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Liu Y, Wu W, Cai C, Zhang H, Shen H, Han Y. Patient-derived xenograft models in cancer therapy: technologies and applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:160. [PMID: 37045827 PMCID: PMC10097874 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, in which tumor tissues from patients are implanted into immunocompromised or humanized mice, have shown superiority in recapitulating the characteristics of cancer, such as the spatial structure of cancer and the intratumor heterogeneity of cancer. Moreover, PDX models retain the genomic features of patients across different stages, subtypes, and diversified treatment backgrounds. Optimized PDX engraftment procedures and modern technologies such as multi-omics and deep learning have enabled a more comprehensive depiction of the PDX molecular landscape and boosted the utilization of PDX models. These irreplaceable advantages make PDX models an ideal choice in cancer treatment studies, such as preclinical trials of novel drugs, validating novel drug combinations, screening drug-sensitive patients, and exploring drug resistance mechanisms. In this review, we gave an overview of the history of PDX models and the process of PDX model establishment. Subsequently, the review presents the strengths and weaknesses of PDX models and highlights the integration of novel technologies in PDX model research. Finally, we delineated the broad application of PDX models in chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and other novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wantao Wu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Changjing Cai
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China.
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China.
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Podaza E, Kuo HH, Nguyen J, Elemento O, Martin ML. Next generation patient derived tumor organoids. Transl Res 2022; 250:84-97. [PMID: 35964899 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) have emerged as exceptional pre-clinical models as they preserved, in most of the cases, the mutational landscape and tumor-clonal heterogeneity of the primary tumors. Despite being extensively used in disease modelling as well as in precision medicine for drug testing and discovery, they still have some limitations. The main limitation is that during their establishment they lose all components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) which are known modulators of tumor response to therapeutic treatment as well as disease progression. In this review we address the effects of different players of the TME such as immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and the extracellular matrix composition on tumor behavior and response to treatment as well as the different culture and co-culture strategies that could improve PDTOs value as pre-clinical models leading to the development of next generation PDTOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Podaza
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hui-Hsuan Kuo
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, New York
| | - John Nguyen
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, New York
| | - M Laura Martin
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, New York.
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Patient Derived Xenografts for Genome-Driven Therapy of Osteosarcoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020416. [PMID: 33671173 PMCID: PMC7922432 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare malignant primary tumor of mesenchymal origin affecting bone. It is characterized by a complex genotype, mainly due to the high frequency of chromothripsis, which leads to multiple somatic copy number alterations and structural rearrangements. Any effort to design genome-driven therapies must therefore consider such high inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity. Therefore, many laboratories and international networks are developing and sharing OS patient-derived xenografts (OS PDX) to broaden the availability of models that reproduce OS complex clinical heterogeneity. OS PDXs, and new cell lines derived from PDXs, faithfully preserve tumor heterogeneity, genetic, and epigenetic features and are thus valuable tools for predicting drug responses. Here, we review recent achievements concerning OS PDXs, summarizing the methods used to obtain ectopic and orthotopic xenografts and to fully characterize these models. The availability of OS PDXs across the many international PDX platforms and their possible use in PDX clinical trials are also described. We recommend the coupling of next-generation sequencing (NGS) data analysis with functional studies in OS PDXs, as well as the setup of OS PDX clinical trials and co-clinical trials, to enhance the predictive power of experimental evidence and to accelerate the clinical translation of effective genome-guided therapies for this aggressive disease.
