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Herron CL, Ruse NE, Rockey DD, Sanders JL, Peterson JT, Schreck CB, Kent ML. Aeromonas salmonicida, causative agent of salmonid furunculosis, isolated from the freshwater parasitic copepod, Salmincola californiensis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13885. [PMID: 37947250 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we provide evidence that the freshwater parasitic copepod, Salmincola californiensis, acts as a vector for Aeromonas salmonicida. While investigating the effects of S. californiensis on Chinoook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), we tangentially observed that fish infected with the copepod developed furunculosis, caused by A. salmonicida. This occurred despite being reared in pathogen-free well water in a research facility with no prior history of spontaneous infection. We further investigated the possibility of S. californiensis to serve as a vector for the bacterium via detection of fluorescently labelled A. salmonicida inside the egg sacs from copepods in which the fish hosts were experimentally infected with GFP-A449 A. salmonicida. We then evaluated copepod egg sacs that were collected from adult Chinook salmon from a freshwater hatchery with A. salmonicida infections confirmed by either culture or PCR. The bacterium was cultured on tryptic soy agar plates from 75% of the egg sacs, and 61% were positive by PCR. These three separate experiments indicate an alternative tactic of transmission in addition to direct transmission of A. salmonicida in captivity. The copepod may play an important role in transmission of the bacterium when fish are more dispersed, such as in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Herron
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Natassia E Ruse
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- VCA Rock Creek Animal Hospital, Aloha, Oregon, USA
| | - Daniel D Rockey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Justin L Sanders
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - James T Peterson
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Carl B Schreck
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael L Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Bertagnolli AD, Maritan AJ, Tumolo BB, Fritz SF, Oakland HC, Mohr EJ, Poole GC, Albertson LK, Stewart FJ. Net-spinning caddisflies create denitrifier-enriched niches in the stream microbiome. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:111. [PMID: 37848489 PMCID: PMC10582121 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Larval net-spinning caddisflies (Hydropsychidae) function as ecosystem engineers in streams where they construct protective retreats composed of organic and inorganic material affixed with silk filtration nets that alter streambed hydrology. We hypothesized that hydropsychid bio-structures (retreats, nets) are microhabitats for microbes with oxygen-sensitive metabolisms, and therefore increase the metabolic heterogeneity of streambed microbial assemblages. Metagenomic and 16 S rRNA gene amplicon analysis of samples from a montane stream (Cherry Creek, Montana, USA) revealed that microbiomes of caddisfly bio-structures are taxonomically and functionally distinct from those of the immediately adjacent rock biofilm (~2 cm distant) and enriched in microbial taxa with established roles in denitrification, nitrification, and methane production. Genes for denitrification, high oxygen affinity terminal oxidases, hydrogenases, oxidative dissimilatory sulfite reductases, and complete ammonia oxidation are significantly enriched in caddisfly bio-structures. The results suggest a novel ecosystem engineering effect of caddisflies through the creation of low-oxygen, denitrifier-enriched niches in the stream microbiome. Facilitation of metabolic diversity in streambeds may be a largely unrecognized mechanism by which caddisflies alter whole-stream biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Bertagnolli
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
| | - Andrew J Maritan
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Benjamin B Tumolo
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Samuel F Fritz
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Hayley C Oakland
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Mohr
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Poole
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
- Montana Institute on Ecosystems, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | | | - Frank J Stewart
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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Ayayee PA, Wesner JS, Ouellette SP. Geography, taxonomy, and ecological guild: Factors impacting freshwater macroinvertebrate gut microbiomes. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9663. [PMID: 36582772 PMCID: PMC9789321 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their diversity, global distribution, and apparent effects on host biology, the rules of life that govern variation in microbiomes among host species remain unclear, particularly in freshwater organisms. In this study, we sought to assess whether geographic location, taxonomy (order, family, and genus), or functional feeding group (FFG) designations would best explain differences in the gut microbiome composition among macroinvertebrates sampled across 10 National Ecological Observatory Network's (NEON) freshwater stream sites in the United States. Subsequently, we compared the beta diversity of microbiomes among locations, taxonomy (order, family, and genus), and FFGs in a single statistical model to account for variation within the source microbial community and the types of macroinvertebrates sampled across locations. We determined significant differences in community composition among macroinvertebrate orders, families, genera, and FFGs. Differences in microbiome compositions were underscored by different bacterial ASVs that were differentially abundant among variables (four bacterial ASVs across the 10 NEON sites, 43 ASVs among the macroinvertebrate orders, and 18 bacterial ASVs differing among the five FFGs). Analyses of variations in microbiome composition using the Bray-Curtis distance matric revealed FFGs as the dominant source of variation (mean standard deviation of 0.8), followed by stream site (mean standard deviation of 0.5), and finally family and genus (mean standard deviation of 0.3 each). Our findings revealed a principal role for FFG classification in insect gut microbiome beta diversity with additional roles for geographic distribution and taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Ayayee
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Nebraska at OmahaOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Jeff S. Wesner
- Department of BiologyUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSouth DakotaUSA
| | - Scot P. Ouellette
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
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Millar EN, Surette MG, Kidd KA. Altered microbiomes of aquatic macroinvertebrates and riparian spiders downstream of municipal wastewater effluents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151156. [PMID: 34687704 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contain numerous contaminants, including antimicrobials, that could affect the composition of the beneficial bacterial communities associated with host aquatic organisms. There is also potential for these effects to transfer to terrestrial predators. Riparian spiders and five families of aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected from sites upstream and downstream of two WWTPs, Waterloo and Kitchener, discharging to the Grand River, Ontario, Canada. Whole-body microbiota were analyzed following the extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing of bacterial DNA using the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA genetic barcode. Changes in the relative abundance of major microbiome phyla were observed in all downstream aquatic insects except Hydropsychidae caddisflies, which exhibited little site variation. Shannon alpha diversity differed among sites for Tetragnathidae spiders, Perlidae, Hydropsychidae, and Heptageniidae. Downstream of the Waterloo WWTP alpha diversity decreased in spiders, while downstream of the Kitchener WWTP this measure decreased in Perlidae and increased in spiders. Bray-Curtis beta diversity was dissimilar among sites in all invertebrate taxa; upstream sites differed from those downstream of Waterloo in spiders, Perlidae, and Hydropsychidae, and from those downstream of Kitchener in spiders, Perlidae, and Hydropsychidae. Finally, effluent-derived bacteria were found in the microbiomes of downstream spiders and aquatic insects and not upstream. Overall, results indicated that the microbiomes of invertebrates collected downstream differed from those collected upstream of WWTPs, which has implications for altered host health and transport of WWTP-derived bacteria through aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise N Millar
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Surette
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen A Kidd
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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