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Steinberg ER, Bressa MJ, Mudry MD. Sex chromosome systems in Neotropical Primates: What have we learnt so far from cytogenetics and genomics? J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1589-1600. [PMID: 35731796 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neotropical Primates (Platyrrhini) show great diversity in their life histories, ecology, behaviour and genetics. This diversity extends to their chromosome complements, both to autosomes and to sex chromosomes. In this contribution, we will review what is currently known about sex chromosomes in this group, both from cytogenetic and from genomic evidence. The X and Y chromosomes in Neotropical Primates, also known as New World Monkeys, have striking structural differences compared with Old World Monkeys when Catarrhini sex chromosomes are considered. The XY bivalent displays a different meiotic behaviour in prophase I, and their Y chromosome shows extensive genomic differences. Even though the most widespread sex chromosome system is the XX/XY and thus considered the ancestral one for Platyrrhini, modifications of this sexual system are observed within this group. Multiple sex chromosome systems originated from Y-autosome translocations were described in several genera (Aotus, Callimico and Alouatta). In the howler monkeys, genus Alouatta, an independent origin of the sexual systems in South American and Mesoamerican species was postulated. All the above-mentioned evidence suggests that the Y chromosome of Platyrrhini has a different evolutionary history compared with the Catarrhini Y. There is still much to understand regarding their sex chromosome systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Ruth Steinberg
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE). Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (EGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Bressa
- Grupo de Citogenética de Insectos. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (EGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Dolores Mudry
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE). Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (EGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Prentout D, Stajner N, Cerenak A, Tricou T, Brochier-Armanet C, Jakse J, Käfer J, Marais GAB. Plant genera Cannabis and Humulus share the same pair of well-differentiated sex chromosomes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1599-1611. [PMID: 33978992 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We recently described, in Cannabis sativa, the oldest sex chromosome system documented so far in plants (12-28 Myr old). Based on the estimated age, we predicted that it should be shared by its sister genus Humulus, which is known also to possess XY chromosomes. Here, we used transcriptome sequencing of an F1 family of H. lupulus to identify and study the sex chromosomes in this species using the probabilistic method SEX-DETector. We identified 265 sex-linked genes in H. lupulus, which preferentially mapped to the C. sativa X chromosome. Using phylogenies of sex-linked genes, we showed that a region of the sex chromosomes had already stopped recombining in an ancestor of both species. Furthermore, as in C. sativa, Y-linked gene expression reduction is correlated to the position on the X chromosome, and highly Y degenerated genes showed dosage compensation. We report, for the first time in Angiosperms, a sex chromosome system that is shared by two different genera. Thus, recombination suppression started at least 21-25 Myr ago, and then (either gradually or step-wise) spread to a large part of the sex chromosomes (c. 70%), leading to a degenerated Y chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djivan Prentout
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Natasa Stajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Cerenak
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Zalskega Tabora 2, Zalec, SI-3310, Slovenia
| | - Theo Tricou
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Celine Brochier-Armanet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Jernej Jakse
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Jos Käfer
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Gabriel A B Marais
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
- LEAF- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1349-017, Portugal
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Xu L, Irestedt M, Zhou Q. Sequence Transpositions Restore Genes on the Highly Degenerated W Chromosomes of Songbirds. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1267. [PMID: 33126459 PMCID: PMC7692361 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The female-specific W chromosomes of most Neognathae birds are highly degenerated and gene-poor. Previous studies have demonstrated that the gene repertoires of the Neognathae bird W chromosomes, despite being in small numbers, are conserved across bird species, likely due to purifying selection maintaining the regulatory and dosage-sensitive genes. Here we report the discovery of DNA-based sequence duplications from the Z to the W chromosome in birds-of-paradise (Paradisaeidae, Passeriformes), through sequence transposition. The original transposition involved nine genes, but only two of them (ANXA1 and ALDH1A1) survived on the W chromosomes. Both ANXA1 and ALDH1A1 are predicted