1
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Mtsetfwa FP, Kruger L, McCleery RA. Climate change decouples dominant tree species in African savannas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7619. [PMID: 37165034 PMCID: PMC10172338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand how two dominant African savanna trees will continue to respond to climate changes, we examined their regeneration niche and adult tree distributions. Specifically, we wanted to (1) determine if distributional patterns were shifting, (2) predict future distributions under different climate change scenarios and (3) evaluate the realism of predicted future distributions. We randomly placed 40 grids into 6 strata across a climate gradient in the kingdom of Eswatini. Within these grids, we sampled adult and seedling marula (Scelerocarya birrea) and knobthorn (Senegalia nigrecens) trees and used the data to model their abundance. Next, we quantified shifts in distributional patterns (e.g., expansion or contraction) by measuring the current and projected areas of overlap between seedling and adult trees. Finally, we predicted future distributions of abundance based on predicted climate conditions. We found knobthorn seedlings within a small portion of the adult distribution, suggesting it was unlikely to track climate changes. Alternatively, finding marula seedlings on and beyond one edge of the adult distribution, suggested its range would shift toward cooler climates. Predicted future distributions suggest suitable climate for both species would transition out of savannas and into grasslands. Future projections (2041-2070) appeared consistent with observed distributions of marula, but knobthorn predictions were unrealistic given the lack of evidence for regeneration outside of its current range. The idiosyncratic responses of these species to climate change are likely to decouple these keystone structures in the coming decades and are likely to have considerable cascading effects including the potential rearrangement of faunal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fezile P Mtsetfwa
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, School of Natural Resource and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- School of Animal Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Laurence Kruger
- Organisation for Tropical Studies, Skukuza, South Africa
- Biology Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert A McCleery
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, School of Natural Resource and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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2
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Galuszynski NC. Regeneration dynamics of Portulacaria afra in restored succulent thicket of South Africa. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15081. [PMID: 37151286 PMCID: PMC10158758 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Over-grazing by livestock has resulted in the widespread degradation of South Africa's succulent thicket ecosystems. This is characterised by a significant reduction in the cover of the dominant succulent shrub, Portulacaria afra. Because this species is unable to regenerate naturally in degraded habitat, active reintroduction is required to restore ecosystem function. However, reintroduction success is relatively low, and the recruitment barriers for this species are poorly understood. Methods By conducting pairwise plot surveys in actively restored and adjacent degraded succulent thicket habitats, the extent of P. afra seedling abundance in these contrasting ecosystem conditions is quantified. Results Seedling abundance was significantly greater in restored ecosystems (W = 23, p = 0.03225). Additionally, seedlings found in restored habitats were strongly associated with open habitat, whereas seedlings in degraded ecosystems were more restricted to nurse sites (X2 = 122.84, df = 2, p-value < 2.2e-16). A weak (R2 = 0,237), but significant (p = 0, 0295) correlation between P. afra cover and seedling abundance was recorded. Conclusion Active restoration of succulent thicket habitat through P. afra reintroduction appears to overcome recruitment barriers. This may suggest that, despite the poor survival of introduced individuals, natural recruitment could contribute to the regeneration of restored succulent thicket ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Galuszynski
- Spekboom Thicket research group, Botany Department, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
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3
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Osborne BB, Bestelmeyer BT, Currier CM, Homyak PM, Throop HL, Young K, Reed SC. The consequences of climate change for dryland biogeochemistry. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:15-20. [PMID: 35706381 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drylands, which cover > 40% of Earth's terrestrial surface, are dominant drivers of global biogeochemical cycling and home to more than one third of the global human population. Climate projections predict warming, drought frequency and severity, and evaporative demand will increase in drylands at faster rates than global means. As a consequence of extreme temperatures and high biological dependency on limited water availability, drylands are predicted to be exceptionally sensitive to climate change and, indeed, significant climate impacts are already being observed. However, our understanding and ability to forecast climate change effects on dryland biogeochemistry and ecosystem functions lag behind many mesic systems. To improve our capacity to forecast ecosystem change, we propose focusing on the controls and consequences of two key characteristics affecting dryland biogeochemistry: (1) high spatial and temporal heterogeneity in environmental conditions and (2) generalized resource scarcity. In addition to climate change, drylands are experiencing accelerating land-use change. Building our understanding of dryland biogeochemistry in both intact and disturbed systems will better equip us to address the interacting effects of climate change and landscape degradation. Responding to these challenges will require a diverse, globally distributed and interdisciplinary community of dryland experts united towards better understanding these vast and important ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke B Osborne
