1
|
Kumar A, Singh B, Tiwari R, Singh VK, Singh SS, Sundar S, Kumar R. Emerging role of γδ T cells in protozoan infection and their potential clinical application. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105210. [PMID: 35031509 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are thymus derived heterogeneous and unconventional T- lymphocyte expressing TCR γ (V γ9) and TCRδ (Vδ2) chain and play an important role in connecting innate and adaptive armaments of immune response. These cells can recognize wide ranges of antigens even without involvement of major histocompatibility complex and exert their biological functions by cytotoxicity or activating various types of immune cells. In recent past, γδ T cells have emerged as an important player during protozoa infection and rapidly expand after exposure with them. They have also been widely studied in vaccine induced immune response against many bacterial and protozoan infections with improved clinical outcome. In this review, we will discuss the various roles of γδ T cells in immunity against malaria and leishmaniasis, the two important protozoan diseases causing significant mortality and morbidity throughout the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awnish Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Bhawana Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | | | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Galati D, Zanotta S, Bocchino M, De Filippi R, Pinto A. The subtle interplay between gamma delta T lymphocytes and dendritic cells: is there a role for a therapeutic cancer vaccine in the era of combinatorial strategies? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1797-1809. [PMID: 33386466 PMCID: PMC10991494 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human gamma delta (γδ) T cells represent heterogeneous subsets of unconventional lymphocytes with an HLA-unrestricted target cell recognition. γδ T cells display adaptive clonally restricted specificities coupled to a powerful cytotoxic function against transformed/injured cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are documented to be the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) able to induce adaptive immunity and support the innate immune response independently from T cells. Several data show that the cross-talk of γδ T lymphocytes with DCs can play a crucial role in the orchestration of immune response by bridging innate to adaptive immunity. In the last decade, DCs, as well as γδ T cells, have been of increasing clinical interest, especially as monotherapy for cancer immunotherapy, even though with unpredictable results mainly due to immune suppression and/or tumor-immune escape. For these reasons, new vaccine strategies have to be explored to reach cancer immunotherapy's full potential. The effect of DC-based vaccines on γδ T cell is less extensively investigated, and a combinatorial approach using DC-based vaccines with γδ T cells might promote a strong synergy for long-term tumor control and protection against escaping tumor clones. Here, we discuss the therapeutic potential of the interaction between DCs and γδ T cells to improve cancer vaccination. In particular, we describe the most relevant and updated evidence of such combinatorial approaches, including the use of Zoledronate, Interleukin-15, and protamine RNA, also looking towards future strategies such as CAR therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Galati
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy.
| | - Serena Zanotta
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Bocchino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria De Filippi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pinto
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li G, Adam A, Luo H, Shan C, Cao Z, Fontes-Garfias CR, Sarathy VV, Teleki C, Winkelmann ER, Liang Y, Sun J, Bourne N, Barrett ADT, Shi PY, Wang T. An attenuated Zika virus NS4B protein mutant is a potent inducer of antiviral immune responses. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:48. [PMID: 31815005 PMCID: PMC6883050 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are one of the most important strategies to control flavivirus diseases. The flavivirus nonstructural (NS) 4B proteins are a critical component of both the virus replication complex and evasion of host innate immunity. Here we have used site-directed mutagenesis of residues in the highly conserved N-terminal and central hydrophobic regions of Zika virus (ZIKV) NS4B protein to identify candidate attenuating mutations. Three single-site mutants were generated, of which the NS4B-C100S mutant was more attenuated than the other two mutants (NS4B-C100A and NS4B-P36A) in two immunocompromised mouse models of fatal ZIKV disease. The ZIKV NS4B-C100S mutant triggered stronger type 1 interferons and interleukin-6 production, and higher ZIKV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, but induced similar titers of neutralization antibodies compared with the parent wild-type ZIKV strain and a previously reported candidate ZIKV LAV with a 10-nucleotide deletion in 3'-UTR (ZIKV-3'UTR-Δ10). Vaccination with ZIKV NS4B-C100S protected mice from subsequent WT ZIKV challenge. Furthermore, either passive immunization with ZIKV NS4B-C100S immune sera or active immunization with ZIKV NS4B-C100S followed by the depletion of T cells affords full protection from lethal WT ZIKV challenge. In summary, our results suggest that the ZIKV NS4B-C100S mutant may serve as a candidate ZIKV LAV due to its attenuated phenotype and high immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Awadalkareem Adam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Zengguo Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Camila R. Fontes-Garfias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Vanessa V. Sarathy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Cody Teleki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Evandro R. Winkelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Nigel Bourne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Alan D. T. Barrett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, O’Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Connection between γδ T-cell- and Adenosine- Mediated Immune Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 38:233-243. [PMID: 30004859 PMCID: PMC6361114 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018026150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory effects of γδ T-cells on immune responses have been studied for years. We have investigated the regulatory effect of γδ T-cells on Th1 and Th17 autoimmune responses, and have studied molecular and cellular mechanisms by which γδ T-cells enhance or inhibit immune responses, exploiting a well-characterized murine model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Our results show that (1) aberrant γδ T-cell activation is an important pathogenic event in EAU; (2) γδ T-cells have a unique regulatory effect on Th17 autoimmune responses, which is shaped by the activation status of γδ T-cells; and (3) γδ-mediated immunoregulation is closely linked with the extracellular adenosine metabolism. Reciprocal interactions between γδ T-cells and extracellular adenosine partially determine the development of EAU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Rebecca L. O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
MAVS Is Essential for Primary CD4 + T Cell Immunity but Not for Recall T Cell Responses following an Attenuated West Nile Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02097-16. [PMID: 28077630 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02097-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) agonists and the molecular mechanisms involved have been the major focus of research in individual vaccine development. West Nile virus (WNV) nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant has several features for an ideal vaccine candidate, including significantly reduced neuroinvasiveness, induction of strong adaptive immunity, and protection of mice from wild-type (WT) WNV infection. Here, we determined the role of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), the adaptor protein for RIG-I-like receptor in regulating host immunity against the NS4B-P38G vaccine. We found that Mavs-/- mice were more susceptible to NS4B-P38G priming than WT mice. Mavs-/- mice had a transiently reduced production of antiviral cytokines and an impaired CD4+ T cell response in peripheral organs. However, antibody and CD8+ T cell responses were minimally affected. NS4B-P38G induced lower type I interferon (IFN), IFN-stimulating gene, and proinflammatory cytokine responses in Mavs-/- dendritic cells and subsequently compromised the antigen-presenting capacity for CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, Mavs-/- mice surviving NS4B-P38G priming were all protected from a lethal WT WNV challenge. NS4B-P38G-primed Mavs-/- mice exhibited equivalent levels of protective CD4+ T cell recall response, a modestly reduced WNV-specific IgM production, but more robust CD8+ T cell recall response. Taken together, our results suggest that MAVS is essential for boosting optimal primary CD4+ T cell responses upon NS4B-P38G vaccination and yet is dispensable for host protection and recall T cell responses during secondary WT WNV infection.IMPORTANCE The production of innate cytokines induced by the recognition of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) via their cognate ligands are critical for enhancing antigen-presenting cell functions and influencing T cell responses during microbial infection. The use of PRR agonists and the underlying molecular mechanisms have been the major focus in individual vaccine development. Here, we determined the role of mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), the adaptor protein for RIG-I like receptor in regulating host immunity against the live attenuated West Nile virus (WNV) vaccine strain, the nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant. We found that MAVS is important for boosting optimal primary CD4+ T cell response during NS4B-P38G vaccination. However, MAVS is dispensable for memory T cell development and host protection during secondary wild-type WNV infection. Overall, these results may be utilized as a paradigm to aid in the rational development of other efficacious live attenuated flavivirus vaccines.