Forest Systems University of Tuscia Viterbo Italy
| | - Vojtěch Barták
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha‐Suchdol Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Gdulová
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha‐Suchdol Czech Republic
| | - Marco Malavasi
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha‐Suchdol Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Sassari Sassari Italy
| | - Duccio Rocchini
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha‐Suchdol Czech Republic
- BIOME Lab, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | | | - Jiří Prošek
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha‐Suchdol Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klápště
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha‐Suchdol Czech Republic
| | - Jan Wild
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha‐Suchdol Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
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Segal RD, Massaro M, Carlile N, Whitsed R. Small‐scale species distribution model identifies restricted breeding habitat for an endemic island bird. Anim Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Segal
- School of Environmental Sciences Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
- Institute for Land, Water and Society Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
| | - M. Massaro
- School of Environmental Sciences Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
- Institute for Land, Water and Society Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
| | - N. Carlile
- Department of Planning, Industry and Environment NSW Parramatta NSW Australia
| | - R. Whitsed
- School of Environmental Sciences Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
- Institute for Land, Water and Society Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
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Singh M, Evans D, Chevance JB, Tan BS, Wiggins N, Kong L, Sakhoeun S. Evaluating remote sensing datasets and machine learning algorithms for mapping plantations and successional forests in Phnom Kulen National Park of Cambodia. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7841. [PMID: 31660266 PMCID: PMC6814064 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study develops a modelling framework by utilizing multi-sensor imagery for classifying different forest and land use types in the Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP) in Cambodia. Three remote sensing datasets (Landsat optical data, ALOS L-band data and LiDAR derived Canopy Height Model (CHM)) were used in conjunction with three different machine learning (ML) regression techniques (Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests (RF) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)). These ML methods were implemented on (a) Landsat spectral data, (b) Landsat spectral band & ALOS backscatter data, and (c) Landsat spectral band, ALOS backscatter data, & LiDAR CHM data. The Landsat-ALOS combination produced more accurate classification results (95% overall accuracy with SVM) compared to Landsat-only bands for all ML models. Inclusion of LiDAR CHM (which is a proxy for vertical canopy heights) improved the overall accuracy to 98%. The research establishes that majority of PKNP is dominated by cashew plantations and the nearly intact forests are concentrated in the more inaccessible parts of the park. The findings demonstrate how different RS datasets can be used in conjunction with different ML models to map forests that had undergone varying levels of degradation and plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Singh
- Imperial College, Centre of Environmental Policy, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Boun Suy Tan
- Angkor International Research and Documentation Centre, Siem Reap, Cambodia, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Nicholas Wiggins
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Sakada Sakhoeun
- Phnom Kulen Program, Archaeology and Development Foundation, London, United Kingdom
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Bakx TRM, Koma Z, Seijmonsbergen AC, Kissling WD. Use and categorization of Light Detection and Ranging vegetation metrics in avian diversity and species distribution research. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan R. M. Bakx
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED) University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Zsófia Koma
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED) University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Arie C. Seijmonsbergen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED) University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - W. Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED) University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Singh M, Evans D, Chevance J, Tan BS, Wiggins N, Kong L, Sakhoeun S. Evaluating the ability of community-protected forests in Cambodia to prevent deforestation and degradation using temporal remote sensing data. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10175-10191. [PMID: 30397457 PMCID: PMC6206189 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Community forests are known to play an important role in preserving forests in Cambodia, a country that has seen rapid deforestation in recent decades. The detailed evaluation of the ability of community-protected forests to retain forest cover and prevent degradation in Cambodia will help to guide future conservation management. In this study, a combination of remotely sensing data was used to compare the temporal variation in forest structure for six different community forests located in the Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP) in Cambodia and to assess how these dynamics vary between community-protected forests and a wider study area. Medium-resolution Landsat, ALOS PALSAR data, and high-resolution LiDAR data were used to study the spatial distribution of forest degradation patterns and their impacts on above-ground biomass (AGB) changes. Analysis of the remotely sensing data acquired at different spatial resolutions revealed that between 2012 and 2015, the community forests had higher forest cover persistence and lower rates of forest cover loss compared to the entire study area. Furthermore, they faced lower encroachment from cashew plantations compared to the wider landscape. Four of the six community forests showed a recovery in canopy gap fractions and subsequently, an increase in the AGB stock. The levels of degradation decreased in forests that had an increase in AGB values. However, all community forests experienced an increase in understory damage as a result of selective tree removal, and the community forests with the sharpest increase in understory damage experienced AGB losses. This is the first time multitemporal high-resolution LiDAR data have been used to analyze the impact of human-induced forest degradation on forest structure and AGB. The findings of this work indicate that while community-protected forests can improve conservation outcomes to some extent, more interventions are needed to curb the illegal selective logging of valuable timber trees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Boun Suy Tan
- Angkor International Research and Documentation CentreAPSARA National AuthoritySiem Reap CitySiem Reap ProvinceCambodia
| | - Nicholas Wiggins
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLDAustralia
| | | | - Sakada Sakhoeun
- Phnom Kulen Program, Archaeology and Development FoundationLondonUK
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Singh M, Tokola T, Hou Z, Notarnicola C. Remote sensing-based landscape indicators for the evaluation of threatened-bird habitats in a tropical forest. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4552-4567. [PMID: 28690786 PMCID: PMC5496523 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian species persistence in a forest patch is strongly related to the degree of isolation and size of a forest patch and the vegetation structure within a patch and its matrix are important predictors of bird habitat suitability. A combination of space‐borne optical (Landsat), ALOS‐PALSAR (radar), and airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data was used for assessing variation in forest structure across forest patches that had undergone different levels of forest degradation in a logged forest—agricultural landscape in Southern Laos. The efficacy of different remote sensing (RS) data sources in distinguishing forest patches that had different seizes, configurations, and vegetation structure was examined. These data were found to be sensitive to the varying levels of degradation of the different patch categories. Additionally, the role of local scale forest structure variables (characterized using the different RS data and patch area) and landscape variables (characterized by distance from different forest patches) in influencing habitat preferences of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red listed birds found in the study area was examined. A machine learning algorithm, MaxEnt, was used in conjunction with these data and field collected geographical locations of the avian species to identify the factors influencing habitat preference of the different bird species and their suitable habitats. Results show that distance from different forest patches played a more important role in influencing habitat suitability for the different avian species than local scale factors related to vegetation structure and health. In addition to distance from forest patches, LiDAR‐derived forest structure and Landsat‐derived spectral variables were important determinants of avian habitat preference. The models derived using MaxEnt were used to create an overall habitat suitability map (HSM) which mapped the most suitable habitat patches for sustaining all the avian species. This work also provides insight that retention of forest patches, including degraded and isolated forest patches in addition to large contiguous forest patches, can facilitate bird species retention within tropical agricultural landscapes. It also demonstrates the effective use of RS data in distinguishing between forests that have undergone varying levels of degradation and identifying the habitat preferences of different bird species. Practical conservation management planning endeavors can use such data for both landscape scale monitoring and habitat mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timo Tokola
- School of Forest Sciences University of Eastern Finland Joensuu Finland
| | - Zhengyang Hou
- Department of Geography and Geographical Information Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign IL USA
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