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Chulpanova DS, Gilazieva ZE, Kletukhina SK, Aimaletdinov AM, Garanina EE, James V, Rizvanov AA, Solovyeva VV. Cytochalasin B-Induced Membrane Vesicles from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Overexpressing IL2 Are Able to Stimulate CD8 + T-Killers to Kill Human Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020141. [PMID: 33579033 PMCID: PMC7916789 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Almost all human cells release extracellular vesicles participating in intercellular communication. Extracellular vesicles are rounded structures surrounded by the cytoplasmic membrane, which embody cytoplasmic contents of the parental cells, which makes extracellular vesicles a promising therapeutic tool for cell-free cancer therapy. In this study, human mesenchymal stem cells were genetically modified to overexpress human interleukin-2 (IL2), a cytokine which regulates the proliferation and activation of immune cells. Membrane vesicle release from native and genetically modified stem cells was induced by cytochalasin B treatment to increase the yield of membrane vesicles. To evaluate the immunomodulating properties of isolated membrane vesicles, immune cells were isolated from human peripheral blood and co-cultured with membrane vesicles from native or IL2 overexpressing stem cells. To analyze the anti-tumor activity of immune cells after interaction with IL2-enriched membrane vesicles, immune cells were co-cultured with triple negative breast cancer cells. As a result, IL2-enriched membrane vesicles were able to activate and stimulate the proliferation of immune cells, which in turn were able to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Therefore, the production of IL2-enriched membrane vesicles represents a unique opportunity to meet the potential of extracellular vesicles to be used in clinical applications for cancer therapy. Abstract Interleukin 2 (IL2) was one of the first cytokines used for cancer treatment due to its ability to stimulate anti-cancer immunity. However, recombinant IL2-based therapy is associated with high systemic toxicity and activation of regulatory T-cells, which are associated with the pro-tumor immune response. One of the current trends for the delivery of anticancer agents is the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can carry and transfer biologically active cargos into cells. The use of EVs can increase the efficacy of IL2-based anti-tumor therapy whilst reducing systemic toxicity. In this study, human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) were transduced with lentivirus encoding IL2 (hADSCs-IL2). Membrane vesicles were isolated from hADSCs-IL2 using cytochalasin B (CIMVs-IL2). The effect of hADSCs-IL2 and CIMVs-IL2 on the activation and proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as the cytotoxicity of activated PBMCs against human triple negative cancer MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 cells were evaluated. The effect of CIMVs-IL2 on murine PBMCs was also evaluated in vivo. CIMVs-IL2 failed to suppress the proliferation of human PBMCs as opposed to hADSCs-IL2. However, CIMVs-IL2 were able to activate human CD8+ T-killers, which in turn, killed MDA-MB-231 cells more effectively than hADSCs-IL2-activated CD8+ T-killers. This immunomodulating effect of CIMVs-IL2 appears specific to human CD8+ T-killer cells, as the same effect was not observed on murine CD8+ T-cells. In conclusion, the use of CIMVs-IL2 has the potential to provide a more effective anti-cancer therapy. This compelling evidence supports further studies to evaluate CIMVs-IL2 effectiveness, using cancer mouse models with a reconstituted human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria S. Chulpanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.S.C.); (Z.E.G.); (S.K.K.); (A.M.A.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Zarema E. Gilazieva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.S.C.); (Z.E.G.); (S.K.K.); (A.M.A.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Sevindzh K. Kletukhina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.S.C.); (Z.E.G.); (S.K.K.); (A.M.A.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Aleksandr M. Aimaletdinov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.S.C.); (Z.E.G.); (S.K.K.); (A.M.A.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Ekaterina E. Garanina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.S.C.); (Z.E.G.); (S.K.K.); (A.M.A.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Victoria James
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.S.C.); (Z.E.G.); (S.K.K.); (A.M.A.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Valeriya V. Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.S.C.); (Z.E.G.); (S.K.K.); (A.M.A.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-919-649-9343
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Abstract
Purpose of the review The adoptive transfer of alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) following organ transplantation is an emerging treatment paradigm that may induce tolerance and reduce the risk for graft rejection. In particular, redirecting Treg specificity via expression of synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has demonstrated therapeutic promise in several preclinical studies. In this review, we highlight recent progress and remaining barriers to the clinical translation of CAR-Treg therapies. Recent findings CAR Tregs targeting human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 showed antigen-specific in vitro activation and superior in vivo protective function relative to polyclonal Tregs. Adoptively transferred anti-HLA-A2 CAR Tregs prolonged the survival of HLA-A2-positive grafts in humanized mouse models. Summary Donor HLA molecules are attractive candidate antigens to target with CAR Tregs in transplantation due to mismatched HLA only expressed on the transplanted organ. The feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated by several independent groups in recent years. However, substantial challenges in CAR design and preclinical modeling must be more extensively addressed prior to clinical application.
