1
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The Relationship between Inbreeding and Fitness Is Different between Two Genetic Lines of European Bison. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The pedigree data for European bison are published in the European Bison Pedigree Book, established one hundred years ago. The species passed a serious bottleneck and was kept in captivity for more than 30 years. After reintroduction, some individuals were captured and moved to enclosures, which caused gaps in pedigree data. To prevent the underestimation of inbreeding value, only animals with a fully known pedigree were used in the analysis. European bison were divided into two genetic lines, Lowland-Caucasian (LC) and Lowland (LB), with different numbers of founders (all 12 vs. 7 of them). The relation between inbreeding and survival up to one month of age, calculated using logistic regression, gave different results for every genetic line. In the LC line (N = 5441), the average inbreeding level was equal to 0.253 and the influence into survival was negative (exp(B) = 0.190), but in the LB line (N = 1227), the inbreeding level was much higher (0.410) but the influence into survival was positive (exp(B) = 6.596). It could be assumed that the difference between lines is a result of purging in the first period of species restitution.
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2
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Trait variation in a successful global invader: a large-scale analysis of morphological variance and integration in the brown trout. Biol Invasions 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-023-03003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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3
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Buono V, Burgio S, Macrì N, Catania G, Hauffe HC, Mucci N, Davoli F. Microsatellite Characterization and Panel Selection for Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos) Population Assessment. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2164. [PMID: 36421838 PMCID: PMC9690282 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An assessment of the genetic diversity and structure of a population is essential for designing recovery plans for threatened species. Italy hosts two brown bear populations, Ursus arctos marsicanus (Uam), endemic to the Apennines of central Italy, and Ursus arctos arctos (Uaa), in the Italian Alps. Both populations are endangered and occasionally involved in human-wildlife conflict; thus, detailed management plans have been in place for several decades, including genetic monitoring. Here, we propose a simple cost-effective microsatellite-based protocol for the management of populations with low genetic variation. We sampled 22 Uam and 22 Uaa individuals and analyzed a total of 32 microsatellite loci in order to evaluate their applicability in individual identification. Based on genetic variability estimates, we compared data from four different STR marker sets, to evaluate the optimal settings in long-term monitoring projects. Allelic richness and gene diversity were the highest for the Uaa population, whereas depleted genetic variability was noted for the Uam population, which should be regarded as a conservation priority. Our results identified the most effective STR sets for the estimation of genetic diversity and individual discrimination in Uam (9 loci, PIC 0.45; PID 2.0 × 10-5), and Uaa (12 loci, PIC 0.64; PID 6.9 × 10-11) populations, which can easily be utilized by smaller laboratories to support local governments in regular population monitoring. The method we proposed to select the most variable markers could be adopted for the genetic characterization of other small and isolated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Buono
- Unit for Conservation Genetics (BIO-CGE), Department for the Monitoring and Protection of the Environment and for Biodiversity Conservation, Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Burgio
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicole Macrì
- Unit for Conservation Genetics (BIO-CGE), Department for the Monitoring and Protection of the Environment and for Biodiversity Conservation, Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Catania
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Heidi C. Hauffe
- Conservation Genomics Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy
| | - Nadia Mucci
- Unit for Conservation Genetics (BIO-CGE), Department for the Monitoring and Protection of the Environment and for Biodiversity Conservation, Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Davoli
- Unit for Conservation Genetics (BIO-CGE), Department for the Monitoring and Protection of the Environment and for Biodiversity Conservation, Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
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Labonne J, Manicki A, Chevalier L, Tétillon M, Guéraud F, Hendry AP. Using Reciprocal Transplants to Assess Local Adaptation, Genetic Rescue, and Sexual Selection in Newly Established Populations. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:genes12010005. [PMID: 33374534 PMCID: PMC7822186 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small populations establishing on colonization fronts have to adapt to novel environments with limited genetic variation. The pace at which they can adapt, and the influence of genetic variation on their success, are key questions for understanding intraspecific diversity. To investigate these topics, we performed a reciprocal transplant experiment between two recently founded populations of brown trout in the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands. Using individual tagging and genetic assignment methods, we tracked the fitness of local and foreign individuals, as well as the fitness of their offspring over two generations. In both populations, although not to the same extent, gene flow occurred between local and foreign gene pools. In both cases, however, we failed to detect obvious footprints of local adaptation (which should limit gene flow) and only weak support for genetic rescue (which should enhance gene flow). In the population where gene flow from foreign individuals was low, no clear differences were observed between the fitness of local, foreign, and F1 hybrid individuals. In the population where gene flow was high, foreign individuals were successful due to high mating success rather than high survival, and F1 hybrids had the same fitness as pure local offspring. These results suggest the importance of considering sexual selection, rather than just local adaptation and genetic rescue, when evaluating the determinants of success in small and recently founded populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Labonne
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, UMR INRAE-UPPA, Ecobiop, FR-64310 Saint-Pée sur Nivelle, France; (A.M.); (L.C.); (M.T.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (A.P.H.)