to be dosage-sensitive, and the expression of ANXA1 is restricted to ovaries in all the investigated birds. These analyses suggest the newly transposed gene onto the W chromosomes can be favored for their role in restoring dosage imbalance or through female-specific selection. After examining seven additional songbird genomes, we further identified five other transposed genes on the W chromosomes of Darwin's finches and one in the great tit, expanding the observation of the Z-to-W transpositions to a larger range of bird species, but not all transposed genes exhibit dosage-sensitivity or ovary-biased expression We demonstrate a new mechanism by which the highly degenerated W chromosomes of songbirds can acquire genes from the homologous Z chromosomes, but further functional investigations are needed to validate the evolutionary forces underlying the transpositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luohao Xu
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Martin Irestedt
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
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Peichel CL, McCann SR, Ross JA, Naftaly AFS, Urton JR, Cech JN, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Kingsley DM, White MA. Assembly of the threespine stickleback Y chromosome reveals convergent signatures of sex chromosome evolution. Genome Biol 2020; 21:177. [PMID: 32684159 PMCID: PMC7368989 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heteromorphic sex chromosomes have evolved repeatedly across diverse species. Suppression of recombination between X and Y chromosomes leads to degeneration of the Y chromosome. The progression of degeneration is not well understood, as complete sequence assemblies of heteromorphic Y chromosomes have only been generated across a handful of taxa with highly degenerate sex chromosomes. Here, we describe the assembly of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) Y chromosome, which is less than 26 million years old and at an intermediate stage of degeneration. Our previous work identified that the non-recombining region between the X and the Y spans approximately 17.5 Mb on the X chromosome. RESULTS We combine long-read sequencing with a Hi-C-based proximity guided assembly to generate a 15.87 Mb assembly of the Y chromosome. Our assembly is concordant with cytogenetic maps and Sanger sequences of over 90 Y chromosome BAC clones. We find three evolutionary strata on the Y chromosome, consistent with the three inversions identified by our previous cytogenetic analyses. The threespine stickleback Y shows convergence with more degenerate sex chromosomes in the retention of haploinsufficient genes and the accumulation of genes with testis-biased expression, many of which are recent duplicates. However, we find no evidence for large amplicons identified in other sex chromosome systems. We also report an excellent candidate for the master sex-determination gene: a translocated copy of Amh (Amhy). CONCLUSIONS Together, our work shows that the evolutionary forces shaping sex chromosomes can cause relatively rapid changes in the overall genetic architecture of Y chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L. Peichel
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shaugnessy R. McCann
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Joseph A. Ross
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | | | - James R. Urton
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Jennifer N. Cech
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Jane Grimwood
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA
| | - Richard M. Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA
| | - David M. Kingsley
- Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Michael A. White
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
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Sex Determination Using RNA-Sequencing Analyses in Early Prenatal Pig Development. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121010. [PMID: 31817322 PMCID: PMC6947224 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is a relevant factor in animal science, since it can affect the gene expression of economically important traits. Eventually, the interest in the prenatal phase in a transcriptome study may not comprise the period of development in which male and female conceptuses are phenotypically divergent. Therefore, it would be interesting if sex differentiation could be performed using transcriptome data, with no need for extra techniques. In this study, the sex of pig conceptuses (embryos at 25 days-old and fetuses at 35 days-old) was determined by reads counts per million (CPM) of Y chromosome-linked genes that were discrepant among samples. Thus, ten genes were used: DDX3Y, KDM5D, ZFY, EIF2S3Y, EIF1AY, LOC110255320, LOC110257894, LOC396706, LOC100625207, and LOC110255257. Conceptuses that presented reads CPM sum for these genes (ΣCPMchrY) greater than 400 were classified as males and those with ΣCPMchrY below 2 were classified as females. It was demonstrated that the sex identification can be performed at early stages of pig development from RNA-sequencing analysis of genes mapped on Y chromosome. Additionally, these results reinforce that sex determination is a mechanism conserved across mammals, highlighting the importance of using pigs as an animal model to study sex determination during human prenatal development.
