1
|
Medeiros LADE, Gentil E, Kaefer IL, Cohn-Haft M. Distribution and diversification of Adelphobates, emblematic poison frogs from Brazilian Amazonia. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230659. [PMID: 38655924 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320230659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Adelphobates contains three species, and the inaccurate identification of A. quinquevittatus and the scarcity of records of A. castaneoticus complicate inference of their distributions; the latter species occurs in sympatry with A. galactonotus. Our objective was to revise the distributions of Adelphobates by compiling data and modeling habitat suitability, as range limits may be shaped by landscape features and biotic interactions. We initially analyzed the existence of operational taxonomic units within the nominal species and subsequently inferred the observed and potential distributions, taking into account the possible independent lineages for the three species, and we also generated a molecular timetree to understand the chronology of interspecific diversification events. Adelphobates quinquevittatus was found to have a more easterly distribution than previously described, and specimens with phenotypic variation were found to occur in areas inconsistent with the modeling, and A. castaneoticus was concentrated in the Tapajós-Xingu interfluve, surrounded by A. galactonotus. Models indicated that the right bank of the Xingu River is suitable for both species, indeed, both were found there. Despite Adelphobates species having their distributions delimited by major Amazonian rivers, estimated divergence times predate the formation of the modern river network, suggesting that other mechanisms were involved in their diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa A DE Medeiros
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Gentil
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Igor L Kaefer
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado I, 69077-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Mario Cohn-Haft
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coleção de Aves, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Flores BM, Montoya E, Sakschewski B, Nascimento N, Staal A, Betts RA, Levis C, Lapola DM, Esquível-Muelbert A, Jakovac C, Nobre CA, Oliveira RS, Borma LS, Nian D, Boers N, Hecht SB, Ter Steege H, Arieira J, Lucas IL, Berenguer E, Marengo JA, Gatti LV, Mattos CRC, Hirota M. Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system. Nature 2024; 626:555-564. [PMID: 38356065 PMCID: PMC10866695 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The possibility that the Amazon forest system could soon reach a tipping point, inducing large-scale collapse, has raised global concern1-3. For 65 million years, Amazonian forests remained relatively resilient to climatic variability. Now, the region is increasingly exposed to unprecedented stress from warming temperatures, extreme droughts, deforestation and fires, even in central and remote parts of the system1. Long existing feedbacks between the forest and environmental conditions are being replaced by novel feedbacks that modify ecosystem resilience, increasing the risk of critical transition. Here we analyse existing evidence for five major drivers of water stress on Amazonian forests, as well as potential critical thresholds of those drivers that, if crossed, could trigger local, regional or even biome-wide forest collapse. By combining spatial information on various disturbances, we estimate that by 2050, 10% to 47% of Amazonian forests will be exposed to compounding disturbances that may trigger unexpected ecosystem transitions and potentially exacerbate regional climate change. Using examples of disturbed forests across the Amazon, we identify the three most plausible ecosystem trajectories, involving different feedbacks and environmental conditions. We discuss how the inherent complexity of the Amazon adds uncertainty about future dynamics, but also reveals opportunities for action. Keeping the Amazon forest resilient in the Anthropocene will depend on a combination of local efforts to end deforestation and degradation and to expand restoration, with global efforts to stop greenhouse gas emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo M Flores
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
| | - Encarni Montoya
- Geosciences Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Boris Sakschewski
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Arie Staal
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Betts
- Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
- Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Carolina Levis
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - David M Lapola
- Center for Meteorological and Climatic Research Applied to Agriculture, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriane Esquível-Muelbert
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Catarina Jakovac
- Department of Plant Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Nobre
- Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Laura S Borma
- Division of Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerabilities (DIIAV), National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Da Nian
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Niklas Boers
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna B Hecht
- Luskin School for Public Affairs and Institute of the Environment, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Arieira
- Science Panel for the Amazon (SPA), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Erika Berenguer
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - José A Marengo
- Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alerta de Desastres Naturais, São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Natural Disasters, UNESP/CEMADEN, São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Graduate School of International Studies, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Luciana V Gatti
- Division of Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerabilities (DIIAV), National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Caio R C Mattos
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Marina Hirota
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