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Yoshida GJ. Applications of patient-derived tumor xenograft models and tumor organoids. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:4. [PMID: 31910904 PMCID: PMC6947974 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDXs), in which tumor fragments surgically dissected from cancer patients are directly transplanted into immunodeficient mice, have emerged as a useful model for translational research aimed at facilitating precision medicine. PDX susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs is closely correlated with clinical data in patients, from whom PDX models have been derived. Accumulating evidence suggests that PDX models are highly effective in predicting the efficacy of both conventional and novel anti-cancer therapeutics. This also allows “co-clinical trials,” in which pre-clinical investigations in vivo and clinical trials could be performed in parallel or sequentially to assess drug efficacy in patients and PDXs. However, tumor heterogeneity present in PDX models and in the original tumor samples constitutes an obstacle for application of PDX models. Moreover, human stromal cells originally present in tumors dissected from patients are gradually replaced by host stromal cells as the xenograft grows. This replacement by murine stroma could preclude analysis of human tumor-stroma interactions, as some mouse stromal cytokines might not affect human carcinoma cells in PDX models. The present review highlights the biological and clinical significance of PDX models and three-dimensional patient-derived tumor organoid cultures of several kinds of solid tumors, such as those of the colon, pancreas, brain, breast, lung, skin, and ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8412, Japan. .,Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8412, Japan.
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7
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Schneider J, Volkmer I, Engel K, Emmer A, Staege MS. Expression of A New Endogenous Retrovirus-Associated Transcript in Hodgkin Lymphoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215320. [PMID: 31731509 PMCID: PMC6862598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During characterization of a cDNA library from the Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cell line L-1236, we discovered a new transcript derived from chromosome 1 at the long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1768 (LINC01768)/colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) region. The first exon of this transcript from Hodgkin lymphoma cells (THOLE) starts in the predicted exon 4 of LINC01768 and is part of an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) from the HUERS-P1/LTR8 family. High expression of THOLE was only detectable in HL cell line L-1236. The expression of THOLE in L-1236 cell is another example for ERV/LTR-associated gene expression in HL cells. At the genome level, the HUERS-P1/LTR8 region including THOLE is only present in Hominoidea. The influence of ERV/LTRs on gene expression might explain the characteristic phenotype of human HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Schneider
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany; (J.S.); (I.V.); (K.E.)
| | - Ines Volkmer
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany; (J.S.); (I.V.); (K.E.)
| | - Kristina Engel
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany; (J.S.); (I.V.); (K.E.)
| | - Alexander Emmer
- Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Martin S. Staege
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany; (J.S.); (I.V.); (K.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-557-7280; Fax: +49-345-557-7275
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8
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Abstract
The goal of cellular transplantation is to allow long-term function of the grafted cells using minimal host immunosuppression. To this end, the major strategies to implant cells and tissues are through: (i) the pretreatment of the graft to reduce tissue immunogenicity; (ii) the application of immunoisolation technologies to prevent host sensitization to implanted cells; and (iii) the induction of immunological tolerance to the donor tissues. Further, a major dilemma facing clinical tissue grafting is the shortage of donor tissue for transplantation. This problem requires the consideration of tissues from other species (xenografts) as a potential source of donor material. In light of these issues, the focus of this discussion is on the T cell-dependent response to allogeneic and xenogeneic transplants and the implications of this reactivity on the field of cellular replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Gill
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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Wei M, Marino J, Trowell A, Zhang H, Stromp Peraino J, Rajasekera PV, Madsen JC, Sachs DH, Huang CA, Benichou G, Wang Z. Diphtheria toxin-based recombinant murine IL-2 fusion toxin for depleting murine regulatory T cells in vivo. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 27:289-95. [PMID: 25147093 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzu034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of CD4(+) T cells which suppress immune responses of effector cells and are known to play a very important role in protection against autoimmune disease development, induction of transplantation tolerance and suppression of effective immune response against tumor cells. An effective in vivo Treg depletion agent would facilitate Treg-associated studies across many research areas. In this study, we have developed diphtheria toxin-based monovalent and bivalent murine IL-2 fusion toxins for depleting murine IL-2 receptor positive cells including CD25(+) Treg in vivo. Their potencies were assessed by in vitro protein synthesis inhibition and cell proliferation inhibition assays using a murine CD25(+) CTLL-2 cell line. Surprisingly, in contrast to our previously developed recombinant fusion toxins, the monovalent isoform (DT390-mIL-2) was approximately 4-fold more potent than its bivalent counterpart (DT390-bi-mIL-2). Binding analysis by flow cytometry demonstrated that the monovalent isoform bound stronger than the bivalent version. In vivo Treg depletion with the monovalent murine IL-2 fusion toxin was performed using C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Spleen Treg were significantly depleted with a maximum reduction of ∼70% and detectable as early as 12 h after the last injection. The spleen Treg numbers were reduced until Day 3 and returned to control levels by Day 7. We believe that this monovalent murine IL-2 fusion toxin will be an effective in vivo murine Treg depleter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA MGH-DF/HCC Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification Core, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose Marino