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Hasan AR, Duggal JK, Ness RW. Consequences of recombination for the evolution of the mating type locus in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1339-1348. [PMID: 31222749 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recombination suppression in sex chromosomes and mating type loci can lead to degeneration as a result of reduced selection efficacy and Muller's ratchet effects. However, genetic exchange in the form of noncrossover gene conversions may still take place within crossover-suppressed regions. Recent work has found evidence that gene conversion may explain the low degrees of allelic differentiation in the dimorphic mating-type locus (MT) of the isogamous alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, no one has tested whether gene conversion is sufficient to avoid the degeneration of functional sequence within MT. Here, we calculate degree of linkage disequilibrium (LD) across MT as a proxy for recombination rate and investigate its relationship to patterns of population genetic variation and the efficacy of selection in the region. We find that degree of LD predicts selection efficacy across MT, and that purifying selection is stronger in shared genes than in MT-limited genes to the point of being equivalent to that of autosomal genes. We argue that while crossover suppression is needed in the mating-type loci of many isogamous systems, these loci are less likely to experience selection to differentiate further. Thus, recombination can act in these regions and prevent degeneration caused by Hill-Robertson effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R Hasan
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Jaspreet K Duggal
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Rob W Ness
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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Sun S, Coelho MA, Heitman J, Nowrousian M. Convergent evolution of linked mating-type loci in basidiomycete fungi. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008365. [PMID: 31490920 PMCID: PMC6730849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual development is a key evolutionary innovation of eukaryotes. In many species, mating involves interaction between compatible mating partners that can undergo cell and nuclear fusion and subsequent steps of development including meiosis. Mating compatibility in fungi is governed by the mating type (MAT) loci. In basidiomycetes, the ancestral state is hypothesized to be tetrapolar, with two genetically unlinked MAT loci containing homeodomain transcription factor genes (HD locus) and pheromone and pheromone receptor genes (P/R locus), respectively. Alleles at both loci must differ between mating partners for completion of sexual development. However, there are also basidiomycetes with bipolar mating systems, which can arise through genomic linkage of the HD and P/R loci. In the order Tremellales, bipolarity is found only in the pathogenic Cryptococcus species. Here, we describe the analysis of MAT loci from 24 species of the Trichosporonales, a sister order to the Tremellales. In all of the species analyzed, the MAT loci are fused and a single HD gene is present in each mating type, similar to the organization in the pathogenic Cryptococci. However, the HD and P/R allele combinations in the Trichosporonales are different from those in the pathogenic Cryptococci. This and the existence of tetrapolar species in the Tremellales suggest that fusion of the HD and P/R loci occurred independently in the Trichosporonales and pathogenic Cryptococci, supporting the hypothesis of convergent evolution towards fused MAT regions, similar to previous findings in other fungal groups. Unlike the fused MAT loci in several other basidiomycete lineages though, the gene content and gene order within the fused MAT loci are highly conserved in the Trichosporonales, and there is no apparent suppression of recombination extending from the MAT loci to adjacent chromosomal regions, suggesting different mechanisms for the evolution of physically linked MAT loci in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Sun
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marco A. Coelho
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Minou Nowrousian
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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8
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Gene tree species tree reconciliation with gene conversion. J Math Biol 2019; 78:1981-2014. [PMID: 30767052 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-019-01331-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gene tree/species tree reconciliation is a recent decisive progress in phylogenetic methods, accounting for the possible differences between gene histories and species histories. Reconciliation consists in explaining these differences by gene-scale events such as duplication, loss, transfer, which translates mathematically into a mapping between gene tree nodes and species tree nodes or branches. Gene conversion is a frequent and important evolutionary event, which results in the replacement of a gene by a copy of another from the same species and in the same gene tree. Including this event in reconciliation models has never been attempted because it introduces a dependency between lineages, and standard algorithms based on dynamic programming become ineffective. We propose here a novel mathematical framework including gene conversion as an evolutionary event in gene tree/species tree reconciliation. We describe a randomized algorithm that finds, in polynomial running time, a reconciliation minimizing the number of duplications, losses and conversions in the case when their weights are equal. We show that the space of optimal reconciliations includes an analog of the last common ancestor reconciliation, but is not limited to it. Our algorithm outputs any optimal reconciliation with a non-null probability. We argue that this study opens a research avenue on including gene conversion in reconciliation, and discuss its possible importance in biology.