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bai H, Gao X, Zhao L, Peng Y, Yang J, Qiao S, Zhao H, Wang S, Fan Y, Joyee AG, Yao Z, Yang X. Respective IL-17A production by γδ T and Th17 cells and its implication in host defense against chlamydial lung infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:850-861. [PMID: 27796286 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of IL-17A is important in protection against lung infection with Chlamydiae, an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen. In this study, we explored the producers of IL-17A in chlamydial lung infection and specifically tested the role of major IL-17A producers in protective immunity. We found that γδT cells and Th17 cells are the major producers of IL-17A at the early and later stages of chlamydial infection, respectively. Depletion of γδT cells in vivo at the early postinfection (p.i.) stage, when most γδT cells produce IL-17A, failed to alter Th1 responses and bacterial clearance. In contrast, the blockade of IL-17A at the time when IL-17A was mainly produced by Th17 (day 7 p.i.) markedly reduced the Th1 response and increased chlamydial growth. The data suggest that the γδ T cell is the highest producer of IL-17A in the very early stages of infection, but the protection conferred by IL-17A is mainly mediated by Th17 cells. In addition, we found that depletion of γδ T cells reduced IL-1α production by dendritic cells, which was associated with a reduced Th17 response. This finding is helpful to understand the variable role of IL-17A in different infections and to develop preventive and therapeutic approaches against infectious diseases by targeting IL-17A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bai
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Sai Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Huili Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Shuhe Wang
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - YiJun Fan
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Antony George Joyee
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Role of γδ T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2932531. [PMID: 26981547 PMCID: PMC4766344 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2932531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by the overproduction of autoantibodies against an array of nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens and affects multiple organs, such as the skin, joints, kidneys, and neuronal tissues. T cells have been recognized as important players in the development of SLE due to their functions in cytokine secretion, antigen presentation, and supporting B cells for antibody production. γδ T cells are a minor population of T cells that play important roles in infection and tumor-associated disease. In recent years, the role of γδ T cells in autoimmune diseases has been investigated. In this review, we discussed the role of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of SLE.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dysregulation of Toll-Like Receptor 7 Compromises Innate and Adaptive T Cell Responses and Host Resistance to an Attenuated West Nile Virus Infection in Old Mice. J Virol 2015; 90:1333-44. [PMID: 26581984 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02488-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The elderly are known to have enhanced susceptibility to infections and an impaired capacity to respond to vaccination. West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has induced severe neurological symptoms, mostly in the elderly population. No vaccines are available for human use. Recent work showed that an attenuated WNV, a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced no lethality but strong immune responses in young (6- to 10-week-old) mice. While studying protective efficacy, we found unexpectedly that old (21- to 22-month) mice were susceptible to WNV NS4B-P38G mutant infection but were protected from subsequent lethal wild-type WNV challenge. Compared to responses in young mice, the NS4B-P38G mutant triggered higher inflammatory cytokine and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production, a delayed γδ T cell expansion, and lower antibody and WNV-specific T cell responses in old mice. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is expressed on multiple types of cells. Impaired TLR7 signaling in old mice led to dendritic cell (DC) antigen-presenting function compromise and a reduced γδ T cell and regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion during NS4B-P38G mutant infection. R848, a TLR7 agonist, decreased host vulnerability in NS4B-P38G-infected old mice by enhancing γδ T cell and Treg expansion and the antigen-presenting capacity of DCs, thereby promoting T cell responses. In summary, our results suggest that dysregulation of TLR7 partially contributes to impaired innate and adaptive T cell responses and an enhanced vulnerability in old mice during WNV NS4B-P38G mutant infection. R848 increases the safety and efficacy during immunization of old mice with the WNV NS4B-P38G mutant. IMPORTANCE The elderly are known to have enhanced susceptibility to infections and an impaired capacity to respond to vaccination. West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, has induced severe neurological symptoms more frequently in the elderly population. No vaccines are available for human use. Here, we used an aged mouse model to investigate the protective efficacy of an attenuated WNV, the nonstructural 4B-P38G mutant, which was previously shown to induce no lethality but strong immune responses in young adult mice. Studies that contribute to a mechanistic understanding of immune defects in the elderly will allow the development of strategies to improve responses to infectious diseases and to increase vaccine efficacy and safety in aging individuals.
Collapse
|
9
|
HIV infection of monocytes-derived dendritic cells inhibits Vγ9Vδ2 T cells functions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111095. [PMID: 25340508 PMCID: PMC4207784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
DCs act as sentinel cells against incoming pathogens and represent the most potent antigen presenting cells, having the unique capability to prime naïve T cells. In addition to their role in induction of adaptive immune responses, DC are also able to activate innate cells as γδ T cells; in particular, a reciprocal crosstalk between DC and γδ T cells was demonstrated. However, whether HIV infection may alter DC-Vγ9Vδ2 T cells cross-talk was not yet described. To clarify this issue, we cultured activated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with HIV infected monocyte derived DC (MoDC). After 5 days we evaluated MoDC phenotype, and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells activation and proliferation. In our model, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were not able to proliferate in response to HIV-infected MoDC, although an up-regulation of CD69 was observed. Upon phosphoantigens stimulation, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells proliferation and cytokine production were inhibited when cultured with HIV-infected MoDC in a cell-contact dependent way. Moreover, HIV-infected MoDC are not able to up-regulate CD86 molecules when cultured with activated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, compared with uninfected MoDC. Further, activated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are not able to induce HLA DR up-regulation and CCR5 down-regulation on HIV-infected MoDC. These data indicate that HIV-infected DC alter the capacity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells to respond to their antigens, pointing out a new mechanisms of induction of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells anergy carried out by HIV, that could contribute to immune evasion.
