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Persson J, Ordiz A, Ladle A, Andrén H, Aronsson M. Recolonization following past persecution questions the importance of persistent snow cover as a range limiting factor for wolverines. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:5802-5815. [PMID: 37566106 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Globally, climate is changing rapidly, which causes shifts in many species' distributions, stressing the need to understand their response to changing environmental conditions to inform conservation and management. Northern latitudes are expected to experience strongest changes in climate, with milder winters and decreasing snow cover. The wolverine (Gulo gulo) is a circumpolar, threatened carnivore distributed in northern tundra, boreal, and subboreal habitats. Previous studies have suggested that wolverine distribution and reproduction are constrained by a strong association with persistent spring snow cover. We assess this hypothesis by relating spatial distribution of 1589 reproductive events, a fitness-related proxy for female reproduction and survival, to snow cover over two decades. Wolverine distribution has increased and number of reproductive events increased 20 times in areas lacking spring snow cover during our study period, despite low monitoring effort where snow is sparse. Thus, the relationship between reproductive events and persistent spring snow cover weakened during this period. These findings show that wolverine reproductive success and hence distribution are less dependent on spring snow cover than expected. This has important implications for projections of future habitat availability, and thus distribution, of this threatened species. Our study also illustrates how past persecution, or other factors, that have restricted species distribution to remote areas can mask actual effects of environmental parameters, whose importance reveals when populations expand beyond previously restricted ranges. Overwhelming evidence shows that climate change is affecting many species and ecological processes, but forecasting potential consequences on a given species requires longitudinal data to revisit hypotheses and reassess the direction and magnitude of climate effects with new data. This is especially important for conservation-oriented management of species inhabiting dynamic systems where environmental factors and human activities interact, a common scenario for many species in different ecosystems around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Persson
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Andrés Ordiz
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Área de Zoología, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Andrew Ladle
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Malin Aronsson
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Broekman MJE, Hilbers JP, Huijbregts MAJ, Mueller T, Ali AH, Andrén H, Altmann J, Aronsson M, Attias N, Bartlam‐Brooks HLA, van Beest FM, Belant JL, Beyer DE, Bidner L, Blaum N, Boone RB, Boyce MS, Brown MB, Cagnacci F, Černe R, Chamaillé‐Jammes S, Dejid N, Dekker J, L. J. Desbiez A, Díaz‐Muñoz SL, Fennessy J, Fichtel C, Fischer C, Fisher JT, Fischhoff I, Ford AT, Fryxell JM, Gehr B, Goheen JR, Hauptfleisch M, Hewison AJM, Hering R, Heurich M, Isbell LA, Janssen R, Jeltsch F, Kaczensky P, Kappeler PM, Krofel M, LaPoint S, Latham ADM, Linnell JDC, Markham AC, Mattisson J, Medici EP, de Miranda Mourão G, Van Moorter B, Morato RG, Morellet N, Mysterud A, Mwiu S, Odden J, Olson KA, Ornicāns A, Pagon N, Panzacchi M, Persson J, Petroelje T, Rolandsen CM, Roshier D, Rubenstein DI, Saïd S, Salemgareyev AR, Sawyer H, Schmidt NM, Selva N, Sergiel A, Stabach J, Stacy‐Dawes J, Stewart FEC, Stiegler J, Strand O, Sundaresan S, Svoboda NJ, Ullmann W, Voigt U, Wall J, Wikelski M, Wilmers CC, Zięba F, Zwijacz‐Kozica T, Schipper AM, Tucker MA. Evaluating expert-based habitat suitability information of terrestrial mammals with GPS-tracking data. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 2022; 31:1526-1541. [PMID: 36247232 PMCID: PMC9544534 DOI: 10.1111/geb.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM Macroecological studies that require habitat suitability data for many species often derive this information from expert opinion. However, expert-based information is inherently subjective and thus prone to errors. The increasing availability of GPS tracking data offers opportunities to evaluate and supplement expert-based information with detailed empirical evidence. Here, we compared expert-based habitat suitability information from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with habitat suitability information derived from GPS-tracking data of 1,498 individuals from 49 mammal species. LOCATION Worldwide. TIME PERIOD 1998-2021. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED Forty-nine terrestrial mammal species. METHODS Using GPS data, we estimated two measures of habitat suitability for each individual animal: proportional habitat use (proportion of GPS locations within a habitat type), and selection ratio (habitat use relative to its availability). For each individual we then evaluated whether the GPS-based habitat suitability measures were in agreement with the IUCN data. To that end, we calculated the probability that the ranking of empirical habitat suitability measures was in agreement with IUCN's classification into suitable, marginal and unsuitable habitat types. RESULTS IUCN habitat suitability data were in accordance with the GPS data (> 95% probability of agreement) for 33 out of 49 species based on proportional habitat use estimates and for 25 out of 49 species based on selection ratios. In addition, 37 and 34 species had a > 50% probability of agreement based on proportional habitat use and selection ratios, respectively. MAIN CONCLUSIONS We show how GPS-tracking data can be used to evaluate IUCN habitat suitability data. Our findings indicate that for the majority of species included in this study, it is appropriate to use IUCN habitat suitability data in macroecological studies. Furthermore, we show that GPS-tracking data can be used to identify and prioritize species and habitat types for re-evaluation of IUCN habitat suitability data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J. E. Broekman
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jelle P. Hilbers
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Mark A. J. Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungFrankfurt (Main)Germany
- Department of Biological SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurt (Main)Germany
| | | | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesRiddarhyttanSweden
| | - Jeanne Altmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - Malin Aronsson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesRiddarhyttanSweden
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Nina Attias
- Ecology and Conservation Graduate ProgramFederal University of Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeMato Grosso do SulBrazil
- Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres (ICAS)Campo GrandeMato Grosso do SulBrazil
| | | | | | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Global Wildlife Conservation CenterState University of New York College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Dean E. Beyer
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Laura Bidner
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Niels Blaum
- Plant Ecology and Nature ConservationUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Randall B. Boone
- Department of Ecosystem Science and SustainabilityColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Mark S. Boyce
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Michael B. Brown
- Giraffe Conservation FoundationErosNamibia
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | - Francesca Cagnacci
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular EcologyResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachTrentoItaly
| | - Rok Černe
- Slovenia Forest ServiceLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Simon Chamaillé‐Jammes
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3MontpellierFrance
| | - Nandintsetseg Dejid
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungFrankfurt (Main)Germany
| | | | - Arnaud L. J. Desbiez
- Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres (ICAS)Campo GrandeMato Grosso do SulBrazil
- IPÊ (Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas; Institute for Ecological Research)São PauloBrazil
- Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS)EdinburghUK
| | - Samuel L. Díaz‐Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Claudia Fichtel
- German Primate Center, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology UnitGöttingenGermany
| | - Christina Fischer
- Faunistics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology, and Landscape DevelopmentAnhalt University of Applied SciencesBernburgGermany
| | - Jason T. Fisher
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Adam T. Ford
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - John M. Fryxell
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Benedikt Gehr
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jacob R. Goheen
- Department of Zoology and PhysiologyUniversity of WyomingLaramieWyomingUSA
| | - Morgan Hauptfleisch
- Department of Agriculture And Natural Resources Sciences, Biodiversity Research CentreNamibia University of Science and TechnologyWindhoekNamibia
| | - A. J. Mark Hewison
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
- LTSER ZA Pyrénées GaronneAuzeville‐TolosaneFrance
| | - Robert Hering
- Plant Ecology and Nature ConservationUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Marco Heurich
- Department of Conservation and ResearchBavarian Forest National ParkGrafenauGermany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and ManagementAlbert Ludwigs University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife ManagementInland Norway University of Applied SciencesKoppangNorway
| | - Lynne A. Isbell
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Animal Behavior Graduate GroupUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Florian Jeltsch
- Plant Ecology and Nature ConservationUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Petra Kaczensky
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife ManagementInland Norway University of Applied SciencesKoppangNorway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
- Research Institute of Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Peter M. Kappeler
- German Primate Center, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology UnitGöttingenGermany
| | - Miha Krofel
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Scott LaPoint
- Black Rock ForestCornwallNew YorkUSA
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisadesNew YorkUSA
| | - A. David M. Latham
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Wildlife Ecology and ManagementManaaki Whenua – Landcare ResearchLincolnNew Zealand
| | - John D. C. Linnell
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife ManagementInland Norway University of Applied SciencesKoppangNorway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
| | | | | | - Emilia Patricia Medici
- IPÊ (Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas; Institute for Ecological Research)São PauloBrazil
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Tapir Specialist Group (TSG)Campo GrandeMato Grosso do SulBrazil
| | | | | | - Ronaldo G. Morato
- National Research Center for Carnivores ConservationChico Mendes Institute for the Conservation of BiodiversityAtibaiaBrazil
| | - Nicolas Morellet
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
- LTSER ZA Pyrénées GaronneAuzeville‐TolosaneFrance
| | - Atle Mysterud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Stephen Mwiu
- Wildlife Research and Training InstituteNaivashaKenya
| | - John Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchOsloNorway
| | - Kirk A. Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Mongolia ProgramUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | - Aivars Ornicāns
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava”SalaspilsLatvia
| | | | | | - Jens Persson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesRiddarhyttanSweden
| | - Tyler Petroelje
- Global Wildlife Conservation CenterState University of New York College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | | | - David Roshier