- Southwest Biological Science Center, US Geological Survey, Moab, UT, 84532, USA
| | - Brandon T Bestelmeyer
- Jornada Experimental Range, US Department of Agriculture, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Courtney M Currier
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Peter M Homyak
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Heather L Throop
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Kristina Young
- Department of Extension Agriculture and Natural Resources, Utah State University, Moab, UT, 84532, USA
| | - Sasha C Reed
- Southwest Biological Science Center, US Geological Survey, Moab, UT, 84532, USA
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4
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Veblen KE, Nehring KC, Duniway MC, Knight A, Monaco TA, Schupp EW, Boettinger JL, Villalba JJ, Fick S, Brungard C, Thacker E. Soil depth and precipitation moderate soil textural effects on seedling survival of a foundation shrub species. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kari E. Veblen
- Dept. of Wildland Resources Utah State University 5230 Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322 USA
- Ecology Center Utah State University, 5205 Old Main Hill, Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Kyle C. Nehring
- Dept. of Wildland Resources Utah State University 5230 Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322 USA
- Ecology Center Utah State University, 5205 Old Main Hill, Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Michael C. Duniway
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2290 SW Resource Blvd Moab Utah 84532 USA
| | - Anna Knight
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2290 SW Resource Blvd Moab Utah 84532 USA
| | - Thomas A. Monaco
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research Laboratory Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Eugene W. Schupp
- Dept. of Wildland Resources Utah State University 5230 Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322 USA
- Ecology Center Utah State University, 5205 Old Main Hill, Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Janis L. Boettinger
- Ecology Center Utah State University, 5205 Old Main Hill, Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
- Dept. of Plants, Soils & Climate Department Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Juan J. Villalba
- Dept. of Wildland Resources Utah State University 5230 Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322 USA
- Ecology Center Utah State University, 5205 Old Main Hill, Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Stephen Fick
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2290 SW Resource Blvd Moab Utah 84532 USA
- Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - Colby Brungard
- Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - Eric Thacker
- Dept. of Wildland Resources Utah State University 5230 Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322 USA
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5
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Leger A, Ball K, Rathke S, Blankinship J. Mulch more so than compost improves soil health to reestablish vegetation in a semiarid rangeland. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Leger
- Department of Environmental Science University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - K.R Ball
- Department of Environmental Science University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - S. Rathke
- Department of Environmental Science University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - J.C. Blankinship
- Department of Environmental Science University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
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6
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McIntyre C, Archer SR, Predick KI, Belnap J. Biocrusts do not differentially influence emergence and early establishment of native and non‐native grasses. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl McIntyre
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment The University of Arizona 1064 East Lowell Street Tucson Arizona USA
- National Park Service Chihuahuan Desert Network 12661 East Broadway Boulevard Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Steven R. Archer
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment The University of Arizona 1064 East Lowell Street Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Katharine I. Predick
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment The University of Arizona 1064 East Lowell Street Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Jayne Belnap
- Southwest Biological Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2290 Southwest Resource Boulevard Moab Utah USA
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7
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Rowe HI, Sprague TA, Ball B, Langenfeld D, Rivera L. Restoring closed trails in the Sonoran Desert: interactions of seed timing, seed source, and ripping. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen I. Rowe
- Parsons Field Institute McDowell Sonoran Conservancy 7729 East Greenway Road, Suite 100 Scottsdale AZ 85260 U.S.A
- School of Earth and Sustainability Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Tiffany A. Sprague
- Parsons Field Institute McDowell Sonoran Conservancy 7729 East Greenway Road, Suite 100 Scottsdale AZ 85260 U.S.A
| | - Becky Ball
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Arizona State University at the West Campus 4701 West Thunderbird Road Glendale AZ 85306 U.S.A
| | - Debbie Langenfeld
- Citizen Science Program McDowell Sonoran Conservancy 7729 East Greenway Road, Suite 100 Scottsdale AZ 85260 U.S.A