Collapse
|
10
|
Craven CJ. A model to explain specific cellular communications and cellular harmony:- a hypothesis of coupled cells and interactive coupling molecules. Theor Biol Med Model 2014; 11:40. [PMID: 25218581 PMCID: PMC4237941 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-11-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The various cell types and their relative numbers in multicellular organisms are controlled by growth factors and related extracellular molecules which affect genetic expression pathways. However, these substances may have both/either inhibitory and/or stimulatory effects on cell division and cell differentiation depending on the cellular environment. It is not known how cells respond to these substances in such an ambiguous way. Many cellular effects have been investigated and reported using cell culture from cancer cell lines in an effort to define normal cellular behaviour using these abnormal cells.A model is offered to explain the harmony of cellular life in multicellular organisms involving interacting extracellular substances. METHODS A basic model was proposed based on asymmetric cell division and evidence to support the hypothetical model was accumulated from the literature. In particular, relevant evidence was selected for the Insulin-Like Growth Factor system from the published data, especially from certain cell lines, to support the model. The evidence has been selective in an attempt to provide a picture of normal cellular responses, derived from the cell lines. RESULTS The formation of a pair of coupled cells by asymmetric cell division is an integral part of the model as is the interaction of couplet molecules derived from these cells. Each couplet cell will have a receptor to measure the amount of the couplet molecule produced by the other cell; each cell will be receptor-positive or receptor-negative for the respective receptors. The couplet molecules will form a binary complex whose level is also measured by the cell. The hypothesis is heavily supported by selective collection of circumstantial evidence and by some direct evidence. The basic model can be expanded to other cellular interactions. CONCLUSIONS These couplet cells and interacting couplet molecules can be viewed as a mechanism that provides a controlled and balanced division-of-labour between the two progeny cells, and, in turn, their progeny. The presence or absence of a particular receptor for a couplet molecule will define a cell type and the presence or absence of many such receptors will define the cell types of the progeny within cell lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril J Craven
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
McGill JL, Sacco RE, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC, Palmer MV, Ray Waters W. The role of gamma delta T cells in immunity to Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 159:133-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
12
|
Holzapfel KL, Tyznik AJ, Kronenberg M, Hogquist KA. Antigen-dependent versus -independent activation of invariant NKT cells during infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5490-8. [PMID: 24813205 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD1d-reactive invariant NKT cells (iNKT) play a vital role in determining the characteristics of immune responses to infectious agents. Previous reports suggest that iNKT cell activation during infection can be: 1) solely driven by cytokines from innate immune cells, 2) require microbial Ag, or 3) require self-Ag. In this study, we examined the role of Ag receptor stimulation in iNKT cells during several bacterial and viral infections. To test for Ag receptor signaling, Nur77(gfp) BAC transgenic mice, which upregulate GFP in response to Ag receptor but not inflammatory signals, were analyzed. iNKT cells in the reporter mice infected with mouse CMV produced IFN-γ but did not upregulate GFP, consistent with their reported CD1d-independent activation. However, two bacteria known to produce lipid Ags for iNKT cells induced GFP expression and cytokine production. In contrast, although Salmonella typhimurium was proposed to induce the presentation of a self-lipid, iNKT cells produced IFN-γ but did not upregulate GFP postinfection in vivo. Even in CD1d-deficient hosts, iNKT cells were still able to produce IFN-γ after S. typhimurium infection. Furthermore, although it has been proposed that endogenous lipid presentation is a result of TLR stimulation of APCs, injection of different TLR agonists led to iNKT cell IFN-γ but not increased GFP expression. These data indicate that robust iNKT cell responses to bacteria, as well as viruses, can be obtained in the absence of antigenic stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keli L Holzapfel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Aaron J Tyznik
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Waters WR, Maggioli MF, McGill JL, Lyashchenko KP, Palmer MV. Relevance of bovine tuberculosis research to the understanding of human disease: historical perspectives, approaches, and immunologic mechanisms. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 159:113-32. [PMID: 24636301 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pioneer studies on infectious disease and immunology by Jenner, Pasteur, Koch, Von Behring, Nocard, Roux, and Ehrlich forged a path for the dual-purpose with dual benefit approach, demonstrating a profound relevance of veterinary studies for biomedical applications. Tuberculosis (TB), primarily due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans and Mycobacterium bovis in cattle, is an exemplary model for the demonstration of this concept. Early studies with cattle were instrumental in the development of the use of Koch's tuberculin as an in vivo measure of cell-mediated immunity for diagnostic purposes. Calmette and Guerin demonstrated the efficacy of an attenuated M. bovis strain (BCG) in cattle prior to use of this vaccine in humans. The interferon-γ release assay, now widely used for TB diagnosis in humans, was developed circa 1990 for use in the Australian bovine TB eradication program. More recently, M. bovis infection and vaccine efficacy studies with cattle have demonstrated a correlation of vaccine-elicited T cell central memory (TCM) responses to vaccine efficacy, correlation of specific antibody to mycobacterial burden and lesion severity, and detection of antigen-specific IL-17 responses to vaccination and infection. Additionally, positive prognostic indicators of bovine TB vaccine efficacy (i.e., responses measured after infection) include: reduced antigen-specific IFN-γ, iNOS, IL-4, and MIP1-α responses; reduced antigen-specific expansion of CD4(+) T cells; and a diminished activation profile on T cells within antigen stimulated cultures. Delayed type hypersensitivity and IFN-γ responses correlate with infection but do not necessarily correlate with lesion severity whereas antibody responses generally correlate with lesion severity. Recently, serologic tests have emerged for the detection of tuberculous animals, particularly elephants, captive cervids, and camelids. B cell aggregates are consistently detected within tuberculous lesions of humans, cattle, mice and various other species, suggesting a role for B cells in the immunopathogenesis of TB. Comparative immunology studies including partnerships of researchers with veterinary and medical perspectives will continue to provide mutual benefit to TB research in both man and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Ray Waters
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Mayara F Maggioli
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu YL, Ding YP, Tanaka Y, Shen LW, Wei CH, Minato N, Zhang W. γδ T cells and their potential for immunotherapy. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:119-35. [PMID: 24520210 PMCID: PMC3920167 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 (also termed Vγ2Vδ2) T cells, a major human peripheral blood γδ T cell subset, recognize microbial (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate and endogenous isopentenyl diphosphate in a TCR-dependent manner. The recognition does not require specific accessory cells, antigen uptake, antigen processing, or MHC class I, class II, or class Ib expression. This subset of T cells plays important roles in mediating innate immunity against a wide variety of infections and displays potent and broad cytotoxic activity against human tumor cells. Because γδT cells express both natural killer receptors such as NKG2D and γδ T cell receptors, they are considered to represent a link between innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, activated γδ T cells express a high level of antigen-presenting cell-related molecules and can present peptide antigens derived from destructed cells to αβ T cells. Utilizing these antimicrobial and anti-tumor properties of γδ T cells, preclinical and clinical trials have been conducted to develop novel immunotherapies for infections and malignancies. Here, we review the immunological properties of γδ T cells including the underlying recognition mechanism of nonpeptitde antigens and summarize the results of γδ T cell-based therapies so far performed. Based on the results of the reported trials, γδ T cells appear to be a promising tool for novel immunotherapies against certain types of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Wu
- 1. Lab of Molecular Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yan-Ping Ding
- 1. Lab of Molecular Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- 3. Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Li-Wen Shen
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chuan-He Wei
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- 4. Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Wen Zhang
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Paul S, Singh AK, Shilpi, Lal G. Phenotypic and functional plasticity of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells in inflammation and tolerance. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 33:537-58. [PMID: 24354324 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.863306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta T cells (γδ T cells) are an unique group of lymphocytes and play an important role in bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immune systems under homeostatic condition as well as during infection and inflammation. They are predominantly localized into the mucosal and epithelial sites, but also exist in other peripheral tissues and secondary lymphoid organs. γδ T cells can produce cytokines and chemokines to regulate the migration of other immune cells, can bring about lysis of infected or stressed cells by secreting granzymes, provide help to B cells and induce IgE production, can present antigen to conventional T cells, activate antigen presenting cells (APC) maturation, and are also known to produce growth factors that regulate the stromal cell function. γδ T cells spontaneously produce IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokines compared to delayed differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells. In this review, we discussed the current knowledge about the mechanism of γδ T cell function including its mode of antigen recognition, and differentiation into various subsets of γδ T cells. We also explored how γδ T cells interact with different types of innate and adaptive immune cells, and how these interactions shape the immune response highlighting the plasticity and role of these cells-protective or pathogenic under inflammatory and tolerogenic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Paul
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tripartite immune cell co-operation in the Bacillus Calmette Guérin-induced activation of γδ T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:461-8. [PMID: 23797069 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells contribute to immunosurveillance of pathogenic infections and malignant transformations; however, mechanisms of activation have yet to be fully defined. In this study we demonstrate a novel mechanism by which human Vδ2(+) γδ T cells are activated by the model pathogen Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG). We show in vitro that Vδ2 cell cytokine production and cytotoxic activity in response to BCG are dependent on both dendritic cells (DCs) and memory CD4(+) αβ T cells (CD4 T cells). We found that Vδ2 cells are indirectly activated by BCG in an interleukin (IL)-12p70-dependent manner, and that DC production of the IL-12p70 responsible for Vδ2 cell activation requires Toll-like receptor 2/4 ligands from BCG and interferon (IFN)-γ from memory CD4 T cells. Our data suggest that Vδ2 cell responses to BCG are dependent on the activation of IFN-γ-producing memory CD4 T cells, and provide novel insight into the complex interplay between cells of the innate and adaptive immune response.
