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Leong RC, Bugnot AB, Ross PM, Erickson KR, Gibbs MC, Marzinelli EM, O'Connor WA, Parker LM, Poore AGB, Scanes E, Gribben PE. Recruitment of a threatened foundation oyster species varies with large and small spatial scales. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2968. [PMID: 38562000 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how habitat attributes (e.g., patch area and sizes, connectivity) control recruitment and how this is modified by processes operating at larger spatial scales is fundamental to understanding population sustainability and developing successful long-term restoration strategies for marine foundation species-including for globally threatened reef-forming oysters. In two experiments, we assessed the recruitment and energy reserves of oyster recruits onto remnant reefs of the oyster Saccostrea glomerata in estuaries spanning 550 km of coastline in southeastern Australia. In the first experiment, we determined whether recruitment of oysters to settlement plates in three estuaries was correlated with reef attributes within patches (distances to patch edges and surface elevation), whole-patch attributes (shape and size of patches), and landscape attributes (connectivity). We also determined whether environmental factors (e.g., sedimentation and water temperature) explained the differences among recruitment plates. We also tested whether differences in energy reserves of recruits could explain the differences between two of the estuaries (one high- and one low-sedimentation estuary). In the second experiment, across six estuaries (three with nominally high and three with nominally low sedimentation rates), we tested the hypothesis that, at the estuary scale, recruitment and survival were negatively correlated to sedimentation. Overall, total oyster recruitment varied mostly at the scale of estuaries rather than with reef attributes and was negatively correlated with sedimentation. Percentage recruit survival was, however, similar among estuaries, although energy reserves and condition of recruits were lower at a high- compared to a low-sediment estuary. Within each estuary, total oyster recruitment increased with patch area and decreased with increasing tidal height. Our results showed that differences among estuaries have the largest influence on oyster recruitment and recruit health and this may be explained by environmental processes operating at the same scale. While survival was high across all estuaries, growth and reproduction of oysters on remnant reefs may be affected by sublethal effects on the health of recruits in high-sediment estuaries. Thus, restoration programs should consider lethal and sublethal effects of whole-estuary environmental processes when selecting sites and include environmental mitigation actions to maximize recruitment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick C Leong
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ana B Bugnot
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
- CSIRO Environment, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pauline M Ross
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine R Erickson
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mitchell C Gibbs
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ezequiel M Marzinelli
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wayne A O'Connor
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Anna Bay, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura M Parker
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alistair G B Poore
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elliot Scanes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul E Gribben
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
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Kornbluth A, Perog BD, Crippen S, Zacherl D, Quintana B, Grosholz ED, Wasson K. Mapping oysters on the Pacific coast of North America: A coast-wide collaboration to inform enhanced conservation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263998. [PMID: 35298468 PMCID: PMC8929589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To conserve coastal foundation species, it is essential to understand patterns of distribution and abundance and how they change over time. We synthesized oyster distribution data across the west coast of North America to develop conservation strategies for the native Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida), and to characterize populations of the non-native Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas). We designed a user-friendly portal for data entry into ArcGIS Online and collected oyster records from unpublished data submitted by oyster experts and from the published literature. We used the resulting 2,000+ records to examine spatial and temporal patterns and made an interactive web-based map publicly available. Comparing records from pre-2000 vs. post-2000, we found that O. lurida significantly decreased in abundance and distribution, while M. gigas increased significantly. Currently the distribution and abundance of the two species are fairly similar, despite one species being endemic to this region since the Pleistocene, and the other a new introduction. We mapped the networks of sites occupied by oysters based on estimates of larval dispersal distance, and found that these networks were larger in Canada, Washington, and southern California than in other regions. We recommend restoration to enhance O. lurida, particularly within small networks, and to increase abundance where it declined. We also recommend restoring natural biogenic beds on mudflats and sandflats especially in the southern range, where native oysters are currently found most often on riprap and other anthropogenic structures. This project can serve as a model for collaborative mapping projects that inform conservation strategies for imperiled species or habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kornbluth