| | - Lisa Rivera
- Citizen Science Program McDowell Sonoran Conservancy 7729 East Greenway Road, Suite 100 Scottsdale AZ 85260 U.S.A
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8
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Rader AJ, Chiquoine LP, Weigand JF, Perkins JL, Munson SM, Abella SR. Biotic and abiotic treatments as a bet‐hedging approach to restoring plant communities and soil functions. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey J. Rader
- University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Life Sciences Las Vegas NV 89154‐4004 U.S.A
| | - Lindsay P. Chiquoine
- University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Life Sciences Las Vegas NV 89154‐4004 U.S.A
| | - James F. Weigand
- U.S. Bureau of Land Management California State Office 2800 Cottage Way Sacramento CA 95825 U.S.A
| | - Judy L. Perkins
- U.S. Bureau of Land Management California State Office 2800 Cottage Way Sacramento CA 95825 U.S.A
| | - Seth M. Munson
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center 2255 North Gemini Drive Flagstaff AZ 86001 U.S.A
| | - Scott R. Abella
- University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Life Sciences Las Vegas NV 89154‐4004 U.S.A
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9
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Young KE, Reed SC, Ferrenberg S, Faist A, Winkler DE, Cort C, Darrouzet-Nardi A. Incorporating Biogeochemistry into Dryland Restoration. Bioscience 2021; 71:907-917. [PMID: 34483747 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dryland degradation is a persistent and accelerating global problem. Although the mechanisms initiating and maintaining dryland degradation are largely understood, returning productivity and function through ecological restoration remains difficult. Water limitation commonly drives slow recovery rates within drylands; however, the altered biogeochemical cycles that accompany degradation also play key roles in limiting restoration outcomes. Addressing biogeochemical changes and resource limitations may help improve restoration efforts within this difficult-to-restore biome. In the present article, we present a synthesis of restoration literature that identifies multiple ways biogeochemical understandings might augment dryland restoration outcomes, including timing restoration around resource cycling and uptake, connecting heterogeneous landscapes, manipulating resource pools, and using organismal functional traits to a restoration advantage. We conclude by suggesting ways to incorporate biogeochemistry into existing restoration frameworks and discuss research directions that may help improve restoration outcomes in the world's highly altered dryland landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States
| | - Sasha C Reed
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, Utah, United States
| | - Scott Ferrenberg
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States
| | - Akasha Faist
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States
| | - Daniel E Winkler
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, Utah, United States
| | - Catherine Cort
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States
| | - Anthony Darrouzet-Nardi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States
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10
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Cleveland D, Hinck JE, Lankton JS. Elemental and radionuclide exposures and uptakes by small rodents, invertebrates, and vegetation at active and post-production uranium mines in the Grand Canyon watershed. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127908. [PMID: 32835973 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of breccia pipe uranium mining in the Grand Canyon watershed (Arizona) on ecological and cultural resources are largely unknown. We characterized the exposure of biota to uranium and co-occurring ore body elements during active ore production and at a site where ore production had recently concluded. Our results indicate that biota have taken up uranium and other elements (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, copper, molybdenum, uranium) from exposure to ore and surficial contamination, like blowing dust. Results indicate the potential for prolonged exposure to elements and radionuclides upon conclusion of active ore production. Mean radium-226 in deer mice was up to 4 times greater than uranium-234 and uranium-238 in those same samples; this may indicate a potential for, but does not necessarily imply, radium-226 toxicity. Soil screening benchmarks for uranium and molybdenum and other toxicity thresholds for arsenic, copper, selenium, uranium (e.g., growth effects) were exceeded in vegetation, invertebrates, and rodents (Peromyscus spp., Thomomys bottae, Tamias dorsalis, Dipodomys deserti). However, the prevalence and severity of microscopic lesions in rodent tissues (as direct evidence of biological effects of uptake and exposure) could not be definitively linked to mining. Our data indicate that land managers might consider factors like species, seasonal changes in environmental concentrations, and bioavailability, when determining mine permitting and remediation in the Grand Canyon watershed. Ultimately, our results will be useful for site-specific ecological risk analysis and can support future decisions regarding the mineral extraction withdrawal in the Grand Canyon watershed and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cleveland
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
| | - Jo Ellen Hinck
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Julia S Lankton
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
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11
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Lessons Learned 5+ Years After Transplanting and Seeding Restoration Sites in the Sonoran Desert, U.S.A. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-184.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Havrilla CA, Munson SM, McCormick ML, Laushman KM, Balazs KR, Butterfield BJ. RestoreNet: An emerging restoration network reveals controls on seeding success across dryland ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Havrilla