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Carvalho CVD, Hermisdorff IDC, Souza IS, Junqueira GSB, Magalhães AFB, Fonseca LFS, de Albuquerque LG, Tonhati H, Carvalheiro R, de Camargo GMF, Costa RB. Influence of X-chromosome markers on reproductive traits of beef cattle. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Elliott DJ, Dalgliesh C, Hysenaj G, Ehrmann I. RBMX family proteins connect the fields of nuclear RNA processing, disease and sex chromosome biology. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 108:1-6. [PMID: 30593955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RBMX is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear RNA binding protein that is encoded by a gene on the X chromosome. RBMX belongs to a small protein family with additional members encoded by paralogs on the mammalian Y chromosome and other chromosomes. These RNA binding proteins are important for normal development, and also implicated in cancer and viral infection. At the molecular level RBMX family proteins contribute to splicing control, transcription and genome integrity. Establishing what endogenous genes and pathways are controlled by RBMX and its paralogs will have important implications for understanding chromosome biology, DNA repair and mammalian development. Here we review what is known about this family of RNA binding proteins, and identify important current questions about their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
| | - Caroline Dalgliesh
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Gerald Hysenaj
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ingrid Ehrmann
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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Matveevsky S, Ivanitskaya E, Spangenberg V, Bakloushinskaya I, Kolomiets O. Reorganization of the Y Chromosomes Enhances Divergence in Israeli Mole Rats Nannospalax ehrenbergi (Spalacidae, Rodentia): Comparative Analysis of Meiotic and Mitotic Chromosomes. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9060272. [PMID: 29794981 PMCID: PMC6027163 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Y chromosome in mammals is variable, even in closely related species. Middle East blind mole rats Nannospalax ehrenbergi demonstrate autosomal variability, which probably leads to speciation. Here, we compare the mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of mole rats. For the first time, we studied the behavior of their sex chromosomes in the meiotic prophase I using electron microscopy and immunocytochemical analysis. Unexpectedly, the sex chromosomes of the 52- and 60-chromosome forms of mole rats showed different synaptic and recombination patterns due to distinct locations of the centromeres on the Y chromosomes. The absence of recombination in the 60-chromosome form, the asymmetric synapsis, and the short-term disturbance in the synaptic co-orientation of the telomeric regions of the X and Y chromosomes were revealed as specific features of mole rat sex bivalents. We suggest several scenarios of Y chromosome alteration in connection with species differentiation in mole rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Matveevsky
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | | | - Victor Spangenberg
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Irina Bakloushinskaya
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
| | - Oxana Kolomiets
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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12
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Peneder P, Wallner B, Vogl C. Exchange of genetic information between therian X and Y chromosome gametologs in old evolutionary strata. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8478-8487. [PMID: 29075464 PMCID: PMC5648654 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therian X and Y sex chromosomes arose from a pair of autosomes. Y chromosomes consist of a pseudoautosomal region that crosses over with the X chromosome and a male‐specific Y‐chromosomal region that does not. The X chromosome can be structured into “evolutionary strata”. Divergence of X‐chromosomal genes from their gametologs is similar within a stratum, but differs among strata, likely caused by a different onset of suppression of crossing over between gametologs. After stratum formation, exchange of information between gametologs has long been believed absent; however, recent studies have shown limited exchange, likely through gene conversion. Herein we investigate exchange of genetic information between gametologs in old strata that formed before the split of Laurasiatheria (cattle) from Euarchontoglires (primates and rodents) with a new phylogenetic approach. A prerequisite for our test is an overall preradiative topology, that is, all X‐chromosomal gametologs are more similar among themselves than to Y‐chromosomal sequences. Screening multiple sequence alignments of the coding sequences of genes from cattle, mice, and humans identified four genes, DDX3X/Y,RBMX/Y,USP9X/Y, and UTX/Y, exhibiting a preradiation topology. Applying our test, we detected exchange of genetic information between all four X and Y gametologs after stratum formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Peneder
- Institut für Tierzucht und Genetik Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien Vienna Austria.,Department für Mikrobiologie, Immunbiologie und Genetik Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie Universität Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Barbara Wallner
- Institut für Tierzucht und Genetik Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Claus Vogl
- Institut für Tierzucht und Genetik Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien Vienna Austria
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