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Bryce D. Perog
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, United States of America
| | - Samantha Crippen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Danielle Zacherl
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon Quintana
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, United States of America
| | - Edwin D. Grosholz
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Wasson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Watsonville, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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3
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Esquivel‐Muelbert JR, Lanham BS, Martínez‐Baena F, Dafforn KA, Gribben PE, Bishop MJ. Spatial variation in the biotic and abiotic filters of oyster recruitment: Implications for restoration. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan S. Lanham
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Francisco Martínez‐Baena
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- The Nature Conservancy Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Katherine A. Dafforn
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Paul E. Gribben
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Melanie J. Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
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4
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Beheshti KM, Williams SL, Boyer KE, Endris C, Clemons A, Grimes T, Wasson K, Hughes BB. Rapid enhancement of multiple ecosystem services following the restoration of a coastal foundation species. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e02466. [PMID: 34614246 PMCID: PMC9285811 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The global decline of marine foundation species (kelp forests, mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses) has contributed to the degradation of the coastal zone and threatens the loss of critical ecosystem services and functions. Restoration of marine foundation species has had variable success, especially for seagrasses, where a majority of restoration efforts have failed. While most seagrass restorations track structural attributes over time, rarely do restorations assess the suite of ecological functions that may be affected by restoration. Here we report on the results of two small-scale experimental seagrass restoration efforts in a central California estuary where we transplanted 117 0.25-m2 plots (2,340 shoots) of the seagrass species Zostera marina. We quantified restoration success relative to persistent reference beds, and in comparison to unrestored, unvegetated areas. Within three years, our restored plots expanded ~8,500%, from a total initial area of 29 to 2,513 m2 . The restored beds rapidly began to resemble the reference beds in (1) seagrass structural attributes (canopy height, shoot density, biomass), (2) ecological functions (macrofaunal species richness and abundance, epifaunal species richness, nursery function), and (3) biogeochemical functions (modulation of water quality). We also developed a multifunctionality index to assess cumulative functional performance, which revealed restored plots are intermediate between reference and unvegetated habitats, illustrating how rapidly multiple functions recovered over a short time period. Our comprehensive study is one of few published studies to quantify how seagrass restoration can enhance both biological and biogeochemical functions. Our study serves as a model for quantifying ecosystem services associated with the restoration of a foundation species and demonstrates the potential for rapid functional recovery that can be achieved through targeted restoration of fast-growing foundation species under suitable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Beheshti
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia95060USA
| | - Susan L. Williams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Katharyn E. Boyer
- Estuary & Ocean Science CenterSan Francisco State UniversityTiburonCalifornia94920USA
| | - Charlie Endris
- Moss Landing Marine LaboratoriesMoss LandingCalifornia95039USA
| | - Annakate Clemons
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia95060USA
| | - Tracy Grimes
- Department of EcologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCalifornia92182USA
| | - Kerstin Wasson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia95060USA
- Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research ReserveRoyal OaksCalifornia95076USA
| | - Brent B. Hughes
- Department of BiologySonoma State UniversityRohnert ParkCalifornia94928USA
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Cheng BS, Blumenthal J, Chang AL, Barley J, Ferner MC, Nielsen KJ, Ruiz GM, Zabin CJ. Severe introduced predator impacts despite attempted functional eradication. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ridlon AD, Wasson K, Waters T, Adams J, Donatuto J, Fleener G, Froehlich H, Govender R, Kornbluth A, Lorda J, Peabody B, Pinchot IV G, Rumrill SS, Tobin E, Zabin CJ, Zacherl D, Grosholz ED. Conservation aquaculture as a tool for imperiled marine species: Evaluation of opportunities and risks for Olympia oysters, Ostrea lurida. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252810. [PMID: 34153054 PMCID: PMC8216563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation aquaculture is becoming an important tool to support the recovery of declining marine species and meet human needs. However, this tool comes with risks as well as rewards, which must be assessed to guide aquaculture activities and recovery efforts. Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida) provide key ecosystem functions and services along the west coast of North America, but populations have declined to the point of local extinction in some estuaries. Here, we present a species-level, range-wide approach to strategically planning the use of aquaculture to promote recovery of Olympia oysters. We identified 12 benefits of culturing Olympia oysters, including identifying climate-resilient phenotypes that add diversity to growers’ portfolios. We also identified 11 key risks, including potential negative ecological and genetic consequences associated with the transfer of hatchery-raised oysters into wild populations. Informed by these trade-offs, we identified ten priority estuaries where aquaculture is most likely to benefit Olympia oyster recovery. The two highest scoring estuaries have isolated populations with extreme recruitment limitation—issues that can be addressed via aquaculture if hatchery capacity is expanded in priority areas. By integrating social criteria, we evaluated which project types would likely meet the goals of local stakeholders in each estuary. Community restoration was most broadly suited to the priority areas, with limited commercial aquaculture and no current community harvest of the species, although this is a future stakeholder goal. The framework we developed to evaluate aquaculture as a tool to support species recovery is transferable to other systems and species globally; we provide a guide to prioritizing local knowledge and developing recommendations for implementation by using transparent criteria. Our collaborative process engaging diverse stakeholders including managers, scientists, Indigenous Tribal representatives, and shellfish growers can be used elsewhere to seek win-win opportunities to expand conservation aquaculture where benefits are maximized for both people and imperiled species.
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Affiliation(s)
- April D. Ridlon
- Science for Nature and People Partnership and National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kerstin Wasson
- Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Watsonvile, California, United States of America
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Waters
- Global Aquaculture, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - John Adams
- Sound Fresh Clams and Oysters, Shelton, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jamie Donatuto
- Community Environmental Health Program, Swinomish Indian Tribal Community, LaConner, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gary Fleener
- Research and Development, Hog Island Oyster Co., Marshall, California, United States of America
| | - Halley Froehlich
- Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology and Environmental Studies, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Rhona Govender
- Species at Risk Program, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aaron Kornbluth
- Officer, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - Julio Lorda
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
- Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve, Imperial Beach, California, United States of America
| | - Betsy Peabody
- Puget Sound Restoration Fund, Bainbridge Island, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Steven S. Rumrill
- Marine Resources Program, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Newport, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Tobin
- Natural Resources Department, Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe, Sequim, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chela J. Zabin
- Marine Invasions Research, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Belvedere Tiburon, California, United States of America
| | - Danielle Zacherl
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, United States of America
| | - Edwin D. Grosholz
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Lawlor JA, Arellano SM. Temperature and salinity, not acidification, predict near-future larval growth and larval habitat suitability of Olympia oysters in the Salish Sea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13787. [PMID: 32796854 PMCID: PMC7429507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Most invertebrates in the ocean begin their lives with planktonic larval phases that are critical for dispersal and distribution of these species. Larvae are particularly vulnerable to environmental change, so understanding interactive effects of environmental stressors on larval life is essential in predicting population persistence and vulnerability of species. Here, we use a novel experimental approach to rear larvae under interacting gradients of temperature, salinity, and ocean acidification, then model growth rate and duration of Olympia oyster larvae and predict the suitability of habitats for larval survival. We find that temperature and salinity are closely linked to larval growth and larval habitat suitability, but larvae are tolerant to acidification at this scale. We discover that present conditions in the Salish Sea are actually suboptimal for Olympia oyster larvae from populations in the region, and that larvae from these populations might actually benefit from some degree of global ocean change. Our models predict a vast decrease in mean pelagic larval duration by the year 2095, which has the potential to alter population dynamics for this species in future oceans. Additionally, we find that larval tolerance can explain large-scale biogeographic patterns for this species across its range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Lawlor
- Department of Biology, Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, Anacortes, WA, USA.