Collapse
|
17
|
Saxena V, Xie G, Li B, Farris T, Welte T, Gong B, Boor P, Wu P, Tang SJ, Tesh R, Wang T. A hamster-derived West Nile virus isolate induces persistent renal infection in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2275. [PMID: 23785537 PMCID: PMC3681636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background West Nile virus (WNV) can persist long term in the brain and kidney tissues of humans, non-human primates, and hamsters. In this study, mice were infected with WNV strain H8912, previously cultured from the urine of a persistently infected hamster, to determine its pathogenesis in a murine host. Methodology/Principal Findings We found that WNV H8912 was highly attenuated for neuroinvasiveness in mice. Following a systemic infection, viral RNA could be detected quickly in blood and spleen and much later in kidneys. WNV H8912 induced constitutive IL-10 production, upregulation of IFN-β and IL-1β expression, and a specific IgM response on day 10 post-infection. WNV H8912 persisted preferentially in kidneys with mild renal inflammation, and less frequently in spleen for up to 2.5 months post infection. This was concurrent with detectable serum WNV-specific IgM and IgG production. There were also significantly fewer WNV- specific T cells and lower inflammatory responses in kidneys than in spleen. Previous studies have shown that systemic wild-type WNV NY99 infection induced virus persistence preferentially in spleen than in mouse kidneys. Here, we noted that splenocytes of WNV H8912-infected mice produced significantly less IL-10 than those of WNV NY99-infected mice. Finally, WNV H8912 was also attenuated in neurovirulence. Following intracranial inoculation, WNV persisted in the brain at a low frequency, concurrent with neither inflammatory responses nor neuronal damage in the brain. Conclusions WNV H8912 is highly attenuated in both neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence in mice. It induces a low and delayed anti-viral response in mice and preferentially persists in the kidneys. West Nile virus (WNV) has been reported to persist long term in the brain and kidney tissues of humans, non-human primates, and hamsters. To define a murine model of persistent WNV renal infection, we characterized infection by WNV H8912, an isolate cultured previously from the urine of a persistently infected hamster. Our findings indicate that WNV strain H8912 is highly attenuated in both neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence for mice. The virus persisted preferentially in kidneys of the mouse, and less frequently in the spleen and the brain. Moreover, mice infected with WNV H8912 had a delayed induction of IFN- β and IL-1β expression and WNV- specific IgM response, but a constitutive production of serum IL-10. There was a lower proinflammatory response in mouse kidneys when compared to equivalent findings in the spleen. This response may lead to a reduced T cell response in kidneys, which could ultimately contribute to renal-specific WNV persistence. Defining a murine model of WNV persistence by using a well-characterized, hamster-derived WNV urine isolate should provide important insights into understanding the mechanisms of WNV persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Saxena
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guorui Xie
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tierra Farris
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Welte
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul Boor
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shao-Jun Tang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert Tesh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Méndez-Samperio P. Immunological mechanisms by which concomitant helminth infections predispose to the development of human tuberculosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2012; 50:281-6. [PMID: 23230324 PMCID: PMC3514418 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Helminthic infections afflict over 1.5 billion people worldwide, while Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects one third of the world's population, resulting in 2 million deaths per year. Although tuberculosis and helminthic infections coexist in many parts of the world, and it has been demonstrated that the T-helper 2 and T-regulatory cell responses elicited by helminths can affect the ability of the host to control mycobacterial infection, it is still unclear whether helminth infections in fact affect tuberculosis disease. In this review article, current progress in the knowledge about the immunomodulation induced by helminths to diminish the protective immune responses to bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination is reviewed, and the knowledge about the types of immune responses modulated by helminths and the consequences for tuberculosis are summarized. In addition, recent data supporting the significant reduction of both M. tuberculosis antigen-specific Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR9 expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to TLR2 and TLR9 ligands in individuals with M. tuberculosis and helminth co-infection were discussed. This examination will allow to improve understanding of the immune responses to mycobacterial infection and also be of great relevance in combating human tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Méndez-Samperio
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, México, D.F. 11340 México.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis was one of the first human pathogens to be identified as the cause of a specific disease – TB. TB was also one of the first specific diseases for which immunotherapy was attempted. In more than a century since, multiple different immunotherapies have been attempted, alongside vaccination and antibiotic treatment, with varying degrees of success. Despite this, TB remains a major worldwide health problem that causes nearly 2 million deaths annually and has infected an estimated 2 billion people. A major reason for this is that M. tuberculosis is an ancient human pathogen that has evolved complex strategies for persistence in the human host. It has thus been long understood that, to effectively control TB, we will need to address the ability of the pathogen to establish a persistent, latent infection in most infected individuals. This review discusses what is presently known about the interaction of M. tuberculosis with the immune system, and how this knowledge has been used to design immunotherapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Mark Doherty
- Medical Affairs, GlaxoSmithKline, Brøndby, DK-2605, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A hamster-derived West Nile virus strain is highly attenuated and induces a differential proinflammatory cytokine response in two murine cell lines. Virus Res 2012; 167:179-87. [PMID: 22580088 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that West Nile virus (WNV) induces a persistent infection in some humans and animals. Here, we characterized infection of mouse macrophage and kidney epithelial cell lines with a strain of WNV (H8912), cultured from urine of a persistently infected hamster. WNV H8912 had a reduced replication rate, concurrent with a lower interferon (IFN)-β gene expression in both cell types compared to its parent strain - WNV NY99. In WNV H8912-infected macrophages, we observed higher interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression and more nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation than in cells infected with WNV NY99. In contrast, there were reduced levels of TNF-α and IL-6 expression, as well as less NF-κB activation following WNV H8912 infection in the kidney epithelial cells compared to WNV NY99. Overall, our results demonstrate that the WNV isolate obtained from hamster urine is an attenuated virus and induces a differential proinflammatory cytokine response in mouse macrophage and kidney epithelial cell lines.
Collapse
|
21
|
Fowler DW, Copier J, Wilson N, Dalgleish AG, Bodman-Smith MD. Mycobacteria activate γδ T-cell anti-tumour responses via cytokines from type 1 myeloid dendritic cells: a mechanism of action for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 61:535-47. [PMID: 22002242 PMCID: PMC3310139 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated and heat-killed mycobacteria display demonstrable activity against cancer in the clinic; however, the induced immune response is poorly characterised and potential biomarkers of response ill-defined. We investigated whether three mycobacterial preparations currently used in the clinic (BCG and heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae and Mycobacterium obuense) can stimulate anti-tumour effector responses in human γδ T-cells. γδ T-cell responses were characterised by measuring cytokine production, expression of granzyme B and cytotoxicity against tumour target cells. Results show that γδ T-cells are activated by these mycobacterial preparations, as indicated by upregulation of activation marker expression and proliferation. Activated γδ T-cells display enhanced effector responses, as shown by upregulated granzyme B expression, production of the TH1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, and enhanced degranulation in response to susceptible and zoledronic acid-treated resistant tumour cells. Moreover, γδ T-cell activation is induced by IL-12, IL-1β and TNF-α from circulating type 1 myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), but not from type 2 myeloid DCs or plasmacytoid DCs. Taken together, we show that BCG, M. vaccae and M. obuense induce γδ T-cell anti-tumour effector responses indirectly via a specific subset of circulating DCs and suggest a mechanism for the potential immunotherapeutic effects of BCG, M. vaccae and M. obuense in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Fowler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting Broadway, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Immune activation by combination human lymphokine-activated killer and dendritic cell therapy. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:787-95. [PMID: 21847125 PMCID: PMC3171008 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal cellular immunotherapy for cancer should ideally harness both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. Lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAKs) can trigger early innate killing of tumour targets, whereas long-term adaptive-specific tumour control requires priming of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) following acquisition of tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). As DCs stimulate both innate and adaptive effectors, combination cell therapy using LAKs and DCs has the potential to maximise anti-tumour immune priming. METHODS Reciprocal activation between human clinical grade LAKs and DCs on co-culture, and its immune consequences, was monitored by cell phenotype, cytokine release and priming of both innate and adaptive cytotoxicity against melanoma targets. RESULTS Co-culture of DCs and LAKs led to phenotypic activation of natural killer (NK) cells within the LAK population, which was associated with increased production of inflammatory cytokines and enhanced innate cytotoxicity against tumour cell targets. The LAKs reciprocally matured DCs, and the combination of LAKs and DCs, on addition of melanoma cells, supported priming of specific anti-tumour CTLs better than DCs alone. CONCLUSION Clinical-grade LAKs/DCs represents a practical, effective combination cell immunotherapy for stimulation of both innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity in cancer patients.