- Group IpES, Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Medeiros LA, Ribas CC, Lima AP. Genetic Diversification of Adelphobates quinquevittatus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and the Influence of Upper Madeira River Historical Dynamics. Evol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-021-09536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Silva LCR, Corrêa RS, Wright JL, Bomfim B, Hendricks L, Gavin DG, Muniz AW, Martins GC, Motta ACV, Barbosa JZ, Melo VDF, Young SD, Broadley MR, Santos RV. A new hypothesis for the origin of Amazonian Dark Earths. Nat Commun 2021; 12:127. [PMID: 33397930 PMCID: PMC7782733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) are unusually fertile soils characterised by elevated concentrations of microscopic charcoal particles, which confer their distinctive colouration. Frequent occurrences of pre-Columbian artefacts at ADE sites led to their ubiquitous classification as Anthrosols (soils of anthropic origin). However, it remains unclear how indigenous peoples created areas of high fertility in one of the most nutrient-impoverished environments on Earth. Here, we report new data from a well-studied ADE site in the Brazilian Amazon, which compel us to reconsider its anthropic origin. The amounts of phosphorus and calcium-two of the least abundant macronutrients in the region-are orders of magnitude higher in ADE profiles than in the surrounding soil. The elevated levels of phosphorus and calcium, which are often interpreted as evidence of human activity at other sites, correlate spatially with trace elements that indicate exogenous mineral sources rather than in situ deposition. Stable isotope ratios of neodymium, strontium, and radiocarbon activity of microcharcoal particles also indicate exogenous inputs from alluvial deposition of carbon and mineral elements to ADE profiles, beginning several thousands of years before the earliest evidence of soil management for plant cultivation in the region. Our data suggest that indigenous peoples harnessed natural processes of landscape formation, which led to the unique properties of ADEs, but were not responsible for their genesis. If corroborated elsewhere, this hypothesis would transform our understanding of human influence in Amazonia, opening new frontiers for the sustainable use of tropical landscapes going forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C R Silva
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA. .,Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Rodrigo Studart Corrêa
- Environmental Sciences Program - PPGCA/FUP, University of Brasília, Planaltina, DF, Brazil
| | - Jamie L Wright
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Barbara Bomfim
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniel G Gavin
- Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | - Gilvan Coimbra Martins
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - CPAA/Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Scott D Young
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiménez EM, Peñuela‐Mora MC, Moreno F, Sierra CA. Spatial and temporal variation of forest net primary productivity components on contrasting soils in northwestern Amazon. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana M. Jiménez
- Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones IMANI Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonia Km. 2 vía Tarapacá Leticia Colombia
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry P.O. Box 10 01 64 Jena07701Germany
| | - María Cristina Peñuela‐Mora
- Grupo de Ecosistemas Tropicales y Cambio Global Universidad Regional Amazónica‐Ikiam Ciudad de Tena Napo Ecuador
| | - Flavio Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín Medellin Colombia
| | - Carlos A. Sierra
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry P.O. Box 10 01 64 Jena07701Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Farias IP, Willis S, Leão A, Verba JT, Crossa M, Foresti F, Porto-Foresti F, Sampaio I, Hrbek T. The largest fish in the world's biggest river: Genetic connectivity and conservation of Arapaima gigas in the Amazon and Araguaia-Tocantins drainages. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220882. [PMID: 31419237 PMCID: PMC6697350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Arapaima, pirarucu or paiche (Arapaima gigas) is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world, and has a long history of commercial exploitation in the Amazon region. To estimate levels of genetic variability and historical and recent connectivity in Arapaima, we examined variation in eleven microsatellite DNA markers in individuals from 22 localities in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. The results of analysis of molecular variance, Bayesian clustering and discriminant analysis of principal components showed that Arapaima in our samples represents two major populations, one in the Amazonas and one in the Araguaia-Tocantins River basins. The Amazonas population is further structured by isolation-by-distance with the hydrologically largely unconnected Amapá locality representing the eastern-most extreme of this continuum; gene flow predominates at distances of less than 1500 km with localities separated by over 2000 km dominated by genetic drift and effectively forming different populations. We saw no evidence of multiple species of Arapaima in the Amazonas basin, and analysis of pairwise genetic divergence (FST) with Mantel tests and correlograms indicated that this largest population exhibits a large-scale pattern of isolation-by-distance, with which results from MIGRATE-N agreed. The degree and significance of genetic divergence indicates that most sampled localities represent demographically independent sub-populations, although we did identify several recent migration events between both proximal and more distant localities. The levels of genetic diversity were heterogeneous across sites, including low genetic diversity, effective population sizes, and evidence of genetic bottlenecks in several places. On average the levels of gene diversity and rarefied allelic richness were higher for localities along the Amazonas mainstem than in the tributaries, despite these being the areas of highest fishing pressure, while the lowest values were found in tributary headwaters, where landscape modification is a significant threat. We recommend that managers consider the regional and local threats to these populations and tailor strategies accordingly, strategies which should ensure the ability of young A. gigas to disperse through floodplain corridors to maintain genetic diversity among otherwise sedentary adult sub-populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izeni Pires Farias
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal/LEGAL, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- * E-mail: (IPF); (TH)
| | - Stuart Willis
- Department of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Adam Leão
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal/LEGAL, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Júlia Tovar Verba
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal/LEGAL, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Fausto Foresti
- Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Porto-Foresti
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Bauru, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Sampaio
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário de Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Tomas Hrbek
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal/LEGAL, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- * E-mail: (IPF); (TH)
| |
Collapse
|