| | - Aurélie Manicki
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, UMR INRAE-UPPA, Ecobiop, FR-64310 Saint-Pée sur Nivelle, France; (A.M.); (L.C.); (M.T.); (F.G.)
| | - Louise Chevalier
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, UMR INRAE-UPPA, Ecobiop, FR-64310 Saint-Pée sur Nivelle, France; (A.M.); (L.C.); (M.T.); (F.G.)
| | - Marin Tétillon
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, UMR INRAE-UPPA, Ecobiop, FR-64310 Saint-Pée sur Nivelle, France; (A.M.); (L.C.); (M.T.); (F.G.)
| | - François Guéraud
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, UMR INRAE-UPPA, Ecobiop, FR-64310 Saint-Pée sur Nivelle, France; (A.M.); (L.C.); (M.T.); (F.G.)
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C4, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (A.P.H.)
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5
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Ofstad EG, Markussen SS, Sæther B, Solberg EJ, Heim M, Haanes H, Røed KH, Herfindal I. Opposing fitness consequences of habitat use in a harvested moose population. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1701-1710. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Endre Grüner Ofstad
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Stine S. Markussen
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Bernt‐Erik Sæther
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | | | - Morten Heim
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway
| | | | - Knut H. Røed
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Ivar Herfindal
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
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6
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Lee AM, Myhre AM, Markussen SS, Engen S, Solberg EJ, Haanes H, Røed K, Herfindal I, Heim M, Saether BE. Decomposing demographic contributions to the effective population size with moose as a case study. Mol Ecol 2019; 29:56-70. [PMID: 31732991 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Levels of random genetic drift are influenced by demographic factors, such as mating system, sex ratio and age structure. The effective population size (Ne ) is a useful measure for quantifying genetic drift. Evaluating relative contributions of different demographic factors to Ne is therefore important to identify what makes a population vulnerable to loss of genetic variation. Until recently, models for estimating Ne have required many simplifying assumptions, making them unsuitable for this task. Here, using data from a small, harvested moose population, we demonstrate the use of a stochastic demographic framework allowing for fluctuations in both population size and age distribution to estimate and decompose the total demographic variance and hence the ratio of effective to total population size (Ne /N) into components originating from sex, age, survival and reproduction. We not only show which components contribute most to Ne /N currently, but also which components have the greatest potential for changing Ne /N. In this relatively long-lived polygynous system we show that Ne /N is most sensitive to the demographic variance of older males, and that both reproductive autocorrelations (i.e., a tendency for the same individuals to be successful several years in a row) and covariance between survival and reproduction contribute to decreasing Ne /N (increasing genetic drift). These conditions are common in nature and can be caused by common hunting strategies. Thus, the framework presented here has great potential to increase our understanding of the demographic processes that contribute to genetic drift and viability of populations, and to inform management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Magdalena Lee
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ane Marlene Myhre
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stine Svalheim Markussen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Steinar Engen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Hallvard Haanes
- Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA), Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Røed
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Herfindal
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten Heim
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bernt-Erik Saether
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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7
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Sæther BE, Engen S. Towards a predictive conservation biology: the devil is in the behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190013. [PMID: 31352892 PMCID: PMC6710570 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important challenges in conservation biology is to predict the viability of populations of vulnerable and threatened species. This requires that the demographic stochasticity strongly affecting the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of especially small populations is correctly estimated and modelled. Here, we summarize theoretical evidence showing that the demographic variance in population dynamics is a key parameter determining the probability of extinction and also is directly linked to the magnitude of the genetic drift in the population. The demographic variance is dependent on the mating system, being larger in a polygynous than in monogamous populations. Understanding factors affecting intersexual differences in mating success is therefore essential in explaining variation in the demographic variance. We hypothesize that the strength of sexual selection, for example, quantified by the Bateman gradient, may be a useful predictor of the magnitude of the demographic stochasticity and hence the genetic drift in the population. We provide results from a field study of moose that support this claim. Thus, including central principles from behavioural ecology may increase the reliability of population viability analyses through an improvement of our understanding of factors affecting stochastic influences on population dynamics and evolutionary processes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernt-Erik Sæther
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Steinar Engen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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8
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Markussen SS, Herfindal I, Loison A, Solberg EJ, Haanes H, Røed KH, Heim M, Saether BE. Determinants of age at first reproduction and lifetime breeding success revealed by full paternity assignment in a male ungulate. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stine S. Markussen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept of Biology, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Ivar Herfindal
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept of Biology, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Anne Loison
- CNRS, UMR 5553 Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine, Univ. de Savoie; Le Bourget du Lac France
| | | | - Hallvard Haanes