- Australian Wildlife ConservancySubiacoWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Daniel I. Rubenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - Sonia Saïd
- Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui ScientifiqueOffice Français de la BiodiversitéBirieuxFrance
| | - Albert R. Salemgareyev
- Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan (ACBK)Nur‐SultanKazakhstan
| | - Hall Sawyer
- Western Ecosystems Technology Inc.LaramieWyomingUSA
| | - Niels Martin Schmidt
- Department of BioscienceAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
- Arctic Research CentreAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Nuria Selva
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
| | - Agnieszka Sergiel
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
| | - Jared Stabach
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | - Jenna Stacy‐Dawes
- Conservation Science and Wildlife HealthSan Diego Zoo Wildlife AllianceEscondidoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Frances E. C. Stewart
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of BiologyWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Jonas Stiegler
- Plant Ecology and Nature ConservationUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Olav Strand
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
| | | | - Nathan J. Svoboda
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research CenterMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMississippiUSA
- Alaska Department of Fish and GameKodiakAlaskaUSA
| | - Wiebke Ullmann
- Plant Ecology and Nature ConservationUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Ulrich Voigt
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife ResearchUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover FoundationHannoverGermany
| | | | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of MigrationMax Planck Institute of Animal BehaviorRadolfzellGermany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective BehaviourUniversity of KonstanzConstanceGermany
| | - Christopher C. Wilmers
- Center for Integrated Spatial Research, Environmental Studies DepartmentUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Aafke M. Schipper
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe HagueThe Netherlands
| | - Marlee A. Tucker
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Mattisson J, Linnell JDC, Anders O, Belotti E, Breitenmoser‐Würsten C, Bufka L, Fuxjäger C, Heurich M, Ivanov G, Jędrzejewski W, Kont R, Kowalczyk R, Krofel M, Melovski D, Mengüllüoğlu D, Middelhoff TL, Molinari‐Jobin A, Odden J, Ozoliņš J, Okarma H, Persson J, Schmidt K, Vogt K, Zimmermann F, Andrén H. Timing and synchrony of birth in Eurasian lynx across Europe. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9147. [PMID: 35923936 PMCID: PMC9339757 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecology and evolution of reproductive timing and synchrony have been a topic of great interest in evolutionary ecology for decades. Originally motivated by questions related to behavioral and reproductive adaptation to environmental conditions, the topic has acquired new relevance in the face of climate change. However, there has been relatively little research on reproductive phenology in mammalian carnivores. The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) occurs across the Eurasian continent, covering three of the four main climate regions of the world. Thus, their distribution includes a large variation in climatic conditions, making it an ideal species to explore reproductive phenology. Here, we used data on multiple reproductive events from 169 lynx females across Europe. Mean birth date was May 28 (April 23 to July 1), but was ~10 days later in northern Europe than in central and southern Europe. Birth dates were relatively synchronized across Europe, but more so in the north than in the south. Timing of birth was delayed by colder May temperatures. Severe and cold weather may affect neonatal survival via hypothermia and avoiding inclement weather early in the season may select against early births, especially at northern latitudes. Overall, only about half of the kittens born survived until onset of winter but whether kittens were born relatively late or early did not affect kitten survival. Lynx are strict seasonal breeders but still show a degree of flexibility to adapt the timing of birth to surrounding environmental conditions. We argue that lynx give birth later when exposed to colder spring temperatures and have more synchronized births when the window of favorable conditions for raising kittens is shorter. This suggests that lynx are well adapted to different environmental conditions, from dry and warm climates to alpine, boreal, and arctic climates. This variation in reproductive timing will be favorable in times of climate change, as organisms with high plasticity are more likely to adjust to new environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D. C. Linnell
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Trondheim Norway
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Koppang Norway
| | | | - Elisa Belotti
- Department of Research and Nature Protection Šumava National Park Administration Kašperské Hory Czech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | | | - Ludek Bufka
- Department of Research and Nature Protection Šumava National Park Administration Kašperské Hory Czech Republic
| | | | - Marco Heurich
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Koppang Norway
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
| | | | - Włodzimierz Jędrzejewski
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
- Centro de Ecología Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC) Caracas Venezuela
| | - Radio Kont
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
| | - Miha Krofel
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Dime Melovski
- Wildlife Sciences Georg‐August University Goettingen Germany
- Macedonian Ecological Society Skopje Macedonia
| | | | | | | | - John Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oslo Norway
| | - Jānis Ozoliņš
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava” Salaspils Latvia
| | - Henryk Okarma
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków Poland
| | - Jens Persson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Schmidt
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
| | | | | | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Sweden
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5
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Maaroufi NI, Taylor AR, Ehnes RB, Andrén H, Kjellander P, Björkman C, Kätterer T, Klapwijk MJ. Northward range expansion of rooting ungulates decreases detritivore and predatory mite abundances in boreal forests. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:211283. [PMID: 35814913 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3ffbg79jb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades wild boar populations have expanded northwards, colonizing boreal forests. The soil disturbances caused by wild boar rooting may have an impact on soil organisms that play a key role in organic matter turnover. However, the impact of wild boar colonization on boreal forest ecosystems and soil organisms remains largely unknown. We investigated the effect of natural and simulated rooting on decomposer and predatory soil mites (total, adult and juvenile abundances; and adult-juvenile proportion). Our simulated rooting experiment aimed to disentangle the effects of (i) bioturbation due to soil mixing and (ii) removing organic material (wild boar food resources) on soil mites. Our results showed a decline in the abundance of adult soil mites in response to both natural and artificial rooting, while juvenile abundance and the relative proportion of adults and juveniles were not affected. The expansion of wild boar northwards and into new habitats has negative effects on soil decomposer abundances in boreal forests which may cascade through the soil food web ultimately affecting ecosystem processes. Our study also suggests that a combined use of natural and controlled experimental approaches is the way forward to reveal any subtle interaction between aboveground and belowground organisms and the ecosystem functions they drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia I Maaroufi
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Astrid R Taylor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roswitha B Ehnes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Petter Kjellander
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Kätterer
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maartje J Klapwijk
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Maaroufi NI, Taylor AR, Ehnes RB, Andrén H, Kjellander P, Björkman C, Kätterer T, Klapwijk MJ. Northward range expansion of rooting ungulates decreases detritivore and predatory mite abundances in boreal forests. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:211283. [PMID: 35814913 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6060595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades wild boar populations have expanded northwards, colonizing boreal forests. The soil disturbances caused by wild boar rooting may have an impact on soil organisms that play a key role in organic matter turnover. However, the impact of wild boar colonization on boreal forest ecosystems and soil organisms remains largely unknown. We investigated the effect of natural and simulated rooting on decomposer and predatory soil mites (total, adult and juvenile abundances; and adult-juvenile proportion). Our simulated rooting experiment aimed to disentangle the effects of (i) bioturbation due to soil mixing and (ii) removing organic material (wild boar food resources) on soil mites. Our results showed a decline in the abundance of adult soil mites in response to both natural and artificial rooting, while juvenile abundance and the relative proportion of adults and juveniles were not affected. The expansion of wild boar northwards and into new habitats has negative effects on soil decomposer abundances in boreal forests which may cascade through the soil food web ultimately affecting ecosystem processes. Our study also suggests that a combined use of natural and controlled experimental approaches is the way forward to reveal any subtle interaction between aboveground and belowground organisms and the ecosystem functions they drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia I Maaroufi
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Astrid R Taylor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roswitha B Ehnes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Petter Kjellander
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Kätterer
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maartje J Klapwijk
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Maaroufi NI, Taylor AR, Ehnes RB, Andrén H, Kjellander P, Björkman C, Kätterer T, Klapwijk MJ. Northward range expansion of rooting ungulates decreases detritivore and predatory mite abundances in boreal forests. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:211283. [PMID: 35814913 PMCID: PMC9257588 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades wild boar populations have expanded northwards, colonizing boreal forests. The soil disturbances caused by wild boar rooting may have an impact on soil organisms that play a key role in organic matter turnover. However, the impact of wild boar colonization on boreal forest ecosystems and soil organisms remains largely unknown. We investigated the effect of natural and simulated rooting on decomposer and predatory soil mites (total, adult and juvenile abundances; and adult-juvenile proportion). Our simulated rooting experiment aimed to disentangle the effects of (i) bioturbation due to soil mixing and (ii) removing organic material (wild boar food resources) on soil mites. Our results showed a decline in the abundance of adult soil mites in response to both natural and artificial rooting, while juvenile abundance and the relative proportion of adults and juveniles were not affected. The expansion of wild boar northwards and into new habitats has negative effects on soil decomposer abundances in boreal forests which may cascade through the soil food web ultimately affecting ecosystem processes. Our study also suggests that a combined use of natural and controlled experimental approaches is the way forward to reveal any subtle interaction between aboveground and belowground organisms and the ecosystem functions they drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia I. Maaroufi