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Flagstaff AZ USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Seth M. Munson
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Molly L. McCormick
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Flagstaff AZ USA
| | | | - Kathleen R. Balazs
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Bradley J. Butterfield
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
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13
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Peters DPC, Okin GS, Herrick JE, Savoy HM, Anderson JP, Scroggs SLP, Zhang J. Modifying connectivity to promote state change reversal: the importance of geomorphic context and plant-soil feedbacks. Ecology 2020; 101:e03069. [PMID: 32297657 PMCID: PMC7569510 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alternative states maintained by feedbacks are notoriously difficult, if not impossible, to reverse. Although positive interactions that modify soil conditions may have the greatest potential to alter self-reinforcing feedbacks, the conditions leading to these state change reversals have not been resolved. In a 9-yr study, we modified horizontal connectivity of resources by wind or water on different geomorphic surfaces in an attempt to alter plant-soil feedbacks and shift woody-plant-dominated states back toward perennial grass dominance. Modifying connectivity resulted in an increase in litter cover regardless of the vector of transport (wind, water) followed by an increase in perennial grass cover 2 yr later. Modifying connectivity was most effective on sandy soils where wind is the dominant vector, and least effective on gravelly soils on stable surfaces with low sediment movement by water. We found that grass cover was related to precipitation in the first 5 yr of our study, and plant-soil feedbacks developed following 6 yr of modified connectivity to overwhelm effects of precipitation on sandy, wind-blown soils. These feedbacks persisted through time under variable annual rainfall. On alluvial soils, either plant-soil feedbacks developed after 7 yr that were not persistent (active soils) or did not develop (stable soils). This novel approach has application to drylands globally where desertified lands have suffered losses in ecosystem services, and to other ecosystems where connectivity-mediated feedbacks modified at fine scales can be expected to impact plant recovery and state change reversals at larger scales, in particular for wind-impacted sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra P C Peters
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range Unit, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA.,Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA
| | - Gregory S Okin
- Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA.,Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Herrick
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range Unit, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA.,Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA
| | - Heather M Savoy
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range Unit, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA.,Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA
| | - John P Anderson
- Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA.,Jornada Experimental Range Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA
| | - Stacey L P Scroggs
- Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA.,Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA
| | - Junzhe Zhang
- Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA.,Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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14
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Faist AM, Antoninka AJ, Belnap J, Bowker MA, Duniway MC, Garcia‐Pichel F, Nelson C, Reed SC, Giraldo‐Silva A, Velasco‐Ayuso S, Barger NN. Inoculation and habitat amelioration efforts in biological soil crust recovery vary by desert and soil texture. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akasha M. Faist
- Department of Animal and Range SciencesNew Mexico State University Las Cruces NM 88003 U.S.A
| | | | - Jayne Belnap
- Southwest Biological Science CenterU.S. Geological Survey Moab UT 84532 U.S.A
| | - Matthew A. Bowker
- School of ForestryNorthern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Michael C. Duniway
- Southwest Biological Science CenterU.S. Geological Survey Moab UT 84532 U.S.A
| | - Ferran Garcia‐Pichel
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign InstituteArizona State University Tempe AZ 85281 U.S.A
| | - Corey Nelson
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign InstituteArizona State University Tempe AZ 85281 U.S.A
| | - Sasha C. Reed
- Southwest Biological Science CenterU.S. Geological Survey Moab UT 84532 U.S.A
| | - Ana Giraldo‐Silva
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign InstituteArizona State University Tempe AZ 85281 U.S.A
| | - Sergio Velasco‐Ayuso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Facultad de AgronomíaUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires C1417DSE Argentina
| | - Nichole N. Barger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 U.S.A
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15
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Fick SE, Day N, Duniway MC, Hoy‐Skubik S, Barger NN. Microsite enhancements for soil stabilization and rapid biocrust colonization in degraded drylands. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Fick
- US Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Moab UT U.S.A
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado Boulder CO U.S.A
| | - Natalie Day
- US Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Moab UT U.S.A
| | | | - Sean Hoy‐Skubik
- US Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Moab UT U.S.A
