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Calosi M, Gabbrielli C, Lazzeri L, Fattorini N, Cesaretti G, Burrini L, Petrillo O, Ferretti F. Seasonal and Ecological Determinants of Wild Boar Rooting on Priority Protected Grasslands. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 74:268-281. [PMID: 38483578 PMCID: PMC11227453 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-024-01952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Wild ungulates can influence various trophic levels, regulating carnivore abundance and affecting habitat structure. Conservation problems can arise when high ungulate densities threaten species or habitats with conservation concern. Assessing factors influencing the intensity of their impact is important to identify appropriate measures enhancing habitat conservation. We assessed factors influencing wild boar Sus scrofa pressure on EU protected grasslands in three protected areas of central Italy, by modelling the effects of environmental variables and wild boar density on rooting activity. We seasonally estimated rooting in 126 sampling plots from spring 2019 to spring 2021, and we used faeces counts to estimate summer wild boar densities. Estimates of density and rooting varied from 3.5 to 22.2 individuals/km2 and from 1.1 to 19.2%, respectively. We detected a clear seasonal trend in rooting activity, that peaked in autumn and winter. We also found a strongly positive correlation between spring-summer rooting and summer density, across sites. Rooting intensity was negatively related to the local extent of rock cover and increased with the 1 month-cumulative rainfall, the perimeter of the grassland patch, and the forest cover around plots. These results emphasise the tendency of wild boar to exploit feeding sites in ecotonal areas, i.e., at the interface between forest and meadows, which maximises security and ease of finding food resources. Actions aiming at the protection of focal plants in grassland habitats, as well as reducing wild boar presence, are supported (e.g. fencing and/or targeting population control at vulnerable patches).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Calosi
- Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management-Department of Life Sciences-University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Gabbrielli
- Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management-Department of Life Sciences-University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Lazzeri
- Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management-Department of Life Sciences-University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Niccolò Fattorini
- Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management-Department of Life Sciences-University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Gloria Cesaretti
- Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management-Department of Life Sciences-University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Burrini
- Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management-Department of Life Sciences-University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ottavio Petrillo
- Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management-Department of Life Sciences-University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management-Department of Life Sciences-University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
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Ciach M, Tetkowski P, Fedyń I. Local-scale habitat configuration makes a niche for wildlife encroaching into an urban landscape: grubbing sites of wild boar Sus scrofa in a city matrix. Urban Ecosyst 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractUrban environments may offer certain species diverse and abundant food resources of natural and anthropogenic origin. However, the local-scale configuration of habitats and urban infrastructure may influence foraging decisions regardless of the availability of food. In recent years, the expansion of wild boar Sus scrofa into areas significantly transformed by humans has been observed in many parts of its range. Grubbing (rooting) is a major foraging mode of the species, during which disturbance of the upper soil layers enables these animals to find and consume food items. However, the factors that determine the selection of grubbing sites in the urban landscape, where the balance between food availability and the avoidance of humans may influence foraging decisions, are not known. Our aim was to identify local-scale factors that influence grubbing site selection and the size of grubbed patches in an urban landscape. The characteristics of 108 wild boar grubbing sites in the city of Kraków (Poland) were compared to randomly selected control sites. The probable presence of a grubbing site was positively correlated with the proportion of meadows and fallow land in the vicinity and with increases in both canopy cover and distance to pavements. The size of a grubbed patch was positively correlated with the percentage of meadows in the vicinity, increasing distance to buildings and decreasing distance to pavements. We found a non-random pattern of grubbing sites in the urban landscape and indicated that the local-scale configuration of vegetation and urban infrastructure contribute to foraging site selection by wild boar. Our study highlights that the encroachment of wildlife into the urban landscape is a complex process, driven by both resource availability and the avoidance of human-related disturbances.