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Astrid R. Taylor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roswitha B. Ehnes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Petter Kjellander
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Kätterer
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maartje J. Klapwijk
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Andrén H, Hemmingmoore H, Aronsson M, Åkesson M, Persson J. No Allee effect detected during the natural recolonization by a large carnivore despite low growth rate. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Heather Hemmingmoore
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Malin Aronsson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mikael Åkesson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Jens Persson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
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9
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Cusack JJ, Nilsen EB, Israelsen MF, Andrén H, Grainger M, Linnell JDC, Odden J, Bunnefeld N. Quantifying the checks and balances of collaborative governance systems for adaptive carnivore management. J Appl Ecol 2022; 59:1038-1049. [PMID: 35910004 PMCID: PMC9306889 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recovering or threatened carnivore populations are often harvested to minimise their impact on human activities, such as livestock farming or game hunting. Increasingly, harvest quota decisions involve a set of scientific, administrative and political institutions operating at national and sub‐national levels whose interactions and collective decision‐making aim to increase the legitimacy of management and ensure population targets are met. In practice, however, assessments of how quota decisions change between these different actors and what consequences these changes have on population trends are rare. We combine a state‐space population modelling approach with an analysis of quota decisions taken at both regional and national levels between 2007 and 2018 to build a set of decision‐making models that together predict annual harvest quota values for Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Norway. We reveal a tendency for administrative decision‐makers to compensate for consistent quota increases by political actors, particularly when the lynx population size estimate is above the regional target. Using population forecasts based on the ensemble of decision‐making models, we show that such buffering of political biases ensures lynx population size remains close to regional and national targets in the long term. Our results go beyond the usual qualitative assessment of collaborative governance systems for carnivore management, revealing a system of checks and balances that, in the case of lynx in Norway, ensures both multi‐stakeholder participation and sustainable harvest quotas. Nevertheless, we highlight important inter‐regional differences in decision‐making and population forecasts, the socio‐ecological drivers of which need to be better understood to prevent future population declines. Synthesis and applications. Our work analyses the sequence of decisions leading to yearly quotas for lynx harvest in Norway, highlighting the collaborative and structural processes that together shape harvest sustainability. In doing so, we provide a predictive framework to evaluate participatory decision‐making processes in wildlife management, paving the way for scientists and decision‐makers to collaborate more widely in identifying where decision biases might lie and how institutional arrangements can be optimised to minimise them. We emphasise, however, that this is only possible if wildlife management decisions are documented and transparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Cusack
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas Universidad Mayor Chile
- Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling UK
| | | | | | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | | | | | - John Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oslo Norway
| | - Nils Bunnefeld
- Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling UK
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10
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Andrén H, Aronsson M, López‐Bao JV, Samelius G, Chapron G, Rauset GR, Hemmingmoore H, Persson J. Season rather than habitat affects lynx survival and risk of mortality in the human‐dominated landscape of southern Sweden. Wildlife Biology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wlb3.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Malin Aronsson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - José V. López‐Bao
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO/CSIC/PA), Oviedo Univ. Mieres Spain
| | - Gustaf Samelius
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
- Snow Leopard Trust Seattle WA USA
| | - Guillaume Chapron
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Geir Rune Rauset
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
- Norwegian Inst. for Nature Research (NINA) Torgarden Trondheim Norway
| | - Heather Hemmingmoore
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Jens Persson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
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11
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Sand H, Jamieson M, Andrén H, Wikenros C, Cromsigt J, Månsson J. Behavioral effects of wolf presence on moose habitat selection: testing the landscape of fear hypothesis in an anthropogenic landscape. Oecologia 2021; 197:101-116. [PMID: 34420087 PMCID: PMC8445880 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Landscape of fear refers to the spatial variation in prey perception of predation risk, that under certain conditions, may lead to changes in their behavior. Behavioral responses of prey in relation to large carnivore predation risk have mainly been conducted in areas with low anthropogenic impact. We used long-term data on the distribution of moose in different habitat types in a system characterized by intensive management of all three trophic levels (silviculture, harvest of wolves and moose) to study effects on moose habitat selection resulting from the return of an apex predator, the wolf. We assumed that coursing predators such as wolves will cause an increased risk for moose in some habitat types and tested the hypotheses that moose will avoid open or young forest habitats following wolf establishment. After wolf recolonization, moose reduced their use of one type of open habitat (bog) but there was neither change in the use of the other open habitat type (clear-cut), nor in their use of young forest. Wolf establishment did not influence the use of habitat close to dense habitat when being in open habitats. Thus, the effect of wolves varied among habitat types and there was no unidirectional support for a behavioral effect of wolves' establishment on moose habitat use. Human-driven habitat heterogeneity, concentration of moose forage to certain habitat types, and the effects of a multiple predator guild on moose may all contribute to the results found. We conclude that the landscape of fear is likely to have weak ecological effects on moose in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Sand
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden.
| | - Mark Jamieson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Camilla Wikenros
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Joris Cromsigt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Månsson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
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12
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Kämmerle J, Taubmann J, Andrén H, Fiedler W, Coppes J. Environmental and seasonal correlates of capercaillie movement traits in a Swedish wind farm. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11762-11773. [PMID: 34522339 PMCID: PMC8427587 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals continuously interact with their environment through behavioral decisions, rendering the appropriate choice of movement speed and directionality an important phenotypic trait. Anthropogenic activities may alter animal behavior, including movement. A detailed understanding of movement decisions is therefore of great relevance for science and conservation alike. The study of movement decisions in relation to environmental and seasonal cues requires continuous observation of movement behavior, recently made possible by high-resolution telemetry. We studied movement traits of 13 capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), a mainly ground-moving forest bird species of conservation interest, over two summer seasons in a Swedish windfarm using high-resolution GPS tracking data (5-min sampling interval). We filtered and removed unreliable movement steps using accelerometer data and step characteristics. We explored variation in movement speed and directionality in relation to environmental and seasonal covariates using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs). We found evidence for clear daily and seasonal variation in speed and directionality of movement that reflected behavioral adjustments to biological and environmental seasonality. Capercaillie moved slower when more turbines were visible and faster close to turbine access roads. Movement speed and directionality were highest on open bogs, lowest on recent clear-cuts (<5 y.o.), and intermediate in all types of forest. Our results provide novel insights into the seasonal and environmental correlates of capercaillie movement patterns and supplement previous behavioral observations on lekking behavior and wind turbine avoidance with a more mechanistic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim‐Lino Kämmerle
- FVA Wildlife InstituteForest Research Institute of Baden‐Wuerttemberg FVAFreiburgGermany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and ManagementUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Julia Taubmann
- FVA Wildlife InstituteForest Research Institute of Baden‐Wuerttemberg FVAFreiburgGermany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and ManagementUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research StationDepartment of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesRiddarhyttanSweden
| | - Wolfgang Fiedler
- Department of Migration and Immuno‐EcologyMax Planck Institute of Animal BehaviorRadolfzellGermany
| | - Joy Coppes
- FVA Wildlife InstituteForest Research Institute of Baden‐Wuerttemberg FVAFreiburgGermany
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13
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Hofmeester TR, Thorsen NH, Cromsigt JPGM, Kindberg J, Andrén H, Linnell JDC, Odden J. Effects of camera‐trap placement and number on detection of members of a mammalian assemblage. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim R. Hofmeester
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå SE‐90183 Sweden
| | - Neri H. Thorsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Sognsveien 68 Oslo NO‐0855 Norway
| | - Joris P. G. M. Cromsigt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå SE‐90183 Sweden
- Department of Zoology Centre for African Conservation Ecology Nelson Mandela University Port Elizabeth 6031 South Africa
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Environmental Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht 3548 The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå SE‐90183 Sweden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research PO Box 5685 Torgard Trondheim NO‐7485 Norway
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Grimsö Wildlife Research Station RiddarhyttanSE‐73993 Sweden
| | - John D. C. Linnell
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research PO Box 5685 Torgard Trondheim NO‐7485 Norway
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Koppang NO‐2480 Norway
| | - John Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Sognsveien 68 Oslo NO‐0855 Norway
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14
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Taubmann J, Kämmerle JL, Andrén H, Braunisch V, Storch I, Fiedler W, Suchant R, Coppes J. Wind energy facilities affect resource selection of capercaillie Tetrao urogallus. Wildlife Biology 2021. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Taubmann
- J. Taubmann (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-0184), J.-L. Kämmerle (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-9757), V. Braunisch (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7035-4662), R. Suchant (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-7063) and J. Coppes (https://orcid.org/000
