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Pak N, Wu S, Gibson JF. The evolution of marine dwelling in Diptera. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11440-11448. [PMID: 34429931 PMCID: PMC8366842 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine dwelling in Diptera has been relatively unexplored and the frequency of transitions to the marine environment and the evolutionary history remain poorly understood. By reviewing records from the World Register of Marine Species and using ancestral state reconstruction methods, we build on the fly tree of life phylogeny and ecological descriptions of marine life history. Our ancestral state reconstruction analyses suggest marine dwelling is lacking as an ancestral trait for the most recent common ancestor to Diptera. While many transitions in Empidoidea, Sciomyzoidea, Tipulomorpha, and Culicomorpha seem to have been gradual, other transitions in Tephritoidea and Tabanomorpha were found likely to have been stochastic occurrences. From the collection of 532 marine species, we reveal several independent transitions to the marine environment throughout the fly tree of life. Considering the results from our analysis, we outline potential adaptations for marine flies and discuss the barriers of colonizing the marine environment and the implications to the mechanisms for salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pak
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stephanie Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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Gregr EJ, Christensen V, Nichol L, Martone RG, Markel RW, Watson JC, Harley CDG, Pakhomov EA, Shurin JB, Chan KMA. Cascading social-ecological costs and benefits triggered by a recovering keystone predator. Science 2020; 368:1243-1247. [PMID: 32527830 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Predator recovery often leads to ecosystem change that can trigger conflicts with more recently established human activities. In the eastern North Pacific, recovering sea otters are transforming coastal systems by reducing populations of benthic invertebrates and releasing kelp forests from grazing pressure. These changes threaten established shellfish fisheries and modify a variety of other ecosystem services. The diverse social and economic consequences of this trophic cascade are unknown, particularly across large regions. We developed and applied a trophic model to predict these impacts on four ecosystem services. Results suggest that sea otter presence yields 37% more total ecosystem biomass annually, increasing the value of finfish [+9.4 million Canadian dollars (CA$)], carbon sequestration (+2.2 million CA$), and ecotourism (+42.0 million CA$). To the extent that these benefits are realized, they will exceed the annual loss to invertebrate fisheries (-$7.3 million CA$). Recovery of keystone predators thus not only restores ecosystems but can also affect a range of social, economic, and ecological benefits for associated communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Gregr
- Institute for Resources Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- SciTech Environmental Consulting, 2136 Napier St., Vancouver, BC V5L 2N9, Canada
| | - Villy Christensen
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Linda Nichol
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Rebecca G Martone
- Institute for Resources Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Outer Shores Expeditions, P.O. Box 361, Cobble Hill, BC V0R 1L0, Canada
| | - Russell W Markel
- Institute for Resources Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Outer Shores Expeditions, P.O. Box 361, Cobble Hill, BC V0R 1L0, Canada
| | - Jane C Watson
- Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, 900 5th St. Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Hakai Institute, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada
| | - Evgeny A Pakhomov
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Hakai Institute, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Shurin
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0116, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kai M A Chan
- Institute for Resources Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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