Collapse
|
23
|
Plattner BL, Hostetter JM. Comparative gamma delta T cell immunology: a focus on mycobacterial disease in cattle. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:214384. [PMID: 21647391 PMCID: PMC3103839 DOI: 10.4061/2011/214384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A theme among many pathogenic mycobacterial species affecting both humans and animals is a prolonged asymptomatic or latent period that can last years to decades. The mechanisms that favor progression to active disease are not well understood. Pathogen containment is often associated with an effective cell-mediated or T-helper 1 immune profile. With certain pathogenic mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, a shift to active clinical disease is associated with loss of T-helper 1 immunity and development of an ineffective humoral or T-helper 2 immune response. Recently γδ T cells have been shown to play a role early in mycobacterial infections and have been hypothesized to influence disease outcome. The purpose of this paper is to compare recent advancements in our understanding of γδ T cells in humans, cattle, and mice and to discuss roles of γδ T cells in host response to mycobacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
T lymphocytes bearing γ- and δ-chain T-cell receptor heterodimers are named γδ T cells. Interestingly, γδ and αβ T cells share the same progenitors, and they undergo a fate decision in the thymus. Functional differentiation of γδ T cells occurs both inside and outside the thymus. Antigen recognition of γδ T-cell receptors is very unique, and the responses frequently exhibit innate characteristics. Nevertheless, peripheral γδ T cells exert a number of effector and regulatory functions. γδ T cells rapidly produce cytokines like interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17 and promote inflammation, partly due to the inherent epigenetic and transcriptional programs, which facilitates a quick and extensive response. Moreover, γδ T cells lyse target cells directly, and this is necessary for pathogen or tumor clearance. γδ T cells can even serve as regulatory cells, and may contribute to immune suppression. Orchestration of γδ T-cell and other immune cell interactions may be critical for host defense and immune regulation. Recently, γδ T cells have been used for immunotherapy for infectious diseases and malignancy. In this review, we summarize the abstracts presented at the recent γδ T cell Conference held from 19 to 21 May 2010, in Kiel, Germany (please see the website for details: http://www.gammadelta-conference.uni-kiel.de/index.html).
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The absolute requirement of the pulmonary immune system is to limit the inflammatory consequences of inhaled infectious agents while maintaining tolerance to harmless aeroallergens. This tolerance is maintained by a complex network of cells and molecules interacting with lung stromal cells. However, in some individuals there is a breakdown in tolerance to particles such as pollens, animal dander, or dust, resulting in the development of allergic pathology. Emerging evidence suggests that this breakdown in tolerance is influenced by the genetic background of individuals as well as environmental considerations such as early exposure to respiratory pathogens. Further understanding of the mechanisms used by the pulmonary immune system to maintain tolerance might result in exploitation of novel avenues for therapy to treat the growing number of chronic asthmatic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Lloyd
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Meraviglia S, Caccamo N, Salerno A, Sireci G, Dieli F. Partial and ineffective activation of V gamma 9V delta 2 T cells by Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1770-6. [PMID: 20592281 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) participate in early phases of immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We investigated whether a close functional relationship exists between these two cell populations using an in vitro coculture in a human system. Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells induce full maturation of M. tuberculosis-infected immature DCs, as demonstrated by upregulation of the costimulatory CD80, CD86, CD40, and HLA-DR molecules on infected DCs after 24 h of coculture. Reciprocally, infected DCs induced substantial activation of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells upon coculture, which was cell-to-cell contact and TCR dependent, as demonstrated in transwell experiments. However, infected DCs selectively induced proliferative, but not cytokine or cytolytic, responses of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells, and this was associated with the expansion of phenotypically immature, central memory-type Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells. Importantly, expansion of central memory Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells and reduction of the pool of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells with immediate effector functions (effector memory and terminally differentiated cells) were also detected in vivo in the peripheral blood of patients with active tuberculosis, which reversed after antimycobacterial therapy. M. tuberculosis-infected DCs produced many different cytokines, but not IL-15, and addition of IL-15 to cocultures of infected DCs and Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells caused efficient differentiation of these latter with generation of effector memory and terminally differentiated cells, which were capable of reducing the viability of intracellular M. tuberculosis. Overall, this study provides a further piece of information on the complex relationship between important players of innate immunity during mycobacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Meraviglia
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fang H, Welte T, Zheng X, Chang GJJ, Holbrook MR, Soong L, Wang T. gammadelta T cells promote the maturation of dendritic cells during West Nile virus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:71-80. [PMID: 20337718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells are important for the early control of West Nile virus (WNV) dissemination. Here, we investigated the role of gammadelta T cells in the regulation of CD4(+) T-cell response following a WNV challenge. Splenic dendritic cells (DCs) of WNV-infected gammadelta T-cell-deficient (TCRdelta(-/-)) mice displayed lower levels of CD40, CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression and interleukin-12 (IL-12) production than those of wild-type mice. Naïve DCs cocultured with WNV-infected gammadelta T cells showed enhanced levels of costimulatory molecules, MHC class II expression and IL-12 production. Further, coculture of CD4(+) T cells from OT II transgenic mice with DCs of WNV-infected TCRdelta(-/-) mice induced less interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-2 production than with those of wild-type controls. Viral antigens were detected in WNV-infected gammadelta T cells.WNV infection or toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist treatment of gammadelta T cells induced the production of IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6, which are known to promote DC maturation. Nevertheless, the levels of TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 7 expression of WNV-infected gammadelta T cells were not different from those of noninfected cells. Overall, these data suggest that WNV-induced gammadelta T-cell activation promotes DC maturation and initiates CD4(+) T-cell priming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wu X, Fei SJ, Liu JQ, Chen FX, Wu P. Effects of the culture supernatants of Mφ1 and Mφ2 on the killing activity of human γδT cells against gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells in vitro. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:20-27. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of the culture supernatants of classically activated macrophages (Mφ1) and alternatively activated macrophages (Mφ2) on the proliferation, cytotoxicity, and surface maker expression of gamma delta T (γδT) cells and explore potential mechanisms involved.
METHODS: Mφ1 were induced in vitro with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), while Mφ2 were induced with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The isopentenyl pyrophosphate method was used to amplify human peripheral blood γδT cells. The surface markers on macrophages and γδT cells were determined by flow cytometry (FCM). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12 levels in the culture supernatants of Mφ1 and Mφ2 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) using commercial kits. The proliferation of γδT cells induced with the culture supernatants of Mφ1 and Mφ2 was investigated by methyl thiazoly tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) method was used to detect the cytotoxicity of γδT cells against gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells.