| | - Jim-Lino Kämmerle
- J. Taubmann (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-0184), J.-L. Kämmerle (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-9757), V. Braunisch (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7035-4662), R. Suchant (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-7063) and J. Coppes (https://orcid.org/000
| | - Henrik Andrén
- H. Andrén (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5616-2426), Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Veronika Braunisch
- J. Taubmann (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-0184), J.-L. Kämmerle (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-9757), V. Braunisch (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7035-4662), R. Suchant (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-7063) and J. Coppes (https://orcid.org/000
| | - Ilse Storch
- JT and I. Storch (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-2036), Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Univ. of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fiedler
- W. Fiedler (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1082-4161), Dept of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Inst. of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Rudi Suchant
- J. Taubmann (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-0184), J.-L. Kämmerle (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-9757), V. Braunisch (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7035-4662), R. Suchant (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-7063) and J. Coppes (https://orcid.org/000
| | - Joy Coppes
- J. Taubmann (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-0184), J.-L. Kämmerle (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-9757), V. Braunisch (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7035-4662), R. Suchant (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-7063) and J. Coppes (https://orcid.org/000
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Aronsson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences SE‐73091 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Mikael Åkesson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences SE‐73091 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Matthew Low
- Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jens Persson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences SE‐73091 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences SE‐73091 Riddarhyttan Sweden
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16
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Abstract
AbstractUnderstanding reproductive physiology of a species is important to assess their potential to respond to environmental variation and perturbation of their social system during the mating or pre-mating seasons. We report 175 parturition dates from wild Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Scandinavia. Most lynx birth dates were highly synchronised around a mean of 30th May (SD = 9 days) with 173 of the 175 births ranging from May 2nd to June 30th. We detected two very late births on July 29th and August 15th in the absence of any indication that the females had given birth and lost a litter earlier in the year. We propose that these represent evidence of a second oestrus which is highly unusual in lynx because of their unique reproductive physiology. The rarity of these late season births has implications for lynx demography and social organisation.
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van Beeck Calkoen STS, Mühlbauer L, Andrén H, Apollonio M, Balčiauskas L, Belotti E, Carranza J, Cottam J, Filli F, Gatiso TT, Hetherington D, Karamanlidis AA, Krofel M, Kuehl HS, Linnell JDC, Müller J, Ozolins J, Premier J, Ranc N, Schmidt K, Zlatanova D, Bachmann M, Fonseca C, Lonescu O, Nyman M, Šprem N, Sunde P, Tannik M, Heurich M. Ungulate management in European national parks: Why a more integrated European policy is needed. J Environ Manage 2020; 260:110068. [PMID: 32090812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
1. Primary objectives of national parks usually include both, the protection of natural processes and species conservation. When these objectives conflict, as occurs because of the cascading effects of large mammals (i.e., ungulates and large carnivores) on lower trophic levels, park managers have to decide upon the appropriate management while considering various local circumstances. 2. To analyse if ungulate management strategies are in accordance with the objectives defined for protected areas, we assessed the current status of ungulate management across European national parks using the naturalness concept and identified the variables that influence the management. 3. We collected data on ungulate management from 209 European national parks in 29 countries by means of a large-scale questionnaire survey. Ungulate management in the parks was compared by creating two naturalness scores. The first score reflects ungulate and large carnivore species compositions, and the second evaluates human intervention on ungulate populations. We then tested whether the two naturalness score categories are influenced by the management objectives, park size, years since establishment, percentage of government-owned land, and human impact on the environment (human influence index) using two generalized additive mixed models. 4. In 67.9% of the national parks, wildlife is regulated by culling (40.2%) or hunting (10.5%) or both (17.2%). Artificial feeding occurred in 81.3% of the national parks and only 28.5% of the national parks had a non-intervention zone covering at least 75% of the area. Furthermore, ungulate management differed greatly among the different countries, likely because of differences in hunting traditions and cultural and political backgrounds. Ungulate management was also influenced by park size, human impact on the landscape, and national park objectives, but after removing these variables from the full model the reduced models only showed a small change in the deviance explained. In areas with higher anthropogenic pressure, wildlife diversity tended to be lower and a higher number of domesticated species tended to be present. Human intervention (culling and artificial feeding) was lower in smaller national parks and when park objectives followed those set by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 5. Our study shows that many European national parks do not fulfil the aims of protected area management as set by IUCN guidelines. In contrast to the USA and Canada, Europe currently has no common ungulate management policy within national parks. This lack of a common policy together with differences in species composition, hunting traditions, and cultural or political context has led to differences in ungulate management among European countries. To fulfil the aims and objectives of national parks and to develop ungulate management strategies further, we highlight the importance of creating a more integrated European ungulate management policy to meet the aims of national parks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne T S van Beeck Calkoen
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Straβe 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany; Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straβe 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa Mühlbauer
- Department of Forestry, Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 3, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 73091, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Marco Apollonio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Belotti
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 1176, 16521, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Research and Nature Protection, Šumava National Park and PLA Administration, Sušická 399, 34192, Kašperské Hory, Czech Republic
| | - Juan Carranza
- Ungulate Research Unit, Cátedra de Recursos Cinegéticos y Piscícolas (CRCP), Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jamie Cottam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Flurin Filli
- Swiss National Park, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, 7530, Zernez, Switzerland
| | - Tsegaye T Gatiso
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Hetherington
- Cairngorms National Park Authority, 14 The Square, Grantown on Spey, PH26 3HG, UK
| | - Alexandros A Karamanlidis
- ARCTUROS, Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment, Aetos, 53075, Florina, Greece; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universiteitstunet 3, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Miha Krofel
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hjalmar S Kuehl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John D C Linnell
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, PO Box 5685 Torgard, 7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jörg Müller
- Department of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Straβe 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany; Chair of Zoology III, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janis Ozolins
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute SILAVA, Rīgas iela 111, 2169, Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Joseph Premier
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Straβe 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany; Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straβe 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathan Ranc
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Schmidt
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Diana Zlatanova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, bul. Tsar Osvoboditel 15, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mona Bachmann
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Humboldt University, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ovidiu Lonescu
- Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University, 1 Beethoven Lane, 500123, Brașov, Romania; Forest Research Institute (ICAS), Bulevardul Eroilor Number 128, Voluntari, Ilfov, 077190, Romania
| | - Madeleine Nyman
- Metsähallitus, Parks and Wildlife Finland, Lars Sonckin kaari 14, 02600, Espoo, Finland
| | - Nikica Šprem
- Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Sunde
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Kalø, Grenåvej 14, 8410, Rønde, Denmark
| | - Margo Tannik
- The Environmental Board, Narva maantee 7a, 15172, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marco Heurich
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Straβe 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany; Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straβe 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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Andrén H, Hobbs NT, Aronsson M, Brøseth H, Chapron G, Linnell JDC, Odden J, Persson J, Nilsen EB. Harvest models of small populations of a large carnivore using Bayesian forecasting. Ecol Appl 2020; 30:e02063. [PMID: 31868951 PMCID: PMC7187313 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Harvesting large carnivores can be a management tool for meeting politically set goals for their desired abundance. However, harvesting carnivores creates its own set of conflicts in both society and among conservation professionals, where one consequence is a need to demonstrate that management is sustainable, evidence-based, and guided by science. Furthermore, because large carnivores often also have high degrees of legal protection, harvest quotas have to be carefully justified and constantly adjusted to avoid damaging their conservation status. We developed a Bayesian state-space model to support adaptive management of Eurasian lynx harvesting in Scandinavia. The model uses data from the annual monitoring of lynx abundance and results from long-term field research on lynx biology, which has provided detailed estimates of key demographic parameters. We used the model to predict the probability that the forecasted population size will be below or above the management objectives when subjected to different harvest quotas. The model presented here informs decision makers about the policy risks of alternative harvest levels. Earlier versions of the model have been available for wildlife managers in both Sweden and Norway to guide lynx harvest quotas and the model predictions showed good agreement with observations. We combined monitoring data with data on vital rates and were able to estimate unobserved additional mortality rates, which are most probably due to poaching. In both countries, the past quota setting strategy suggests that there has been a de facto threshold strategy with increasing proportion, which means that there is no harvest below a certain population size, but above this threshold there is an increasing proportion of the population harvested as the population size increases. The annual assessment of the monitoring results, the use of forecasting models, and a threshold harvest approach to quota setting will all reduce the risk of lynx population sizes moving outside the desired goals. The approach we illustrate could be adapted to other populations of mammals worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research StationDepartment of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSE‐730 91RiddarhyttanSweden