- The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA); Oslo Norway
| | - Knut H. Røed
- Dept of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - Morten Heim
- Norwegian Inst. for Nature Research (NINA); Trondheim Norway
| | - Bernt-Erik Saether
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept of Biology, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
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9
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Giangregorio P, Norman AJ, Davoli F, Spong G. Testing a new SNP-chip on the Alpine and Apennine brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations using non-invasive samples. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-018-1017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Fitness correlates of age at primiparity in a hunted moose population. Oecologia 2017; 186:447-458. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-4021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Sattler RL, Willoughby JR, Swanson BJ. Decline of heterozygosity in a large but isolated population: a 45-year examination of moose genetic diversity on Isle Royale. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3584. [PMID: 28729957 PMCID: PMC5516768 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife conservation and management approaches typically focus on demographic measurements to assess population viability over both short and long periods. However, genetic diversity is an important predictor of long term population vitality. We investigated the pattern of change in genetic diversity in a large and likely isolated moose (Alces alces) population on Isle Royale (Lake Superior) from 1960–2005. We characterized samples, partitioned into five different 5-year periods, using nine microsatellite loci and a portion of the mtDNA control region. We also simulated the moose population to generate a theoretical backdrop of genetic diversity change. In the empirical data, we found that the number of alleles was consistently low and that observed heterozygosity notably declined from 1960 to 2005 (p = 0.08, R2 = 0.70). Furthermore, inbreeding coefficients approximately doubled from 0.08 in 1960–65 to 0.16 in 2000–05. Finally, we found that the empirical rate of observed heterozygosity decline was faster than the rate of observed heterozygosity loss in our simulations. Combined, these data suggest that genetic drift and inbreeding occurred in the Isle Royale moose populations over the study period, leading to significant losses in heterozygosity. Although inbreeding can be mitigated by migration, we found no evidence to support the occurrence of recent migrants into the population using analysis of our mtDNA haplotypes nor microsatellite data. Therefore, the Isle Royale moose population illustrates that even large populations are subjected to inbreeding in the absence of migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renae L Sattler
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States of America.,Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, AK, United States of America
| | - Janna R Willoughby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Bradley J Swanson
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States of America
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Allen AM, Dorey A, Malmsten J, Edenius L, Ericsson G, Singh NJ. Habitat-performance relationships of a large mammal on a predator-free island dominated by humans. Ecol Evol 2016; 7:305-319. [PMID: 28070294 PMCID: PMC5216668 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The demographic consequences of changes in habitat use driven by human modification of landscape, and/or changes in climate, are important for any species. We investigated habitat-performance relationships in a declining island population of a large mammal, the moose (Alces alces), in an environment that is predator-free but dominated by humans. We used a combination of demographic data, knowledge of habitat selection, and multiannual movement data of female moose (n = 17) to understand how space use patterns affect fecundity and calf survival. The calving rate was 0.64 and was similar to calving rates reported in other populations. Calf survival was 0.22 (annually) and 0.32 (postsummer), which are particularly low compared to other populations where postsummer survival is typically above 0.7. Home ranges were mainly composed of arable land (>40%), and selection for arable land was higher in winter than in summer, which contrasts with previous studies. Females that spent more time in broadleaf forest in the summer prior to the rut had higher fecundity rates, while more time spent in arable land resulted in lower fecundity rates. Females that spent more time in thicket/scrubland habitats during winter had lower calf survival, while females that had higher use of mixed forests tended to have higher calf survival. The dominance, and subsequent use, of suboptimal foraging habitats may lead to poor body condition of females at parturition, which may lower calf body weights and affect the mother's ability to lactate. In addition, our results indicated that the growing season has advanced significantly in recent decades, which may be causing a mismatch between parturition and optimal resource availability. These effects may exacerbate the female's ability to meet the energetic demands of lactation. Therefore, the observed low calf survival appears to be caused by a combination of factors related to current land use and may also be due to changing vegetation phenology. These results have important implications for the management of species in human-dominated landscapes in the face of climate change, and for an increased understanding of how species may adapt to future land use and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Allen
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Faculty of Forest Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Augusta Dorey
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Faculty of Forest Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden; Division of Biology Imperial College London Ascot Berkshire UK
| | - Jonas Malmsten
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases National Veterinary Institute (SVA) Uppsala Sweden
| | - Lars Edenius
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Faculty of Forest Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Göran Ericsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Faculty of Forest Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Navinder J Singh
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Faculty of Forest Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
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13