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Cabon V, Bùi M, Kühne H, Seitz B, Kowarik I, von der Lippe M, Buchholz S. Endangered animals and plants are positively or neutrally related to wild boar (Sus scrofa) soil disturbance in urban grasslands. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16649. [PMID: 36198897 PMCID: PMC9534874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild boar is increasingly establishing populations in the outskirts of European cities, with the largest German urban population occurring in Berlin. Related soil disturbance in grasslands is common and often considered as damage to biodiversity. However, it is unknown how animal and plant species in urban grasslands respond to wild boar activity - an important limitation for conservation management. We sampled plants, grasshoppers and sand lizards in 22 dry grasslands and measured wild boar activity. We show that plant diversity decreased with rooting intensity, but not species richness, endangered or specialist species. Relationships with animals were mostly positive. Grasshopper diversity, total richness and richness of endangered and specialist species were positively related to rooting, as was sand lizard abundance. These relationships contrast to mostly negative effects in the wild boar's non-native range. This first multi-taxa study in a large city suggests that soil disturbance by wild boars is not necessarily a threat to biodiversity. An implication for conservation is to consider the context-dependence of biodiversity responses to wild boar activity. For dry grasslands, disturbed patches should be accepted in management plans rather than re-vegetated by seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Cabon
- Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, 12165, Berlin, Germany. .,Université de Rennes 1, CNRS-ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) UMR 6553, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Miriam Bùi
- Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, 12165, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Kühne
- Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, 12165, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Seitz
- Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, 12165, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Kowarik
- Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, 12165, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz von der Lippe
- Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, 12165, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Buchholz
- Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, 12165, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Maaroufi NI, Taylor AR, Ehnes RB, Andrén H, Kjellander P, Björkman C, Kätterer T, Klapwijk MJ. Northward range expansion of rooting ungulates decreases detritivore and predatory mite abundances in boreal forests. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211283. [PMID: 35814913 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3ffbg79jb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades wild boar populations have expanded northwards, colonizing boreal forests. The soil disturbances caused by wild boar rooting may have an impact on soil organisms that play a key role in organic matter turnover. However, the impact of wild boar colonization on boreal forest ecosystems and soil organisms remains largely unknown. We investigated the effect of natural and simulated rooting on decomposer and predatory soil mites (total, adult and juvenile abundances; and adult-juvenile proportion). Our simulated rooting experiment aimed to disentangle the effects of (i) bioturbation due to soil mixing and (ii) removing organic material (wild boar food resources) on soil mites. Our results showed a decline in the abundance of adult soil mites in response to both natural and artificial rooting, while juvenile abundance and the relative proportion of adults and juveniles were not affected. The expansion of wild boar northwards and into new habitats has negative effects on soil decomposer abundances in boreal forests which may cascade through the soil food web ultimately affecting ecosystem processes. Our study also suggests that a combined use of natural and controlled experimental approaches is the way forward to reveal any subtle interaction between aboveground and belowground organisms and the ecosystem functions they drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia I Maaroufi
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Astrid R Taylor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roswitha B Ehnes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Petter Kjellander
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Kätterer
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maartje J Klapwijk
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
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Maaroufi NI, Taylor AR, Ehnes RB, Andrén H, Kjellander P, Björkman C, Kätterer T, Klapwijk MJ. Northward range expansion of rooting ungulates decreases detritivore and predatory mite abundances in boreal forests. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211283. [PMID: 35814913 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6060595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades wild boar populations have expanded northwards, colonizing boreal forests. The soil disturbances caused by wild boar rooting may have an impact on soil organisms that play a key role in organic matter turnover. However, the impact of wild boar colonization on boreal forest ecosystems and soil organisms remains largely unknown. We investigated the effect of natural and simulated rooting on decomposer and predatory soil mites (total, adult and juvenile abundances; and adult-juvenile proportion). Our simulated rooting experiment aimed to disentangle the effects of (i) bioturbation due to soil mixing and (ii) removing organic material (wild boar food resources) on soil mites. Our results showed a decline in the abundance of adult soil mites in response to both natural and artificial rooting, while juvenile abundance and the relative proportion of adults and juveniles were not affected. The expansion of wild boar northwards and into new habitats has negative effects on soil decomposer abundances in boreal forests which may cascade through the soil food web ultimately affecting ecosystem processes. Our study also suggests that a combined use of natural and controlled experimental approaches is the way forward to reveal any subtle interaction between aboveground and belowground organisms and the ecosystem functions they drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia I Maaroufi
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Astrid R Taylor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roswitha B Ehnes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Petter Kjellander
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Kätterer
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maartje J Klapwijk
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
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Maaroufi NI, Taylor AR, Ehnes RB, Andrén H, Kjellander P, Björkman C, Kätterer T, Klapwijk MJ. Northward range expansion of rooting ungulates decreases detritivore and predatory mite abundances in boreal forests. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211283. [PMID: 35814913 PMCID: PMC9257588 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades wild boar populations have expanded northwards, colonizing boreal forests. The soil disturbances caused by wild boar rooting may have an impact on soil organisms that play a key role in organic matter turnover. However, the impact of wild boar colonization on boreal forest ecosystems and soil organisms remains largely unknown. We investigated the effect of natural and simulated rooting on decomposer and predatory soil mites (total, adult and juvenile abundances; and adult-juvenile proportion). Our simulated rooting experiment aimed to disentangle the effects of (i) bioturbation due to soil mixing and (ii) removing organic material (wild boar food resources) on soil mites. Our results showed a decline in the abundance of adult soil mites in response to both natural and artificial rooting, while juvenile abundance and the relative proportion of adults and juveniles were not affected. The expansion of wild boar northwards and into new habitats has negative effects on soil decomposer abundances in boreal forests which may cascade through the soil food web ultimately affecting ecosystem processes. Our study also suggests that a combined use of natural and controlled experimental approaches is the way forward to reveal any subtle interaction between aboveground and belowground organisms and the ecosystem functions they drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia I. Maaroufi
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Astrid R. Taylor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roswitha B. Ehnes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Petter Kjellander
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Kätterer
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maartje J. Klapwijk
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
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