| | - N. Thompson Hobbs
- Natural Resource Ecology LaboratoryDepartment of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, and Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado80523USA
| | - Malin Aronsson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research StationDepartment of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSE‐730 91RiddarhyttanSweden
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversitySE‐106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Henrik Brøseth
- Rovdata, Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchP.O. Box 5685, TorgardNO‐7485TrondheimNorway
| | - Guillaume Chapron
- Grimsö Wildlife Research StationDepartment of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSE‐730 91RiddarhyttanSweden
| | - John D. C. Linnell
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchP.O. Box 5685, TorgardNO‐7485TrondheimNorway
| | - John Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchP.O. Box 5685, TorgardNO‐7485TrondheimNorway
| | - Jens Persson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research StationDepartment of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSE‐730 91RiddarhyttanSweden
| | - Erlend B. Nilsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchP.O. Box 5685, TorgardNO‐7485TrondheimNorway
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19
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Hofmeester TR, Cromsigt JPGM, Odden J, Andrén H, Kindberg J, Linnell JDC. Framing pictures: A conceptual framework to identify and correct for biases in detection probability of camera traps enabling multi-species comparison. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:2320-2336. [PMID: 30847112 PMCID: PMC6392353 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining reliable species observations is of great importance in animal ecology and wildlife conservation. An increasing number of studies use camera traps (CTs) to study wildlife communities, and an increasing effort is made to make better use and reuse of the large amounts of data that are produced. It is in these circumstances that it becomes paramount to correct for the species- and study-specific variation in imperfect detection within CTs. We reviewed the literature and used our own experience to compile a list of factors that affect CT detection of animals. We did this within a conceptual framework of six distinct scales separating out the influences of (a) animal characteristics, (b) CT specifications, (c) CT set-up protocols, and (d) environmental variables. We identified 40 factors that can potentially influence the detection of animals by CTs at these six scales. Many of these factors were related to only a few overarching parameters. Most of the animal characteristics scale with body mass and diet type, and most environmental characteristics differ with season or latitude such that remote sensing products like NDVI could be used as a proxy index to capture this variation. Factors that influence detection at the microsite and camera scales are probably the most important in determining CT detection of animals. The type of study and specific research question will determine which factors should be corrected. Corrections can be done by directly adjusting the CT metric of interest or by using covariates in a statistical framework. Our conceptual framework can be used to design better CT studies and help when analyzing CT data. Furthermore, it provides an overview of which factors should be reported in CT studies to make them repeatable, comparable, and their data reusable. This should greatly improve the possibilities for global scale analyses of (reused) CT data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R. Hofmeester
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Joris P. G. M. Cromsigt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of ZoologyNelson Mandela UniversityPort ElizabethSouth Africa
| | - John Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchOsloNorway
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesRiddarhyttanSweden
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
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20
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Redpath SM, Keane A, Andrén H, Baynham-Herd Z, Bunnefeld N, Duthie AB, Frank J, Garcia CA, Månsson J, Nilsson L, Pollard CRJ, Rakotonarivo OS, Salk CF, Travers H. Games as Tools to Address Conservation Conflicts. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:415-426. [PMID: 29779605 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Conservation conflicts represent complex multilayered problems that are challenging to study. We explore the utility of theoretical, experimental, and constructivist approaches to games to help to understand and manage these challenges. We show how these approaches can help to develop theory, understand patterns in conflict, and highlight potentially effective management solutions. The choice of approach should be guided by the research question and by whether the focus is on testing hypotheses, predicting behaviour, or engaging stakeholders. Games provide an exciting opportunity to help to unravel the complexity in conflicts, while researchers need an awareness of the limitations and ethical constraints involved. Given the opportunities, this field will benefit from greater investment and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve M Redpath
- School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden.
| | - Aidan Keane
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | | | - Nils Bunnefeld
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4JE, UK
| | - A Bradley Duthie
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4JE, UK
| | - Jens Frank
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Claude A Garcia
- Centre International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Research Unit Forest and Society, Montpellier, France; Department of Environmental System Sciences, Forest Management and Development Group (ForDev), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johan Månsson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Nilsson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Chris R J Pollard
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4JE, UK
| | - O Sarobidy Rakotonarivo
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4JE, UK
| | - Carl F Salk
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 52, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Henry Travers
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PA, UK
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21
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Johansson Ö, Koehler G, Rauset GR, Samelius G, Andrén H, Mishra C, Lhagvasuren P, McCarthy T, Low M. Sex‐specific seasonal variation in puma and snow leopard home range utilization. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Örjan Johansson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE‐73091 Riddarhyttan Sweden
- Snow Leopard Trust 4649 Sunnyside Avenue North Seattle Washington USA
- Panthera 8 W 40th Street, 18th floor New York New York USA
| | - Gary Koehler
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 600 Capitol Way North Olympia Washington 98501 USA
| | - Geir Rune Rauset
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE‐73091 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Gustaf Samelius
- Snow Leopard Trust 4649 Sunnyside Avenue North Seattle Washington USA
- Nordens Ark Åby säteri 456 93 Hunnebostrand Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE‐73091 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Charudutt Mishra
- Snow Leopard Trust 4649 Sunnyside Avenue North Seattle Washington USA
- Nature Conservation Foundation 3076/5, IV Cross, Gokulam Park Mysore India
| | - Purevjav Lhagvasuren
- Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation Sukhbaatar district, 4th Khoroo, 53‐9 Ulanbaatar Mongolia
| | - Tom McCarthy
- Panthera 8 W 40th Street, 18th floor New York New York USA
| | - Matthew Low
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE‐75007 Uppsala Sweden
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22
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Allen BL, Allen LR, Andrén H, Ballard G, Boitani L, Engeman RM, Fleming PJ, Ford AT, Haswell PM, Kowalczyk R, Linnell JD, David Mech L, Parker DM. Can we save large carnivores without losing large carnivore science? Food Webs 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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23
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Mattisson J, Rauset GR, Odden J, Andrén H, Linnell JDC, Persson J. Predation or scavenging? Prey body condition influences decision‐making in a facultative predator, the wolverine. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Mattisson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) NO‐7484 Trondheim Norway
| | - Geir Rune Rauset
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Science Grimsö Wildlife Research Station SE‐730 91 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - John Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) NO‐7484 Trondheim Norway
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Science Grimsö Wildlife Research Station SE‐730 91 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | | | - Jens Persson
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Science Grimsö Wildlife Research Station SE‐730 91 Riddarhyttan Sweden
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24
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Aronsson M, Low M, López-Bao JV, Persson J, Odden J, Linnell JDC, Andrén H. Intensity of space use reveals conditional sex-specific effects of prey and conspecific density on home range size. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2957-67. [PMID: 27217946 PMCID: PMC4863019 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Home range (HR) size variation is often linked to resource abundance, with sex differences expected to relate to sex‐specific fitness consequences. However, studies generally fail to disentangle the effects of the two main drivers of HR size variation, food and conspecific density, and rarely consider how their relative influence change over spatiotemporal scales. We used location data from 77 Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) from a 16‐year Scandinavian study to examine HR sizes variation relative to prey and conspecific density at different spatiotemporal scales. By varying the isopleth parameter (intensity of use) defining the HR, we show that sex‐specific effects were conditional on the spatial scale considered. Males had larger HRs than females in all seasons. Females' total HR size declined as prey and conspecific density increased, whereas males' total HR was only affected by conspecific density. However, as the intensity of use within the HR increased (from 90% to 50% isopleth), the relationship between prey density and area showed opposing patterns for females and males; for females, the prey density effect was reduced, while for males, prey became increasingly important. Thus, prey influenced the size of key regions within male HRs, despite total HR size being independent of prey density. Males reduced their HR size during the mating season, likely to remain close to individual females in estrous. Females reduced their HR size postreproduction probably because of movement constrains imposed by dependent young. Our findings highlight the importance of simultaneously considering resources and intraspecific interactions as HR size determinants. We show that sex‐specific demands influence the importance of prey and conspecific density on space use at different spatiotemporal scales. Thus, unless a gradient of space use intensity is examined, factors not related to total HR size might be disregarded despite their importance in determining size of key regions within the HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Aronsson