| | - Nichole N. Barger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado Boulder CO U.S.A
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16
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Throop HL, Belnap J. Connectivity Dynamics in Dryland Litter Cycles: Moving Decomposition beyond Spatial Stasis. Bioscience 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDrylands (arid and semiarid ecosystems) cover nearly half of Earth's terrestrial surface, but biogeochemical pools and processes in these systems remain poorly understood. Litter can account for a substantial portion of carbon and nutrient pools in these systems, with litter decomposition exerting important controls over biogeochemical cycling. Dryland decomposition is typically treated as a spatially static process in which litter is retained and decomposed where it is initially deposited. Although this assumption is reasonable for mesic systems with continuous plant canopy cover and a stable subcanopy litter layer, dryland pools generally reflect discontinuous inputs from heterogeneous canopy cover followed by substantial litter transport. In the present article, we review horizontal and vertical transport processes that move litter from the initial deposition point and retention elements that influence litter accumulation patterns. Appreciation of the spatially dynamic litter cycle, including quantitative assessment of transport patterns, will improve estimates of the fate and distribution of organic matter in current and future drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Throop
- School of Earth and Space Exploration and with the School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University, in Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jayne Belnap
- US Geological Survey's Southwest Biological Science Center, in Moab, Utah
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17
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Young KE, Bowker MA, Reed SC, Duniway MC, Belnap J. Temporal and abiotic fluctuations may be preventing successful rehabilitation of soil-stabilizing biocrust communities. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01908. [PMID: 31004536 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Land degradation is a persistent ecological problem in many arid and semiarid systems globally (drylands hereafter). Most instances of dryland degradation include some form of soil disturbance and/or soil erosion, which can hinder vegetation establishment and reduce ecosystem productivity. To combat soil erosion, researchers have identified a need for rehabilitation of biological soil crusts (biocrusts), a globally relevant community of organisms aggregating the soil surface and building soil fertility. Here, the impact of plant and biocrust cover was tested on soil erosion potential in the piñon-juniper woodlands of Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico, USA. Biocrusts were found to be similarly influential to vascular plants in reducing erosion, largely acting by promoting surface roughness. The potential to rehabilitate biocrusts within the Monument was also tested. Plots were inoculated on eroding soils before the summer monsoon with greenhouse-cultured biocrusts. In a full-factorial design, treatments to reduce or halt erosion were administered to the inoculated plots and their paired controls. These erosion-reduction treatments included barriers to overland flow (flashing), slash placement, and seeding of vascular plants. Dynamic changes to soil stability, penetration resistance, and extractable soil nutrients were observed through time, but no strong effects with the addition of biocrust inoculum, seeding, or erosion intervention treatments were seen. The results do suggest possible ways forward to successfully rehabilitate biocrust, including varying the timing of biocrust application, amending inoculum application with different types of soil stabilization techniques, and adding nutrients to soils. The insights gleaned from the lack of response brings us closer to developing effective techniques to arrest soil loss in these socially and ecologically important dryland systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Young
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E. Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Matthew A Bowker
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E. Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Sasha C Reed
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2290 SW. Resource Boulevard, Moab, Utah, 84532, USA
| | - Michael C Duniway
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2290 SW. Resource Boulevard, Moab, Utah, 84532, USA
| | - Jayne Belnap
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2290 SW. Resource Boulevard, Moab, Utah, 84532, USA
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18
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Duniway MC, Pfennigwerth AA, Fick SE, Nauman TW, Belnap J, Barger NN. Wind erosion and dust from
US
drylands: a review of causes, consequences, and solutions in a changing world. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Duniway
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Moab Utah 84532 USA
| | - Alix A. Pfennigwerth
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Moab Utah 84532 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Stephen E. Fick
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Moab Utah 84532 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Travis W. Nauman
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Moab Utah 84532 USA
| | - Jayne Belnap
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Moab Utah 84532 USA
| | - Nichole N. Barger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
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19
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Winkler DE, Backer DM, Belnap J, Bradford JB, Butterfield BJ, Copeland SM, Duniway MC, Faist AM, Fick SE, Jensen SL, Kramer AT, Mann R, Massatti RT, McCormick ML, Munson SM, Olwell P, Parr SD, Pfennigwerth AA, Pilmanis AM, Richardson BA, Samuel E, See K, Young KE, Reed SC. Beyond traditional ecological restoration on the Colorado Plateau. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Winkler