- Transplant Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Trowell
- Transplant Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA MGH-DF/HCC Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification Core, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaclyn Stromp Peraino
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA MGH-DF/HCC Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification Core, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priyani V Rajasekera
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA MGH-DF/HCC Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification Core, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joren C Madsen
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Transplant Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David H Sachs
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA MGH-DF/HCC Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification Core, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christene A Huang
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA MGH-DF/HCC Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification Core, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gilles Benichou
- Transplant Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA MGH-DF/HCC Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification Core, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Cellular Immune Responses to Xenografts. Xenotransplantation 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818043.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kumar Das D, Saini M, Swarup D, Kumar Gupta P. Molecular cloning and evolution of the gene encoding the precursor of Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) interleukin 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 17:465-70. [PMID: 17381048 DOI: 10.1080/10425170600908542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 is a key immunoregulatory cytokine that is involved in T helper differentiation and is known to induce interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in natural killer (NK) and T-cell. The gene for interleukin-2 (IL-2) was amplified from cDNA pool prepared from ConAstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM cells) isolated from Nilgai reared in semicaptivity. The amplified IL-2 gene was cloned and nucleotide sequences were determined. The sequencing result showed that Nilgai IL-2 cDNA contains 468 bp long ORF encoding 155 amino acids (Genbank Accession No DQ017831). Homology comparison of nucleotide revealed that Nilgai IL-2 sequence is evolutionary more related to buffalo than cattle IL-2 sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanjit Kumar Das
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Centre for Wildlife, Izatnagar 243 122, UP, India
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12
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Acres B, Gantzer M, Remy C, Futin N, Accart N, Chaloin O, Hoebeke J, Balloul JM, Paul S. Fusokine Interleukin-2/Interleukin-18, a Novel Potent Innate and Adaptive Immune Stimulator with Decreased Toxicity. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9536-46. [PMID: 16230419 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To redress the immune imbalances created by pathologies such as cancer, it would be beneficial to create novel cytokine molecules, which combine desired cytokine activities with reduced toxicities. Due to their divergent but complementary activities, it is of interest to combine interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-18 into one recombinant molecule for immunotherapy. Evaluation of a fusokine protein that combines murine IL-2/IL-18 shows that it is stable, maintains IL-2 and IL-18 bioactivities, has notably reduced IL-2 associated toxicities, and has a novel lymphocyte-stimulating activity. An adeno-viral expression system was used to explore the biology of this "fusokine". Inclusion of the IL-18 prosequence (proIL-18) increases the expression, secretion, and potency of this fusokine. In vivo gene transfer experiments show that Ad-IL-2/proIL-18 dramatically outdoes Ad-IL-2, Ad-proIL-18, or the combination of both, by inducing high rates of tumor rejection in several murine models. Both innate and adaptive effector mechanisms are required for this antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Acres
- Division of Medical and Regulatory Affairs, Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Histology and Animal Facilities Laboratory, Transgene SA, Strasbourg, France
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13
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14
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Sukhikh GT, Bogdanova IM, Malaitsev VV. Immunological aspects of cellular transplantology. Bull Exp Biol Med 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02496831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Mai Z, Kousoulas KG, Horohov DW, Klei TR. Cross-species PCR cloning of gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) interleukin-2 cDNA and its expression in COS-7 cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 40:63-71. [PMID: 8128610 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone of the gerbil interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene was isolated by cross-species PCR cloning, and demonstrated to produce a functional gerbil IL-2 protein when inserted in the eucaryotic expression vector pSV-SPORT1 and transfected into COS-7 monkey cells. The open reading frame codes for a polypeptide of 155 amino acid residues with a molecular weight (MW) of 17,601 which includes a putative signal peptide. The mature gerbil IL-2 is deduced to contain 135 amino acid residues and has a calculated MW of 15,496. Culture supernatant of COS-7 cells transfected with pSV-SPORT1-GIL-2, but not pSV-SPORT1 stimulates the proliferation of the IL-2 dependent murine CTLL-2 cells. Molecular characteristics of gerbil IL-2 have been compared with IL-2 of mouse, rat, human, bovine, ovine and porcine origin. The mature form of gerbil IL-2 is similar in molecular weight to all species except the mouse. A N-glycosylation site present in bovine, ovine and porcine IL-2 respectively, is absent in gerbil. Three Cys residues are conserved in all compared mature IL-2 molecules. In these comparisons, gerbil IL-2 has highest identity with rat IL-2 for both nucleotide and amino acid sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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16