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Grimsö Wildlife Research Station SE-73091 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Matthew Low
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE-75007 Uppsala Sweden
| | - José V López-Bao
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO/CSIC/PA) Oviedo University Mieres 33600 Spain
| | - Jens Persson
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Grimsö Wildlife Research Station SE-73091 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - John Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Natural Research Sluppen NO-7585 Trondheim Norway
| | - John D C Linnell
- Norwegian Institute for Natural Research Sluppen NO-7585 Trondheim Norway
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Grimsö Wildlife Research Station SE-73091 Riddarhyttan Sweden
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25
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Rauset GR, Andrén H, Swenson JE, Samelius G, Segerström P, Zedrosser A, Persson J. National Parks in Northern Sweden as Refuges for Illegal Killing of Large Carnivores. Conserv Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geir Rune Rauset
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- Department of Ecology and Nature Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; P.O. Box 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; NO-7484 Trondheim Norway
| | - Gustaf Samelius
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan Sweden
- Snow Leopard Trust; 4649 Sunnyside Ave. North Suite 325, Seattle WA 98103 USA
| | - Peter Segerström
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Environmental and Health Studies; Telemark University College; NO-3800 Bø i Telemark Norway
- Department for Integrative Biology Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Management; University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Gregor Mendel Str. 33, A-1180 Vienna Austria
| | - Jens Persson
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan Sweden
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26
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Abstract
The effects of predation on ungulate populations depend on several factors. One of the most important factors is the proportion of predation that is additive or compensatory respectively to other mortality in the prey, i.e., the relative effect of top-down and bottom-up processes. We estimated Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) kill rate on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) using radio-collared lynx. Kill rate was strongly affected by lynx social status. For males it was 4.85 ± 1.30 S.E. roe deer per 30 days, for females with kittens 6.23 ± 0.83 S.E. and for solitary females 2.71 ± 0.47 S.E. We found very weak support for effects of prey density (both for Type I (linear) and Type II (non-linear) functional responses) and of season (winter, summer) on lynx kill rate. Additionally, we analysed the growth rate in a roe deer population from 1985 to 2005 in an area, which lynx naturally re-colonized in 1996. The annual roe deer growth rate was lower after lynx re-colonized the study area, but it was also negatively influenced by roe deer density. Before lynx colonized the area roe deer growth rate was λ = 1.079 (± 0.061 S.E.), while after lynx re-colonization it was λ = 0.94 (± 0.051 S.E.). Thus, the growth rate in the roe deer population decreased by Δλ = 0.14 (± 0.080 S.E.) after lynx re-colonized the study area, which corresponded to the estimated lynx predation rate on roe deer (0.11 ± 0.042 S.E.), suggesting that lynx predation was mainly additive to other mortality in roe deer. To conclude, this study suggests that lynx predation together with density dependent factors both influence the roe deer population dynamics. Thus, both top-down and bottom-up processes operated at the same time in this predator-prey system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Olof Liberg
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
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27
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Chapron G, Kaczensky P, Linnell JDC, von Arx M, Huber D, Andrén H, López-Bao JV, Adamec M, Álvares F, Anders O, Balčiauskas L, Balys V, Bedő P, Bego F, Blanco JC, Breitenmoser U, Brøseth H, Bufka L, Bunikyte R, Ciucci P, Dutsov A, Engleder T, Fuxjäger C, Groff C, Holmala K, Hoxha B, Iliopoulos Y, Ionescu O, Jeremić J, Jerina K, Kluth G, Knauer F, Kojola I, Kos I, Krofel M, Kubala J, Kunovac S, Kusak J, Kutal M, Liberg O, Majić A, Männil P, Manz R, Marboutin E, Marucco F, Melovski D, Mersini K, Mertzanis Y, Mysłajek RW, Nowak S, Odden J, Ozolins J, Palomero G, Paunović M, Persson J, Potočnik H, Quenette PY, Rauer G, Reinhardt I, Rigg R, Ryser A, Salvatori V, Skrbinšek T, Stojanov A, Swenson JE, Szemethy L, Trajçe A, Tsingarska-Sedefcheva E, Váňa M, Veeroja R, Wabakken P, Wölfl M, Wölfl S, Zimmermann F, Zlatanova D, Boitani L. Recovery of large carnivores in Europe's modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 2015; 346:1517-9. [PMID: 25525247 DOI: 10.1126/science.1257553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 808] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The conservation of large carnivores is a formidable challenge for biodiversity conservation. Using a data set on the past and current status of brown bears (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), gray wolves (Canis lupus), and wolverines (Gulo gulo) in European countries, we show that roughly one-third of mainland Europe hosts at least one large carnivore species, with stable or increasing abundance in most cases in 21st-century records. The reasons for this overall conservation success include protective legislation, supportive public opinion, and a variety of practices making coexistence between large carnivores and people possible. The European situation reveals that large carnivores and people can share the same landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chapron
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 73091 Riddarhyttan, Sweden.
| | - Petra Kaczensky
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - John D C Linnell
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Post Office Box 5685 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Djuro Huber
- Biology Department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 73091 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - José Vicente López-Bao
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 73091 Riddarhyttan, Sweden. Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO/CSIC/PA), Oviedo University, 33600 Mieres, Spain
| | - Michal Adamec
- State Nature Conservancy of Slovak Republic, Tajovskeho 28B, 974 01 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Francisco Álvares
- CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ole Anders
- Harz Nationalpark, Lindenallee 35, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | | | - Vaidas Balys
- Association for Nature Conservation "Baltijos vilkas," Visoriu 6A-54, 08300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Péter Bedő
- Slovak Wildlife Society, Post Office Box 72, 03301 Liptovsky Hradok, Slovakia
| | - Ferdinand Bego
- Biology Department of the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Boulevard Zog I, Tirana, Albania
| | - Juan Carlos Blanco
- Wolf Project, Consultores en Biología de la Conservación, Calle Manuela Malasana 24, 28004 Madrid, Spain
| | - Urs Breitenmoser
- KORA, Thunstrasse 31, 3074 Muri bei Bern, Switzerland. Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Brøseth
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Post Office Box 5685 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Luděk Bufka
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Raimonda Bunikyte
- Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania, Jakšto 4/9, 01105 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Paolo Ciucci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "La Sapienza," Viale dell'Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alexander Dutsov
- Balkani Wildlife Society, Boulevard Dragan Tzankov 8, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Thomas Engleder
- Lynx Project Austria Northwest, Linzerstrasse 14, 4170 Haslach/Mühl, Austria
| | - Christian Fuxjäger
- Nationalpark Kalkalpen, Nationalpark Zentrum Molln, Nationalpark Allee 1, 4591 Molln, Austria
| | - Claudio Groff
- Provincia Autonoma di Trento - Servizio Foreste e Fauna, Via Trener no. 3, 38100 Trento, Italy
| | - Katja Holmala
- Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bledi Hoxha
- Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania, Rruga Vangjush Furxhi 16/1/10, Tirana, Albania
| | - Yorgos Iliopoulos
- Callisto Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society, Mitropoleos 123, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ovidiu Ionescu
- Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Department of Silviculture, Transilvania University, 1 Beethoven Lane, 500123 Brașov, Romania. Forest Research Institute (ICAS) Bulevardul Eroilor Number 128, Voluntari, Ilfov, 077190 Romania
| | - Jasna Jeremić
- State Institute for Nature Protection, Trg Mažuranića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Klemen Jerina
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gesa Kluth
- LUPUS - German Institute for Wolf Mnitoring and Research, Dorfstrasse 20, 02979 Spreewitz, Germany
| | - Felix Knauer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilpo Kojola
- Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Oulu Game and Fisheries Research, Tutkijantie 2E, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ivan Kos
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Krofel
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakub Kubala
- Department of Forest Protection and Game Management, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University of Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 20, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Saša Kunovac
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, Zagrebačka 20, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Josip Kusak
- Biology Department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Miroslav Kutal
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic. Friends of the Earth Czech Republic, Olomouc Branch, Dolní Náměstí 38, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olof Liberg
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 73091 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Majić
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peep Männil
- Estonian Environment Agency, Rõõmu tee 2, 51013 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ralph Manz
- KORA, Thunstrasse 31, 3074 Muri bei Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eric Marboutin
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, ZI Mayencin, 5 Allée de Béthléem, 38610 Gières, France
| | - Francesca Marucco
- Centro Gestione e Conservazione Grandi Carnivori, Piazza Regina Elena 30, Valdieri 12010, Italy
| | - Dime Melovski
- Macedonian Ecological Society, Arhimedova 5, Skopje 1000, FYR Macedonia. Department of Wildlife Sciences, Georg-August University, Büsgenweg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kujtim Mersini
- National Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Rruga Aleksandër Moisiu 10 Tirana, Albania
| | - Yorgos Mertzanis
- Callisto Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society, Mitropoleos 123, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Robert W Mysłajek
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Sabina Nowak
- Association for Nature "Wolf," Twardorzeczka 229, 34-324 Lipowa, Poland
| | - John Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Post Office Box 5685 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Janis Ozolins
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava," Rīgas Iela 111, Salaspils, 2169 Latvia
| | | | - Milan Paunović
- Natural History Museum, Njegoseva 51, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jens Persson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 73091 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Hubert Potočnik
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Pierre-Yves Quenette
- ONCFS-CNERA PAD, Equipe Ours, Chef de Projet, Impasse de la Chapelle, 31800 Villeneuve de Rivière, France
| | - Georg Rauer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilka Reinhardt