RESULTS: After 10 days of induction culture, approximately 73.2% and 61.8% of Mφ1 and Mφ2 highly expressed CD68, respectively. The level of IL-12 secreted by Mφ1 was significantly higher than that secreted by Mφ2 (35 mg/L vs 9 mg/L, P < 0.001). The level of IL-10 secreted by Mφ1 was significantly lower than that secreted by Mφ2 (15 mg/L vs 87 mg/L, P < 0.001). The culture supernatant of Mφ1 could increase the proliferation of γδT cell when compared with those of Mφ2 and control cells (338% vs 11% and 0%, respectively; both P < 0.01). The positive rate of surface maker γδT cell receptor (γδTCR) on γδT cells induced with the culture supernatant of Mφ1 was higher than those on γδT cells induced with the culture supernatants of Mφ2 and control cells (97.3% vs 89.1% and 91.3%, respectively; both P < 0.05). The culture supernatant of Mφ1 could increase the cytotoxicity of γδT cells when compared with those of Mφ2 and control cells (70.18% vs 51.38% and 47.25%, respectively; both P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: The culture supernatant of Mφ1 can increase the proliferation and cytotoxicity of γδT cells, whereas the culture supernatant of Mφ2 has no significant effects.
Collapse
|
29
|
Linking innate and adaptive immunity: human Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells enhance CD40 expression and HMGB-1 secretion. Mediators Inflamm 2009; 2009:819408. [PMID: 19841752 PMCID: PMC2762119 DOI: 10.1155/2009/819408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells play an important role in regulating the immune response to stress stimuli; however, the mean by which these innate lymphocytes fulfill this function remains
poorly defined. The main subset of human peripheral blood γδ T cells responds to
nonpeptidic antigens, such as isopentylpyrophosphate (IPP), a metabolite in the
mevalonate pathway for both eukaryote and prokaryote cells. IPP-primed γδ T cells
significantly augment the inflammatory response mediated by monocytes and αβ T cells
to TSST-1, the staphylococcal superantigen that is the major causative agent of toxic
shock syndrome. Here we show that the small pool of activated peripheral γδ T cells
induces an early upregulation of CD40 on monocytes and the local release of High
Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB-1), the molecule designated as the late mediator of
systemic inflammation. This finding provides a new basis for how γδ T cells may serve
as influential modulators of both endogenous and exogenous stress stimuli.
Collapse
|
30
|
Plattner BL, Doyle RT, Hostetter JM. Gamma-delta T cell subsets are differentially associated with granuloma development and organization in a bovine model of mycobacterial disease. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:587-97. [PMID: 19758417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2009.00679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic lesion in bovine tuberculosis is well-organized respiratory granulomas. This is typically associated with a strong T-helper 1 biased cell-mediated immune response and eventual containment of the infection. In bovine paratuberculosis, the classic lesion is unorganized granulomatous intestinal inflammation. Clinical paratuberculosis is associated with a T-helper 2 biased humoral immune response and eventual death because of inability of the host to contain the infection. Recent reports have suggested that gamma-delta (gammadelta) T cells play a significant role in granuloma development and/or maintenance during initial stages of infection and may influence the subsequent adaptive immune response. The objective of this study was to use an in vivo bovine model to evaluate gammadelta T cells during the early host immune response to mycobacterial infection. We used immunofluorescent staining, hyperspectral microscopy, and computerized assisted morphometry to evaluate staining and distribution of gammadelta T cells during development of organized and unorganized granulomas. Our data suggest that bovine gammadelta T cell subsets are differentially recruited to early infection sites, and may be instrumental during the initial antimycobacterial host immune response as well as for granuloma organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Welte T, Reagan K, Fang H, Machain-Williams C, Zheng X, Mendell N, Chang GJJ, Wu P, Blair CD, Wang T. Toll-like receptor 7-induced immune response to cutaneous West Nile virus infection. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2660-2668. [PMID: 19641044 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.011783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 response represents a vital host-defence mechanism in a murine model of systemic West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Here, we investigated the role of the TLR7-induced immune response following cutaneous WNV infection. We found that there was no difference in susceptibility to WNV encephalitis between wild-type and TLR7(-/-) mice upon intradermal injection or infected mosquito feeding. Viral load analysis revealed similar levels of WNV RNA in the peripheral tissues and brains of these two groups of mice following intradermal infection. There was a higher level of cytokines in the blood of wild-type mice at early stages of infection; however, this difference was diminished in the blood and brains at later stages. Langerhans cells (LCs) are permissive to WNV infection and migrate from the skin to draining lymph nodes upon intradermal challenge. Our data showed that WNV infection of TLR7(-/-) keratinocytes was significantly higher than that of wild-type keratinocytes. Infection of wild-type keratinocytes induced higher levels of alpha interferon and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6 and IL-12, which might promote LC migration from the skin. Co-culture of naïve LCs of wild-type mice with WNV-infected wild-type keratinocytes resulted in the production of more IL-6 and IL-12 than with TLR7(-/-) keratinocytes or by cultured LCs alone. Moreover, LCs in the epidermis were reduced in wild-type mice, but not in TLR7(-/-) mice, following intradermal WNV infection. Overall, our results suggest that the TLR7 response following cutaneous infection promotes LC migration from the skin, which might compromise its protective effect in systemic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Welte
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Krystle Reagan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Hao Fang
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Nicole Mendell
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Gwong-Jen J Chang
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3150 Rampart Road, CDC-Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0620, USA
| | - Carol D Blair
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wohler JE, Smith SS, Zinn KR, Bullard DC, Barnum SR. Gammadelta T cells in EAE: early trafficking events and cytokine requirements. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1516-26. [PMID: 19384874 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that gammadelta T cells traffic to the CNS during EAE with concurrently increased expression of beta(2)-integrins and production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. To extend these studies, we transferred bioluminescent gammadelta T cells to WT mice and followed their movement through the acute stages of disease. We found that gammadelta T cells rapidly migrated to the site of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide injection and underwent massive expansion. Within 6 days after EAE induction, bioluminescent gammadelta T cells were found in the spinal cord and brain, peaking in number between days 10 and 12 and then rapidly declining by day 15. Reconstitution of gammadelta T cell(-/-) mice with gammadelta T cells derived from beta(2)-integrin-deficient mice (CD11a, -b or -c) demonstrated that gammadelta T-cell trafficking to the CNS during EAE is independent of this family of adhesion molecules. We also examined the role of gammadelta T-cell-produced IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in EAE and found that production of both cytokines by gammadelta T cells was required for full development of EAE. These results indicate that gammadelta T cells are critical for the development of EAE and suggest a therapeutic target in demyelinating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian E Wohler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dietrich J, Doherty TM. Interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the host: consequences for vaccine development. APMIS 2009; 117:440-57. [PMID: 19400867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains a major worldwide health problem that causes more than 2 million deaths annually. In addition, an estimated 2 billion people are latently infected with M. tuberculosis. The bacterium is one of the oldest human pathogens and has evolved complex strategies for survival. Therefore, to be successful in the high endemic regions, any future TB vaccine strategy will have to be tailored in accordance with the resulting complexity of the TB infection and anti-mycobacterial immune response. In this review, we will discuss what is presently known about the interaction of M. tuberculosis with the immune system, and how this knowledge is used in new and more advanced vaccine strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jes Dietrich
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