| | - Shawn M Arellano
- Department of Biology, Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, Anacortes, WA, USA
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Spencer LH, Venkataraman YR, Crim R, Ryan S, Horwith MJ, Roberts SB. Carryover effects of temperature and pCO 2 across multiple Olympia oyster populations. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02060. [PMID: 31863716 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Predicting how populations will respond to ocean change across generations is critical to effective conservation of marine species. One emerging factor is the influence of parental exposures on offspring phenotype, known as intergenerational carryover effects. Parental exposure may deliver beneficial or detrimental characteristics to offspring that can influence larval recruitment patterns, thus shaping how populations and community structure respond to ocean change. Impacts of adult exposure to elevated winter temperature and pCO2 on reproduction and offspring viability were examined in the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) using three populations of adult, hatchery-reared O. lurida, plus an additional cohort spawned from one of the populations. Oysters were sequentially exposed to elevated temperature (+4°C, at 10°C), followed by elevated pCO2 (+2,204 μatm, at 3,045 μatm) during winter months. Male gametes were more developed after elevated temperature exposure and less developed after high pCO2 exposure, but there was no impact on female gametes or sex ratios. Oysters previously exposed to elevated winter temperature released larvae earlier, regardless of pCO2 exposure. Those exposed to elevated winter temperature as a sole treatment released more larvae on a daily basis but, when also exposed to high pCO2 , there was no effect. These combined results indicate that elevated winter temperature accelerates O. lurida spermatogenesis, resulting in earlier larval release and increased production, with elevated pCO2 exposure negating effects of elevated temperature. Altered recruitment patterns may therefore follow warmer winters due to precocious spawning, but these effects may be masked by coincidental high pCO2 . Offspring were reared in common conditions for 1 yr, then deployed for 3 months in four estuarine bays with distinct environmental conditions. Offspring of parents exposed to elevated pCO2 had higher survival rates in two of the four bays. This carryover effect demonstrates that parental conditions can have substantial ecologically relevant impacts that should be considered when predicting impacts of environmental change. Furthermore, Olympia oysters may be more resilient in certain environments when progenitors are pre-conditioned in stressful conditions. Combined with other recent studies, our work suggests that the Olympia may be more equipped than other oysters for the challenge of a changing ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Spencer
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA
| | - Yaamini R Venkataraman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA
| | - Ryan Crim
- Puget Sound Restoration Fund, 8001 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington, 98110, USA
| | - Stuart Ryan
- Puget Sound Restoration Fund, 8001 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington, 98110, USA
| | - Micah J Horwith
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources, 1111 Washington Street SE, MS 47027, Olympia, Washington, 98504, USA
| | - Steven B Roberts
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA
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Silliman K. Population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptation in the Olympia oyster ( Ostrea lurida) along the west coast of North America. Evol Appl 2019; 12:923-939. [PMID: 31080505 PMCID: PMC6503834 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective management of threatened and exploited species requires an understanding of both the genetic connectivity among populations and local adaptation. The Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida), patchily distributed from Baja California to the central coast of Canada, has a long history of population declines due to anthropogenic stressors. For such coastal marine species, population structure could follow a continuous isolation-by-distance model, contain regional blocks of genetic similarity separated by barriers to gene flow, or be consistent with a null model of no population structure. To distinguish between these hypotheses in O. lurida, 13,424 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to characterize rangewide population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptive divergence. Samples were collected across the species range on the west coast of North America, from southern California to Vancouver Island. A conservative approach for detecting putative loci under selection identified 235 SNPs across 129 GBS loci, which were functionally annotated and analyzed separately from the remaining neutral loci. While strong population structure was observed on a regional scale in both neutral and outlier markers, neutral markers had greater power to detect fine-scale structure. Geographic regions of reduced gene flow aligned with known marine biogeographic barriers, such as Cape Mendocino, Monterey Bay, and the currents around Cape Flattery. The outlier loci identified as under putative selection included genes involved in developmental regulation, sensory information processing, energy metabolism, immune response, and muscle contraction. These loci are excellent candidates for future research and may provide targets for genetic monitoring programs. Beyond specific applications for restoration and management of the Olympia oyster, this study lends to the growing body of evidence for both population structure and adaptive differentiation across a range of marine species exhibiting the potential for panmixia. Computational notebooks are available to facilitate reproducibility and future open-sourced research on the population structure of O. lurida.
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