- LUPUS - German Institute for Wolf Mnitoring and Research, Dorfstrasse 20, 02979 Spreewitz, Germany
| | - Robin Rigg
- Slovak Wildlife Society, Post Office Box 72, 03301 Liptovsky Hradok, Slovakia
| | - Andreas Ryser
- KORA, Thunstrasse 31, 3074 Muri bei Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Salvatori
- Istituto di Ecologia Applicata, Via B. Eustachio 10, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Tomaž Skrbinšek
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Jon E Swenson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Post Office Box 5685 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim, Norway. Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - László Szemethy
- St. István Unversity Institute for Wildlife Conservation, Páter Károly 1, 2103 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Aleksandër Trajçe
- Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania, Rruga Vangjush Furxhi 16/1/10, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Martin Váňa
- Friends of the Earth Czech Republic, Olomouc Branch, Dolní Náměstí 38, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Rauno Veeroja
- Estonian Environment Agency, Rõõmu tee 2, 51013 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Manfred Wölfl
- Bavarian Agency of Environment, Hans-Högn-Strasse 12, 95030 Hof/Saale, Germany
| | - Sybille Wölfl
- Lynx Project Bavaria, Trailling 1a, 93462 Lam, Germany
| | | | - Diana Zlatanova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology/Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski," Boulevard Dragan Tzankov 8, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Luigi Boitani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "La Sapienza," Viale dell'Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Heurich M, Hilger A, Küchenhoff H, Andrén H, Bufka L, Krofel M, Mattisson J, Odden J, Persson J, Rauset GR, Schmidt K, Linnell JDC. Activity patterns of Eurasian lynx are modulated by light regime and individual traits over a wide latitudinal range. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114143. [PMID: 25517902 PMCID: PMC4269461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity patterns of most terrestrial animals are regarded as being primarily influenced by light, although other factors, such as sexual cycle and climatic conditions, can modify the underlying patterns. However, most activity studies have been limited to a single study area, which in turn limit the variability of light conditions and other factors. Here we considered a range of variables that might potentially influence the activity of a large carnivore, the Eurasian lynx, in a network of studies conducted with identical methodology in different areas spanning latitudes from 49°7′N in central Europe to 70°00′N in northern Scandinavia. The variables considered both light conditions, ranging from a day with a complete day–night cycle to polar night and polar day, as well as individual traits of the animals. We analysed activity data of 38 individual free-ranging lynx equipped with GPS-collars with acceleration sensors, covering more than 11,000 lynx days. Mixed linear additive models revealed that the lynx activity level was not influenced by the daily daylight duration and the activity pattern was bimodal, even during polar night and polar day. The duration of the active phase of the activity cycle varied with the widening and narrowing of the photoperiod. Activity varied significantly with moonlight. Among adults, males were more active than females, and subadult lynx were more active than adults. In polar regions, the amplitude of the lynx daily activity pattern was low, likely as a result of the polycyclic activity pattern of their main prey, reindeer. At lower latitudes, the basic lynx activity pattern peaked during twilight, corresponding to the crepuscular activity pattern of the main prey, roe deer. Our results indicated that the basic activity of lynx is independent of light conditions, but is modified by both individual traits and the activity pattern of the locally most important prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Heurich
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Department of Conservation and Research, Grafenau, Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Anton Hilger
- Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Statistical Consulting Unit, Department of Statistics, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Küchenhoff
- Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Statistical Consulting Unit, Department of Statistics, Munich, Germany
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Luděk Bufka
- Department of Research and Nature Protection, Šumava National Park Administration, Kašperské Hory, Czech Republic
| | - Miha Krofel
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - John Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jens Persson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Geir R. Rauset
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Schmidt
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
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Mattisson J, Arntsen GB, Nilsen EB, Loe LE, Linnell JDC, Odden J, Persson J, Andrén H. Lynx predation on semi‐domestic reindeer: do age and sex matter? J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Mattisson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway
| | - G. B. Arntsen
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - E. B. Nilsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway
| | - L. E. Loe
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | | | - J. Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway
| | - J. Persson
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - H. Andrén
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station Riddarhyttan Sweden
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Samelius G, Andrén H, Kjellander P, Liberg O. Habitat selection and risk of predation: re-colonization by lynx had limited impact on habitat selection by roe deer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75469. [PMID: 24069419 PMCID: PMC3777928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk of predation is an evolutionary force that affects behaviors of virtually all animals. In this study, we examined how habitat selection by roe deer was affected by risk of predation by Eurasian lynx - the main predator of roe deer in Scandinavia. Specifically, we compared how habitat selection by roe deer varied (1) before and after lynx re-established in the study area and (2) in relation to habitat-specific risk of predation by lynx. All analyses were conducted at the spatial and temporal scales of home ranges and seasons. We did not find any evidence that roe deer avoided habitats in which the risk of predation by lynx was greatest and information-theoretic model selection showed that re-colonization by lynx had limited impact on habitat selection by roe deer despite lynx predation causing 65% of known mortalities after lynx re-colonized the area. Instead we found that habitat selection decreased when habitat availability increased for 2 of 5 habitat types (a pattern referred to as functional response in habitat selection). Limited impact of re-colonization by lynx on habitat selection by roe deer in this study differs from elk in North America altering both daily and seasonal patterns in habitat selection at the spatial scales of habitat patches and home ranges when wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Our study thus provides further evidence of the complexity by which animals respond to risk of predation and suggest that it may vary between ecosystems and predator-prey constellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Samelius
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
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Gaillard JM, Nilsen EB, Odden J, Andrén H, Linnell JDC. One size fits all: Eurasian lynx females share a common optimal litter size. J Anim Ecol 2013; 83:107-15. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5558 “Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive”; Bât. G. Mendel; Université de Lyon; Université Lyon1; 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Erlend B. Nilsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; P.O. Box 5685 Sluppen NO-7485 Trondheim Norway
| | - John Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; P.O. Box 5685 Sluppen NO-7485 Trondheim Norway
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - John D. C. Linnell
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; P.O. Box 5685 Sluppen NO-7485 Trondheim Norway
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32
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Gamfeldt L, Snäll T, Bagchi R, Jonsson M, Gustafsson L, Kjellander P, Ruiz-Jaen MC, Fröberg M, Stendahl J, Philipson CD, Mikusiński G, Andersson E, Westerlund B, Andrén H, Moberg F, Moen J, Bengtsson J. Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1340. [PMID: 23299890 PMCID: PMC3562447 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Forests are of major importance to human society, contributing several crucial ecosystem services. Biodiversity is suggested to positively influence multiple services but evidence from natural systems at scales relevant to management is scarce. Here, across a scale of 400,000 km2, we report that tree species richness in production forests shows positive to positively hump-shaped relationships with multiple ecosystem services. These include production of tree biomass, soil carbon storage, berry production and game production potential. For example, biomass production was approximately 50% greater with five than with one tree species. In addition, we show positive relationships between tree species richness and proxies for other biodiversity components. Importantly, no single tree species was able to promote all services, and some services were negatively correlated to each other. Management of production forests will therefore benefit from considering multiple tree species to sustain the full range of benefits that the society obtains from forests. Tree diversity is thought to benefit forest ecosystems, but evidence from large-scale studies is scarce. This study of a 400,000 km2 forest area shows that higher tree species richness supports higher levels of multiple ecosystem services, and therefore also a more sustainable management of production forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Gamfeldt
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Contemporary efforts to protect biological diversity recognize the importance of sustaining traditional human livelihoods, particularly uses of the land that are compatible with intact landscapes and ecologically complete food webs. However, these efforts often confront conflicting goals. For example, conserving native predators may harm pastoralist economies because predators consume domestic livestock that sustain people. This potential conflict must be reconciled by policy, but such reconciliation requires a firm understanding of the effects of predators on the prey used by people. We used a long-term, large-scale database and Bayesian models to estimate the impacts of lynx (Lynx lynx), wolverine (Gulo gulo), and brown bear (Ursus arctos) on harvest of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) by Sami pastoralists in Sweden. The average annual harvest of reindeer averaged 25% of the population (95% credible interval = 19, 31). Annual harvest declined by 96.6 (31, 155) reindeer for each lynx family group (the surveyed segment of the lynx population) in a management unit and by 94.3 (20, 160) for each wolverine reproduction (the surveyed segment of the wolverine population). We failed to detect effects of predation by brown bear. The mechanism for effects of predation on harvest was reduced population growth rate. The rate of increase of reindeer populations declined with increasing abundance of lynx and wolverine. The density of reindeer, latitude, and weather indexed by the North Atlantic Oscillation also influenced reindeer population growth rate. We conclude that there is a biological basis for compensating the Sámi reindeer herders for predation on reindeer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Thompson Hobbs
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Månsson J, Bunnefeld N, Andrén H, Ericsson G. Spatial and temporal predictions of moose winter distribution. Oecologia 2012; 170:411-9. [PMID: 22437909 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Månsson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden.