- Canyonlands Research Station; Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2290 South West Resource Boulevard, Moab UT 84532 U.S.A
| | - Dana M. Backer
- Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument, Bureau of Land Management; Kanab UT 84741 U.S.A
| | - Jayne Belnap
- Canyonlands Research Station; Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2290 South West Resource Boulevard, Moab UT 84532 U.S.A
| | - John B. Bradford
- Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff AZ 86001 U.S.A
| | - Bradley J. Butterfield
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research and Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 805 South Beaver Street, Flagstaff AZ 86011-6077 U.S.A
| | - Stella M. Copeland
- Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff AZ 86001 U.S.A
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research and Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 805 South Beaver Street, Flagstaff AZ 86011-6077 U.S.A
| | - Michael C. Duniway
- Canyonlands Research Station; Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2290 South West Resource Boulevard, Moab UT 84532 U.S.A
| | - Akasha M. Faist
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences; New Mexico State University; Las Cruces NM 88003 U.S.A
| | - Stephen E. Fick
- Canyonlands Research Station; Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2290 South West Resource Boulevard, Moab UT 84532 U.S.A
| | - Scott L. Jensen
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; U.S. Forest Service; 735 North 500 East, Provo UT 84606 U.S.A
| | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Chicago Botanic Garden; 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe IL 60022 U.S.A
| | - Rebecca Mann
- Canyonlands Research Station; Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2290 South West Resource Boulevard, Moab UT 84532 U.S.A
| | - Robert T. Massatti
- Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff AZ 86001 U.S.A
| | - Molly L. McCormick
- Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff AZ 86001 U.S.A
| | - Seth M. Munson
- Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff AZ 86001 U.S.A
| | - Peggy Olwell
- Bureau of Land Management; 1849 C Street NW, LSB-204, Washington DC 20240 U.S.A
| | - Steve D. Parr
- Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center; 5538 County Road 4, Meeker CO 81641 U.S.A
| | - Alix A. Pfennigwerth
- Canyonlands Research Station; Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2290 South West Resource Boulevard, Moab UT 84532 U.S.A
| | - Adrienne M. Pilmanis
- Colorado Plateau Native Plant Program; Bureau of Land Management; 440 West 200 South, Salt Lake City UT 84101 U.S.A
| | - Bryce A. Richardson
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; U.S. Forest Service; 735 North 500 East, Provo UT 84606 U.S.A
| | - Ella Samuel
- New Mexico State Office; Bureau of Land Management; 301 Dinosaur Trail, Santa Fe NM 87508 U.S.A
| | - Kathy See
- Western Colorado Landscape Collaborative; Montrose CO 81402 U.S.A
| | - Kristina E. Young
- Canyonlands Research Station; Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2290 South West Resource Boulevard, Moab UT 84532 U.S.A
| | - Sasha C. Reed
- Canyonlands Research Station; Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2290 South West Resource Boulevard, Moab UT 84532 U.S.A
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20
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Bosco T, Bertiller MB, Carrera AL. Abiotic factors affect the recruitment and biomass of perennial grass and evergreen shrub seedlings in denuded areas of Patagonian Monte rangelands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 218:118-128. [PMID: 29674159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the ability of key species to cope with environmental stresses in disturbed areas is an important issue for recovery of degraded arid ecosystem. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of soil moisture, exposure to UV radiation, and presence/absence of litter with different chemistry on soil N, recruitment and biomass of seedlings of perennial grass (Poa ligularis and Nassella tenuis) and evergreen shrub species (Atriplex lampa and Larrea divaricata) in denuded areas. We carried out a microcosm experiment with soil blocks (28 cm depth) sowed with seeds of the target species, subjected to different levels of litter type (perennial grass-evergreen shrub mixture, evergreen shrub mixture, and no litter), UV radiation (near ambient and reduced UV), and soil water (high: 15-25% and low 5-15%). Periodically, during 6 months, we assessed soil-N (total and inorganic) at two depths and species seedling recruitment at microcosms. Additionally, emerged seedlings of each species were transplanted to individual pots containing soil and subjected to the same previous factors during 12 months. Then, all plants were harvested and biomass assessed. Only inorganic soil-N at the upper soil varied among treatments increasing with the presence of evergreen shrub litter, exposure to ambient UV, and high soil water. Inorganic soil-N, promoted by near ambient UV and high soil water, had a positive effect on recruitment of perennial grasses and A. lampa. Both litter types promoted the recruitment of perennial grasses. Evergreen shrub litter and high soil water promoted the recruitment of L. divaricata. Seedling biomass of perennial grasses increased with high soil water and reduced UV. Ambient UV had positive or null effects on biomass of evergreen shrub seedlings. High soil water increased biomass of L. divaricata seedlings. We concluded that soil water appeared as the most limiting factor for seedling recruitment of all species whereas inorganic soil N limited the recruitment of the small-seeded perennial grasses and A. lampa. Ambient UV had negative effects on seedling biomass of perennial grasses. These complex relationships among abiotic factors and seed and plant traits should be taken into account when planning management actions after disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Bosco