The European effort towards the development of mucosal vaccines for poverty-related diseases. Vaccine 2009; 27:2641-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
35
|
Holderness J, Hedges JF, Daughenbaugh K, Kimmel E, Graff J, Freedman B, Jutila MA. Response of gammadelta T Cells to plant-derived tannins. Crit Rev Immunol 2009; 28:377-402. [PMID: 19166386 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v28.i5.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical drugs arc isolated from plants used in traditional medicines, and new plant-derived pharmaceutical drugs continue to be identified. Relevant to this review, different plant-derived agonists for gammadelta T cells are described that impart effector functions upon distinct subsets of these cells. Recently, plant tannins have been defined as one class of gammadelta T cell agonist and appear to preferentially activate the mucosal population. Mucosal gammadelta T cells function to modulate tissue immune responses and induce epithelium repair. Select tannins, isolated from apple peel, rapidly induce immune gene transcription in gammadelta T cells, leading to cytokinc production and increased responsiveness to secondary signals. Activity of these tannin preparations tracks to the procyanidin fraction, with the procyanidin trimer (C1) having the most robust activity defined to date. The response to the procyanidins is evolutionarily conserved in that responses are seen with human, bovine, and murine gammadelta T cells, although human cells show less selectivity. Procyanidin-induced responses described in this review likely account for the expansion of mucosal gammadelta T cells seen in mice and rats fed soluble extracts of tannins. Use of procyanidins to activate gammadelta T cells may represent a novel approach for the treatment of tissue damage and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Holderness
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Martinet L, Fleury-Cappellesso S, Gadelorge M, Dietrich G, Bourin P, Fournié JJ, Poupot R. A regulatory cross-talk between Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:752-62. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
37
|
Di Liberto D, Locati M, Caccamo N, Vecchi A, Meraviglia S, Salerno A, Sireci G, Nebuloni M, Caceres N, Cardona PJ, Dieli F, Mantovani A. Role of the chemokine decoy receptor D6 in balancing inflammation, immune activation, and antimicrobial resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Exp Med 2008; 205:2075-84. [PMID: 18695004 PMCID: PMC2526202 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
D6 is a decoy and scavenger receptor for inflammatory CC chemokines. D6-deficient mice were rapidly killed by intranasal administration of low doses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The death of D6(-/-) mice was associated with a dramatic local and systemic inflammatory response with levels of M. tuberculosis colony-forming units similar to control D6-proficient mice. D6-deficient mice showed an increased numbers of mononuclear cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes) infiltrating inflamed tissues and lymph nodes, as well as abnormal increased concentrations of CC chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5) and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1beta, and interferon gamma) in bronchoalveolar lavage and serum. High levels of inflammatory cytokines in D6(-/-) infected mice were associated with liver and kidney damage, resulting in both liver and renal failure. Blocking inflammatory CC chemokines with a cocktail of antibodies reversed the inflammatory phenotype of D6(-/-) mice but led to less controlled growth of M. tuberculosis. Thus, the D6 decoy receptor plays a key role in setting the balance between antimicrobial resistance, immune activation, and inflammation in M. tuberculosis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Di Liberto
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cook L, Miyahara N, Jin N, Wands JM, Taube C, Roark CL, Potter TA, Gelfand EW, O'Brien RL, Born WK. Evidence that CD8+ dendritic cells enable the development of gammadelta T cells that modulate airway hyperresponsiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:309-19. [PMID: 18566396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a hallmark of asthma and several other diseases, can be modulated by gammadelta T cells. In mice sensitized and challenged with OVA, AHR depends on allergen-specific alphabeta T cells; but Vgamma1+ gammadelta T cells spontaneously enhance AHR, whereas Vgamma4+ gammadelta T cells, after being induced by airway challenge, suppress AHR. The activity of these gammadelta T cell modulators is allergen nonspecific, and how they develop is unclear. We now show that CD8 is essential for the development of both the AHR suppressor and enhancer gammadelta T cells, although neither type needs to express CD8 itself. Both cell types encounter CD8-expressing non-T cells in the spleen, and their functional development in an otherwise CD8-negative environment can be restored with transferred spleen cell preparations containing CD8+ dendritic cells (DCs), but not CD8+ T cells or CD8- DCs. Our findings suggest that CD8+ DCs in the lymphoid tissues enable an early step in the development of gammadelta T cells through direct cell contact. DC-expressed CD8 might take part in this interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cook
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Price SJ, Hope JC. Enhanced secretion of interferon-gamma by bovine gammadelta T cells induced by coculture with Mycobacterium bovis-infected dendritic cells: evidence for reciprocal activating signals. Immunology 2008; 126:201-8. [PMID: 18657206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that gammadelta T cells form part of the innate immune response to Mycobacterium bovis infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) are capable of secreting high levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) following infection with mycobacteria and can induce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion by natural killer and gammadelta T cells We investigated the innate interactions occurring between WC1(+)gammadelta T cells and M. bovis-infected DCs. Following coculture with M. bovis-infected DCs, secretion of IFN-gamma and expression of CD25 and major histocompatibility complex class II on WC1(+)gammadelta T cells were significantly enhanced. Reciprocal enhancement of IL-12 secretion by the DCs was also observed and this interaction was found to be contact dependent. We hypothesize that there is an early, transient signal between the WC1(+)gammadelta T cells and the DCs, which promotes the synthesis of biologically active IL-12, and which is dependent upon cell-cell contact. Reciprocal signals including IL-12 are then delivered to WC1(+)gammadelta cells, which leads to the enhanced secretion of IFN-gamma, and the up-regulation of activation markers and antigen presentation molecules by the WC1(+)gammadelta T cells. These interactions are likely to form a critical part of the T helper type 1-conditioning response of DCs to M. bovis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally J Price
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Live Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and a killed-bacterium vaccine induce distinct subcutaneous granulomas, with unique cellular and cytokine profiles. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:783-93. [PMID: 18337380 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00480-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type II (lepromatous) granulomas are characterized by a lack of organization, with large numbers of macrophages heavily burdened with bacilli and disorganized lymphocyte infiltrations. Type II granulomas are a characteristic feature of the enteric lesions that develop during clinical Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in the bovine. Considering the poor organization and function of these granulomas, it is our hypothesis that dendritic cell (DC) function within the granuloma is impaired during initial infection. In order to test our hypothesis, we used a subcutaneous M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection model to examine early DC function within M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-induced granulomas. In this model, we first characterized the morphology, cellular composition, and cytokine profiles of subcutaneous granulomas that develop 7 days after subcutaneous inoculation with either vaccine or live M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Second, we isolated CD11c(+) cells from within granulomas and measured their maturation status and ability to induce T-cell responses. Our results demonstrate that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis or vaccine administration resulted in the formation of distinct granulomas with unique cellular and cytokine profiles. These distinct profiles corresponded to significant differences in the phenotypes and functional responses of DCs from within the granulomas. Specifically, the DCs from the M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-induced granulomas had lower levels of expression of costimulatory and chemokine receptors, suggesting limited maturation. This DC phenotype was associated with weaker induction of T-cell proliferation. Taken together, these findings suggest that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in vivo influences DC function, which may shape the developing granuloma and initial local protection.