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36
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Mattisson J, Andrén H, Persson J, Segerström P. Influence of intraguild interactions on resource use by wolverines and Eurasian lynx. J Mammal 2011. [DOI: 10.1644/11-mamm-a-099.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Nilsen EB, Linnell JDC, Odden J, Samelius G, Andrén H. Patterns of variation in reproductive parameters in Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 57:217-223. [PMID: 22707757 PMCID: PMC3374089 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-011-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the variation in demographic rates is central for our ability to understand the evolution of life history strategies and population dynamics, and to plan for the conservation of endangered species. We studied variation in reproductive output of 61 radio-collared Eurasian lynx females in four Scandinavian study sites spanning a total of 223 lynx-years. Specifically, we examined how the breeding proportion and litter size varied among study areas and age classes (2-year-old vs. >2-year-old females). In general, the breeding proportion varied between age classes and study sites, whereas we did not detect such variation in litter size. The lack of differences in litter sizes among age classes is at odds with most findings in large mammals, and we argue that this is because the level of prenatal investment is relatively low in felids compared to their substantial levels of postnatal care.
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Samelius G, Andrén H, Liberg O, Linnell JDC, Odden J, Ahlqvist P, Segerström P, Sköld K. Spatial and temporal variation in natal dispersal by Eurasian lynx in Scandinavia. J Zool (1987) 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Samelius
- Department of Ecology; Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Riddarhyttan; Sweden
| | - H. Andrén
- Department of Ecology; Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Riddarhyttan; Sweden
| | - O. Liberg
- Department of Ecology; Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Riddarhyttan; Sweden
| | | | - J. Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; Trondheim; Norway
| | - P. Ahlqvist
- Department of Ecology; Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Riddarhyttan; Sweden
| | | | - K. Sköld
- Department of Ecology; Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Riddarhyttan; Sweden
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Månsson J, Hauser CE, Andrén H, Possingham HP. Survey method choice for wildlife management: the case of moose Alces alces in Sweden. Wildlife Biology 2011. [DOI: 10.2981/10-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Andrén H, Persson J, Mattisson J, Danell AC. Modelling the combined effect of an obligate predator and a facultative predator on a common prey: lynx Lynx lynx and wolverine Gulo gulo predation on reindeer Rangifer tarandus. Wildlife Biology 2011. [DOI: 10.2981/10-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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41
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Mattisson J, Persson J, Andrén H, Segerström P. Temporal and spatial interactions between an obligate predator, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), and a facultative scavenger, the wolverine (Gulo gulo). CAN J ZOOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/z10-097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interspecific interactions between sympatric carnivores can be important for the behaviour and demography of involved species. We studied spatial and temporal interactions between an obligate predator, the Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx (L., 1758)), and a facultative scavenger, the wolverine ( Gulo gulo (L., 1758)). Wolverines are known to utilize lynx-killed reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus (L., 1758)) and may benefit from being sympatric with lynx if interference competition is low. We used individual location data from 9 lynx and 17 wolverines to analyse interaction between inter- and intra-specific dyads (n = 195). We found no spatial segregation between lynx and wolverines and we observed no attraction or avoidance between individuals of the two species, independent of proportion of home-range overlap. This opposed our prediction that wolverines will show direct or delayed attraction to lynx. Wolverines may still benefit by scavenging lynx-killed reindeer while avoiding direct encounters with the lynx. Within species, we found attraction between males and females, increasing with proportion of overlap for lynx. Attraction was also found between consexual lynx, while consexual wolverines showed little home-range overlap (7%–9%) and neutral temporal interaction, indicating territoriality. Individual space use may be more influenced by conspecific interactions than by other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Mattisson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Jens Persson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Peter Segerström
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
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43
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Danell AC, Andrén H. Precision beats interval: appropriate monitoring efforts for management of a harvested Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population. Wildlife Biology 2010. [DOI: 10.2981/09-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Abstract
We studied the effect of a recolonizing wolf ( Canis lupus L., 1758) population on a resident lynx ( Lynx lynx (L., 1758)) population in south-central Sweden. Wolf and lynx share the same prey species, western roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758)), and the size difference between the two species suggests a strong potential for interference competition. The spatial distributions of lynx family groups (n = 378) over four winters were not significantly affected by the increase in size and range of the wolf population. Survival of lynx kittens until 9 months of age did not differ significantly inside (54%; n = 37) and outside (62%; n = 42) wolf territories, and female lynx (n = 3) selected natal den sites (n = 19) in the same local area before and after wolf establishment. Furthermore, lynx home-range size (n = 42) did not increase as a result of presence of wolves and space use by female lynx (n = 3) was not affected by wolf establishment. We found no evidence of cleptoparasitism by wolves on roe deer killed by lynx. We conclude that the intensity of interference and exploitation competition between wolves and lynx was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Wikenros
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Olof Liberg
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Håkan Sand
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
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45
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46
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Nordström J, Kjellander P, Andrén H, Mysterud A. Can Supplemental Feeding of Red FoxesVulpes vulpesIncrease Roe DeerCapreolus capreolusRecruitment in the Boreal Forest? Wildlife Biology 2009. [DOI: 10.2981/08-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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47
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Rönnegård L, Sand H, Andrén H, Månsson J, Pehrson Å. Evaluation of four methods used to estimate population density of moose Alces alces. Wildlife Biology 2008. [DOI: 10.2981/0909-6396(2008)14[358:eofmut]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chapron
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan 73091, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan 73091, Sweden
| | - Olof Liberg
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan 73091, Sweden
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49
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Linnell JDC, Odden J, Andersen R, Brøseth H, Andrén H, Liberg O, Ahlqvist P, Moa P, Kvam T, Segerström P, Schmidt K, Jędrzejewski W, Okarma H. Distance rules for minimum counts of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx family groups under different ecological conditions. Wildlife Biology 2007. [DOI: 10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[447:drfmco]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Rodríguez A, Jansson G, Andrén H. Composition of an avian guild in spatially structured habitats supports a competition-colonization trade-off. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:1403-11. [PMID: 17389222 PMCID: PMC2176207 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Assuming better colonization abilities of inferior competitors, the competition-colonization trade-off (CCTO) is one of the hypotheses that explains spatial variation of species composition in fragmented habitats. Whereas this mechanism may structure some plant and insect communities, ecologists have failed to document its operation in other natural systems, and its generality has been questioned. We combined fieldwork and published data to study the composition of a guild of passerines (Parus cristatus, Parus montanus, Parus ater and Regulus regulus) inhabiting 10 landscapes that differed in the amount of forest habitat. The species were ordered in a stable, well-defined competitive hierarchy, and the dispersal ability of each species was inversely correlated with its position in this hierarchy. In functionally continuous landscapes, superior competitors occupied most fragments and all guild members commonly occurred. The relative incidences of superior and inferior competitors were reversed, and differences amplified, in landscapes where patches were physically (distance) or functionally (matrix hardness) isolated. We found little support for two competing hypotheses, namely reduced habitat quality in isolated patches and lower abundance of a keystone predator (Glaucidium passerinum) in fragmented landscapes. We concluded that the CCTO offered the most probable explanation for variation in the composition of the Parus guild across landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rodríguez
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Avenida María Luisa s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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