Temperature dependency of predation: Increased killing rates and prey mass consumption by predators with warming

Effects of temperature and resource level on interspecific interactions in two species of Odonata larvae

Identifying how temperature and food resources affect interactions between species is important for understanding how climate change will shape community structure in the future. Here, we tested how temperature and resource density affect survival and growth in the larval stage of two coexisting odonates: the damselfly Lestes sponsa and the dragonfly Sympetrum vulgatum. We performed a laboratory experiment at two temperatures (21 and 24°C) with two resource densities. We estimated the timing of egg hatching of individual egg clutches and thereafter the larval growth rate-, survival- and size-mediated priority effects under interspecific conditions. Eggs of both species hatched slightly faster at 24°C, and S. vulgatum eggs started hatching approximately 1 day earlier than L. sponsa eggs. However, this earlier hatching did not result in a size-mediated priority effect, that is, a higher predation on the later hatching L. sponsa. Nevertheless, L. sponsa larvae were significantly larger than S. vulgatum at hatching. Growth rate and survival were significantly higher: (1) at 24°C compared with 21°C, (2) at high compared with low-resource density and (3) in L. sponsa compared with S. vulgatum. Several significant interaction effects between resource density and temperature and between temperature and species were found. At high temperature, L. sponsa had a higher growth rate than S. vulgatum, but no difference in growth rate between species was found at low temperature. Additionally, a high-resource density resulted in a higher growth rate in both species, but only under high temperature. There was a negative relationship between growth rate and survival in both species, suggesting that the higher growth rate of larvae was to some degree driven by intraguild predation and/or cannibalism. Our results imply that resource levels interact with temperature to affect interactions between the species.

Warming and predation risk only weakly shape size-mediated priority effects in a cannibalistic damselfly

Differences in hatching dates can shape intraspecific interactions through size-mediated priority effects (SMPE), a phenomenon where bigger, early hatched individuals gain advantage over smaller, late hatched ones. However, it remains unclear to what extent and how SMPE are affected by key environmental factors such as warming and predation risk imposed by top predators. We studied effects of warming (low and high temperature) and predation risk (presence and absence of predator cues of perch) on SMPE in life history and physiological traits in the cannibalistic damselfly Ischnura elegans. We induced SMPE in the laboratory by manipulating hatching dates, creating following groups: early and late hatchlings reared in separate containers, and mixed phenology groups where early and late hatchlings shared the same containers. We found strong SMPE for survival and emergence success, with the highest values in early larvae of mixed phenology groups and the lowest values in late larvae of mixed phenology groups. Neither temperature nor predator cues affected SMPE for these two traits. The other life history traits (development rate and mass at emergence) did not show SMPE, but were affected by temperature and predator cues. A tendency for SMPE was found for protein content, in the high temperature treatment. The other physiological traits (phenoloxidase activity and fat content) showed fixed expressions across treatments, indicating decoupling between physiology and life history. The results underline that SMPEs are trait-dependent, and only weakly or not affected by temperature and predation risk.

Smaller adult fish size in warmer water is not explained by elevated metabolism

Fish and other ectotherms living in warmer waters often grow faster as juveniles, mature earlier, but become smaller adults. Known as the temperature‐size rule (TSR), this pattern is commonly attributed to higher metabolism in warmer waters, leaving fewer resources for growth. An alternative explanation focuses on growth and reproduction trade‐offs across temperatures. We tested these hypotheses by measuring growth, maturation, metabolism and reproductive allocation from zebrafish populations kept at 26 and 30°C across six generations. Zebrafish growth and maturation followed TSR expectations but were not explained by baseline metabolic rate, which converged between temperature treatments after a few generations. Rather, we found that females at 30°C allocated more to reproduction, especially when maturing at the smallest sizes. We show that elevated temperatures do not necessarily increase baseline metabolism if sufficient acclimation is allowed and call for an urgent revision of modelling assumptions used to predict population and ecosystem responses to warming.

Rising temperature more strongly promotes low-abundance Paramecium to remove Microcystis and degrade microcystins

Driven by global warming and eutrophication, Microcystis blooms have posed a severe threat to freshwater ecosystems, especially their derived pollutants cause serious harm to aquatic organisms, thus it is urgent to develop an effective strategy to eliminate nuisance Microcystis. Some protozoa can efficiently graze on toxic Microcystis aeruginosa and degrade cyanotoxins, and play a vital role in regulating harmful cyanobacteria. In the process of protozoa feeding on harmful algae, both temperature and protozoa population density are critical factors that affect the consequences of harmful M. aeruginosa population dynamics. In this study, we first found that Paramecium multimicronucleatum has strong ability to feed on M. aeruginosa, and then studied the interactive effects between temperature and initial density of P. multimicronucleatum on controlling M. aeruginosa. Results showed that increasing temperature accelerated the elimination of M. aeruginosa by P. multimicronucleatum, e.g. the time for M. aeruginosa elimination at 32 °C was shortened to 3.5-4 days. The higher temperatures (26, 29, and 32 °C) were more conducive to improve the efficiency of controlling M. aeruginosa by P. multimicronucleatum with low initial density (10 inds mL^-1). Furthermore, P. multimicronucleatum can rapidly degrade microcystins, and the degradation ratio approximately 100% at 32 °C after 6 days. This is the first study to discover that P. multimicronucleatum can high efficiently graze on M. aeruginosa and has a much higher grazing rate (3.5-5.5 × 10⁴Microcystis Paramecium^-1 d^-1) than other protozoa. These findings contribute to the establishment of a new feasible method for the biological control of M. aeruginosa, and provide a theoretical guidance for the practical application of P. multimicronucleatum in the removal of M. aeruginosa.

Functional response of Harmonia axyridis preying on Acyrthosiphon pisum nymphs: the effect of temperature

In the current study, we investigated the functional response of Harmonia axyridis adults and larvae foraging on Acyrthosiphon pisum nymphs at temperatures between 15 and 35 °C. Logistic regression and Roger’s random predator models were employed to determine the type and parameters of the functional response. Harmonia axyridis larvae and adults exhibited Type II functional responses to A. pisum, and warming increased both the predation activity and host aphid control mortality. Female and 4th instar H. axyridis consumed the most aphids. For fourth instar larvae and female H. axyridis adults, the successful attack rates were 0.23 ± 0.014 h⁻¹ and 0.25 ± 0.015 h⁻¹; the handling times were 0.13 ± 0.005 h and 0.16 ± 0.004 h; and the estimated maximum predation rates were 181.28 ± 14.54 and 153.85 ± 4.06, respectively. These findings accentuate the high performance of 4th instar and female H. axyridis and the role of temperature in their efficiency. Further, we discussed such temperature-driven shifts in predation and prey mortality concerning prey-predator foraging interactions towards biological control.