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Kvalnes T, Saether BE, Haanes H, Røed KH, Engen S, Solberg EJ. Harvest-induced phenotypic selection in an island population of moose, Alces alces. Evolution 2016; 70:1486-500. [PMID: 27174031 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Empirical evidence strongly indicates that human exploitation has frequently led to rapid evolutionary changes in wild populations, yet the mechanisms involved are often poorly understood. Here, we applied a recently developed demographic framework for analyzing selection to data from a 20-year study of a wild population of moose, Alces alces. In this population, a genetic pedigree has been established all the way back to founders. We demonstrate harvest-induced directional selection for delayed birth dates in males and reduced body mass as calf in females. During the study period, birth date was delayed by 0.81 days per year for both sexes, whereas no significant changes occurred in calf body mass. Quantitative genetic analyses indicated that both traits harbored significant additive genetic variance. These results show that selective harvesting can induce strong selection that oppose natural selection. This may cause evolution of less favorable phenotypes that become maladaptive once harvesting ceases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kvalnes
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bernt-Erik Saether
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hallvard Haanes
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, NO-1361 Østerås, Norway
| | - Knut H Røed
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO-8146 Dep, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steinar Engen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erling J Solberg
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
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Bessa-Silva AR, Vallinoto M, Sodré D, da Cunha DB, Hadad D, Asp NE, Sampaio I, Schneider H, Sequeira F. Patterns of Genetic Variability in Island Populations of the Cane Toad (Rhinella marina) from the Mouth of the Amazon. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152492. [PMID: 27073849 PMCID: PMC4830453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amazonian coast has several unique geological characteristics resulting from the interaction between drainage pattern of the Amazon River and the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the most extensive and sedimentologically dynamic regions of the world, with a large number of continental islands mostly formed less than 10,000 years ago. The natural distribution of the cane toad (Rhinella marina), one of the world's most successful invasive species, in this complex Amazonian system provides an intriguing model for the investigation of the effects of isolation or the combined effects of isolation and habitat dynamic changes on patterns of genetic variability and population differentiation. We used nine fast-evolving microsatellite loci to contrast patterns of genetic variability in six coastal (three mainlands and three islands) populations of the cane toad near the mouth of the Amazon River. Results from Bayesian multilocus clustering approach and Discriminant Analyses of Principal Component were congruent in showing that each island population was genetically differentiated from the mainland populations. All FST values obtained from all pairwise comparisons were significant, ranging from 0.048 to 0.186. Estimates of both recent and historical gene flow were not significantly different from zero across all population pairs, except the two mainland populations inhabiting continuous habitats. Patterns of population differentiation, with a high level of population substructure and absence/restricted gene flow, suggested that island populations of R. marina are likely isolated since the Holocene sea-level rise. However, considering the similar levels of genetic variability found in both island and mainland populations, it is reliable to assume that they were also isolated for longer periods. Given the genetic uniqueness of each cane toad population, together with the high natural vulnerability of the coastal regions and intense human pressures, we suggest that these populations should be treated as discrete units for conservation management purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Rick Bessa-Silva
- Laboratório de Evolução (LEVO), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Evolução (LEVO), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brasil
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Davidson Sodré
- Laboratório de Evolução (LEVO), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brasil
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Divino Bruno da Cunha
- Laboratório de Evolução (LEVO), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brasil
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Dante Hadad
- Laboratório de Evolução (LEVO), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brasil
| | - Nils Edvin Asp
- Laboratório de Geologia Costeira (LAGECO), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brasil
| | - Iracilda Sampaio
- Laboratório de Filogenômica e Bioinformática, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brasil
| | - Horacio Schneider
- Laboratório de Filogenômica e Bioinformática, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brasil
| | - Fernando Sequeira
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
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Herfindal I, Haanes H, Røed KH, Solberg EJ, Markussen SS, Heim M, Sæther BE. Population properties affect inbreeding avoidance in moose. Biol Lett 2014; 10:20140786. [PMID: 25540152 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms reducing inbreeding are thought to have evolved owing to fitness costs of breeding with close relatives. In small and isolated populations, or populations with skewed age- or sex distributions, mate choice becomes limited, and inbreeding avoidance mechanisms ineffective. We used a unique individual-based dataset on moose from a small island in Norway to assess whether inbreeding avoidance was related to population structure and size, expecting inbreeding avoidance to be greater in years with larger populations and even adult sex ratios. The probability that a potential mating event was realized was negatively related to the inbreeding coefficient of the potential offspring, with a stronger relationship in years with a higher proportion or number of males in the population. Thus, adult sex ratio and population size affect the degree of inbreeding avoidance. Consequently, conservation managers should aim for sex ratios that facilitate inbreeding avoidance, especially in small and isolated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Herfindal
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hallvard Haanes
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0033 Oslo, Norway Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, PO Box 55, 1332 Østerås, Norway
| | - Knut H Røed
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erling J Solberg
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stine S Markussen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten Heim
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bernt-Erik Sæther
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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