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC) - CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - Mónica Beatriz Bertiller
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC) - CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Analía Lorena Carrera
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC) - CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
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21
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Aradottir AL, Halldorsson G. Colonization of woodland species during restoration: seed or safe site limitation? Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asa L. Aradottir
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri; 311 Borgarnes Iceland
| | - Gudmundur Halldorsson
- Division of Research and Development Soil Conservation Service of Iceland, Gunnarsholt; 801 Hella Iceland
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22
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Hulvey KB, Leger EA, Porensky LM, Roche LM, Veblen KE, Fund A, Shaw J, Gornish ES. Restoration islands: a tool for efficiently restoring dryland ecosystems? Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin B. Hulvey
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth A. Leger
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia Street Reno NV 89557 U.S.A
| | - Lauren M. Porensky
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit USDA‐ARS 1701 Centre Avenue Fort Collins CO 80526 U.S.A
| | - Leslie M. Roche
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Kari E. Veblen
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
| | - Adam Fund
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
| | - Julea Shaw
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Elise S. Gornish
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
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23
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Copeland SM, Munson SM, Pilliod DS, Welty JL, Bradford JB, Butterfield BJ. Long-term trends in restoration and associated land treatments in the southwestern United States. Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stella M. Copeland
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research and Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University, 805 S. Beaver Street; Flagstaff AZ 86011-6077 U.S.A
- Southwest Biological Science Center; U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Drive; Flagstaff AZ 86001 U.S.A
| | - Seth M. Munson
- Southwest Biological Science Center; U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Drive; Flagstaff AZ 86001 U.S.A
| | - David S. Pilliod
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center; U.S. Geological Survey, 970 Lusk Street; Boise ID 83706 U.S.A
| | - Justin L. Welty
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center; U.S. Geological Survey, 970 Lusk Street; Boise ID 83706 U.S.A
| | - John B. Bradford
- Southwest Biological Science Center; U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Drive; Flagstaff AZ 86001 U.S.A
| | - Bradley J. Butterfield
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research and Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University, 805 S. Beaver Street; Flagstaff AZ 86011-6077 U.S.A
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24
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Nauman TW, Duniway MC, Villarreal ML, Poitras TB. Disturbance automated reference toolset (DART): Assessing patterns in ecological recovery from energy development on the Colorado Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:476-488. [PMID: 28179075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new disturbance automated reference toolset (DART) was developed to monitor human land surface impacts using soil-type and ecological context. DART identifies reference areas with similar soils, topography, and geology; and compares the disturbance condition to the reference area condition using a quantile-based approach based on a satellite vegetation index. DART was able to represent 26-55% of variation of relative differences in bare ground and 26-41% of variation in total foliar cover when comparing sites with nearby ecological reference areas using the Soil Adjusted Total Vegetation Index (SATVI). Assessment of ecological recovery at oil and gas pads on the Colorado Plateau with DART revealed that more than half of well-pads were below the 25th percentile of reference areas. Machine learning trend analysis of poorly recovering well-pads (quantile<0.23) had out-of-bag error rates between 37 and 40% indicating moderate association with environmental and management variables hypothesized to influence recovery. Well-pads in grasslands (median quantile [MQ]=13%), blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) shrublands (MQ=18%), arid canyon complexes (MQ=18%), warmer areas with more summer-dominated precipitation, and state administered areas (MQ=12%) had low recovery rates. Results showcase the usefulness of DART for assessing discrete surface land disturbances, and highlight the need for more targeted rehabilitation efforts at oil and gas well-pads in the arid southwest US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis W Nauman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2290 SW Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532, United States.
| | - Michael C Duniway
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2290 SW Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532, United States
| | - Miguel L Villarreal
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, 345 Middlefield Rd MS #531, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
| | - Travis B Poitras
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, 345 Middlefield Rd MS #531, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
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