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Abstract
We have cloned equine IL-2 cDNA in vitro using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers based on the human IL-2 sequence. The cloned product appears to contain the entire coding region for equine IL-2 based on homology with other known sequences. When expressed in COS cells, the recombinant product augmented the proliferative response of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells to concanavalin A, however, it failed to support the continued proliferation of murine CTLL-2 cells. Specific substitutions in those regions associated with p55 and p75 binding appear to account for this species-specifity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Vandergrifft
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808
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17
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Kroemer G, de Cid R, Moreno de Alborán I, Gonzalo JA, Iglesias A, Martínez C, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. Immunological self-tolerance: an analysis employing cytokines or cytokine receptors encoded by transgenes or a recombinant vaccinia virus. Immunol Rev 1991; 122:173-204. [PMID: 1937541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1991.tb00602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Kroemer
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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18
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Ruben LN, Langeberg L, Malley A, Clothier RH, Beadling C, Lee R, Shiigi S. A monoclonal mouse anti-human IL-2 receptor antibody (anti-Tac) will recognize molecules on the surface of Xenopus laevis immunocytes which specifically bind rIL-2 and are only slightly larger than the human Tac protein. Immunol Lett 1990; 24:117-25. [PMID: 2354864 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(90)90022-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have made visible the binding of a mouse monoclonal anti-human interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor (anti-Tac) antibody on the surface of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated Xenopus thymocytes using a colloidal gold-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody and transmission electron microscopy. No binding was found when a different mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) of the same isotype and subclass was tested, or when the anti-Tac antibody was omitted from the procedure. After metabolic radiolabeling of the IL-2 receptors with [35S]methionine using PHA-stimulated thymocytes of Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed toad, we show that a concentrated preparation of the mouse anti-human Tac antibody will immunoprecipitate a radiolabeled molecule just slightly larger than 55 kDa. Phorbol dibutyrate (PDB), an effective T cell mitogen, and cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of T cell mitogenesis in this species, are both capable of regulating the expression of this IL-2-binding molecule on Xenopus immunocytes. Here, we use the calcium ionophore A23187 to show that the relationship between IL-2 receptor expression and mitogenesis, which was previously established in X. laevis, is associated with a calcium ion flux. Flow cytometry is used for assaying alterations in epitope expression after binding the lectin-stimulated cells under test with a fluorescence (Fl*) conjugate of the anti-Tac antibody or a control mAb, which is either anti-DNP or anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in specificity, but of the same mouse isotype and subclass as the anti-IL-2 receptor antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Ruben
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202-8199
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19
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Schwartz DH, Merigan TC. Interleukin-2 in the treatment of HIV disease. BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1990; 2:119-36. [PMID: 2205261 DOI: 10.1007/bf02173452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D H Schwartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305
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20
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Collins MK, Malde P, Miyajima A, Arai K, Smith KA, Mulligan RC. Evidence that the level of the p55 component of the interleukin (IL) 2 receptor can control IL 2 responsiveness in a murine IL 3-dependent cell. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20:573-8. [PMID: 2318250 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830200317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of interleukin 2 (IL 2) in mature T lymphocyte function is well documented, its effect on hematopoietic progenitor cells is less well characterized. Here we have used recombinant retroviruses to transduce and express a cDNA clone encoding the p55 component of the human IL 2 receptor (h-p55), in a murine IL 3-dependent cell line, BAF3. While the parental cells do not respond to IL 2, the h-p55-expressing cells proliferate upon treatment with recombinant IL 2 after an initial lag period. The responsiveness of individual cell clones is correlated with their level of h-p55 expression, and can be inhibited by Tac monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, growth at limiting IL 2 concentrations selects a subset of cells expressing higher h-p55 levels from a bulk population. Detailed 125I-labeled IL 2 binding analysis on the highest h-p55-expressing clone detects the presence of 200 high-affinity (KD = 25 pM) IL 2 receptors. We therefore propose that the level of h-p55 expression governs the formation of high-affinity receptors, and hence IL 2 responsiveness in BAF3 cells.
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