Collapse
|
41
|
Reschner A, Hubert P, Delvenne P, Boniver J, Jacobs N. Innate lymphocyte and dendritic cell cross-talk: a key factor in the regulation of the immune response. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:219-26. [PMID: 18336590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are specialized in the presentation of antigens and the initiation of specific immune responses. They have been involved recently in supporting innate immunity by interacting with various innate lymphocytes, such as natural killer (NK), NK T or T cell receptor (TCR)-gammadelta cells. The functional links between innate lymphocytes and DC have been investigated widely and different studies demonstrated that reciprocal activations follow on from NK/DC interactions. The cross-talk between innate cells and DC which leads to innate lymphocyte activation and DC maturation was found to be multi-directional, involving not only cell-cell contacts but also soluble factors. The final outcome of these cellular interactions may have a dramatic impact on the quality and strength of the down-stream immune responses, mainly in the context of early responses to tumour cells and infectious agents. Interestingly, DC, NK and TCR-gammadelta cells also share similar functions, such as antigen uptake and presentation, as well as cytotoxic and tumoricidal activity. In addition, NK and NK T cells have the ability to kill DC. This review will focus upon the different aspects of the cross-talk between DC and innate lymphocytes and its key role in all the steps of the immune response. These cellular interactions may be particularly critical in situations where immune surveillance requires efficient early innate responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Reschner
- Department of Pathology, GIGA-GAMCA/I3, B35, University of Liege, CHU of Liège, B4000 Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Garlanda C, Di Liberto D, Vecchi A, La Manna MP, Buracchi C, Caccamo N, Salerno A, Dieli F, Mantovani A. Damping excessive inflammation and tissue damage in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by Toll IL-1 receptor 8/single Ig IL-1-related receptor, a negative regulator of IL-1/TLR signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3119-25. [PMID: 17709526 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll IL-1R 8/single Ig IL-1-related receptor (TIR8/SIGIRR) is a member of the IL-1R family, expressed by epithelial tissues and immature dendritic cells, and is regarded as a negative regulator of TLR/IL-1R signaling. Tir8-deficient mice were rapidly killed by intranasal administration of low doses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, despite controlling efficiently the number of viable bacilli in different organs. Tir8(-/-)-infected mice showed an increased number of neutrophils and macrophages in the lungs; however, mycobacteria-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were similar in Tir8(-/-) and Tir8(+/+) mice. Exaggerated mortality of Tir8(-/-) mice was due to massive liver necrosis and was accompanied by increased levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in lung mononuclear cells and serum, as well as by increased production of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha by M. tuberculosis-infected dendritic cells in vitro. Accordingly, blocking IL-1beta and TNF-alpha with a mix of anti-cytokine Abs, significantly prolonged survival of Tir8(-/-) mice. Thus, TIR8/SIGIRR plays a key role in damping inflammation and tissue damage in M. tuberculosis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Garlanda
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Martino A, Casetti R, Sacchi A, Poccia F. Central memory Vgamma9Vdelta2 T lymphocytes primed and expanded by bacillus Calmette-Guérin-infected dendritic cells kill mycobacterial-infected monocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3057-64. [PMID: 17709520 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans, innate immune recognition of mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is a feature of cells as dendritic cells (DC) and gammadelta T cells. In this study, we show that BCG infection of human monocyte-derived DC induces a rapid activation of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells (the major subset of gammadelta T cell pool in human peripheral blood). Indeed, in the presence of BCG-infected DC, Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells increase both their expression of CD69 and CD25 and the production of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, in contrast to DC treated with Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell-specific Ags. Without further exogenous stimuli, BCG-infected DC expand a functionally cytotoxic central memory Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell population. This subset does not display lymph node homing receptors, but express a high amount of perforin. They are highly efficient in the killing of mycobacterial-infected primary monocytes or human monocytic THP-1 cells preserving the viability of cocultured, infected DC. This study provides further evidences about the complex relationship between important players of innate immunity and suggests an immunoregulatory role of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells in the control of mycobacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Martino
- Unit of Cellular Immunology Fabrizio Poccia, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Elias D, Britton S, Kassu A, Akuffo H. Chronic helminth infections may negatively influence immunity against tuberculosis and other diseases of public health importance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007; 5:475-84. [PMID: 17547511 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.5.3.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has once again become a major public health threat owing to the combined effects of deteriorating socioeconomic situations and the emergence of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The only vaccine available against TB, although effective in reducing the burden of childhood TB, shows enormous variability in its efficacy against pulmonary TB, which is the most common form of the disease in adults. Most areas of high TB incidence and poor TB vaccine efficacy have a high prevalence of intestinal helminth infections. Such infections have been shown to cause a range of immunomodulation characterized by enhanced T helper 2-type cytokine profile, high immunoglobulin E levels and upregulated regulatory T-cell activity, as well as chronic immune activation. An altered background immune profile could have adverse effects on the outcome of subsequent infections and vaccinations. In support of this hypothesis, studies conducted in animals and humans living in worm-endemic areas have shown that helminths impair resistance against a number of infections of major public health importance, including TB, malaria and HIV/AIDS. Understanding such interactions could assist in the design of vaccines against these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elias
- ACE Biosciences, Unsbjergvej 2A, 5220 Odense SOE, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cendron D, Ingoure S, Martino A, Casetti R, Horand F, Romagné F, Sicard H, Fournié JJ, Poccia F. A tuberculosis vaccine based on phosphoantigens and fusion proteins induces distinct gammadelta and alphabeta T cell responses in primates. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:549-65. [PMID: 17230439 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoantigens are mycobacterial non-peptide antigens that might enhance the immunogenicity of current subunit candidate vaccines for tuberculosis. However, their testing requires monkeys, the only animal models suitable for gammadelta T cell responses to mycobacteria. Thus here, the immunogenicity of 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target-mycolyl transferase complex antigen 85B (ESAT-6-Ag85B) (H-1 hybrid) fusion protein associated or not to a synthetic phosphoantigen was compared by a prime-boost regimen of two groups of eight cynomolgus. Although phosphoantigen activated immediately a strong release of systemic Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha), it further anergized blood gammadelta T lymphocytes selectively. By contrast, the hybrid H-1 induced only memory alphabeta T cell responses, regardless of phosphoantigen. These latter essentially comprised cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for Ag85B (on average + 430 cells/million PBMC) and few IFN-gamma-secreting cells (+ 40 cells/million PBMC, equally specific for ESAT-6 and for Ag85B). Hence, in macaques, a prime-boost with the H-1/phosphoantigen subunit combination induces two waves of immune responses, successively by gammadelta T and alphabeta T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Cendron
- Groupe d'Etude des Antigènes Non-Conventionnels, Unité 563 INSERM, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Born WK, Jin N, Aydintug MK, Wands JM, French JD, Roark CL, O'Brien RL. gammadelta T lymphocytes-selectable cells within the innate system? J Clin Immunol 2007; 27:133-44. [PMID: 17333410 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes expressing gammadelta T cell receptors (TCR) constitute an entire system of functionally specialized subsets that have been implicated in the regulation of immune responses, including responses to pathogens and allergens, and in tissue repair. The gammadelta TCRs share structural features with adaptive receptors and peripheral selection of gammadelta T cells occurs. Nevertheless, their specificities may be primarily directed at self-determinants, and the responses of gammadelta T cells exhibit innate characteristics. Continuous cross talk between gammadelta T cells and myeloid cells is evident in histological studies and in in vitro co-culture experiments, suggesting that gammadelta T cells play a functional role as an integral component of the innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willi K Born
- Department of Immunology at National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Caccamo N, Sireci G, Meraviglia S, Dieli F, Ivanyi J, Salerno A. gammadelta T cells condition dendritic cells in vivo for priming pulmonary CD8 T cell responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2681-90. [PMID: 16981183 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells and dendritic cells are quickly recruited to the lungs shortly after intranasal vaccination with BCG, but the functional in vivo interplay between these two cell populations and its role in the induction of adaptive immune responses is unclear. Using TCR-deficient mice and bone marrow chimeras, we show here that gammadelta T cells provide a non-redundant early source of IFN-gamma in vivo, which enhances IL-12 production by lung dendritic cells. The in vivo-conditioned dendritic cells, in turn, prime a more efficient lung CD8 T cell response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thus, strategies exploiting gammadelta T cell function and IFN-gamma production could be valuable for the design and testing of mucosal vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Caccamo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lockhart E, Green AM, Flynn JL. IL-17 production is dominated by gammadelta T cells rather than CD4 T cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4662-9. [PMID: 16982905 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IL-17 is a cytokine produced by T cells in response to IL-23. Recent data support a new subset of CD4 Th cells distinct from Th1 or Th2 cells that produce IL-17 and may contribute to inflammation. In this study, we demonstrate that, in naive mice, as well as during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, IL-17 production is primarily from gammadelta T cells and other non-CD4(+)CD8(+) cells, rather than CD4 T cells. The production of IL-17 by these cells is stimulated by IL-23 alone, and strongly induced by the cytokines, including IL-23, produced by M. tuberculosis-infected dendritic cells. IL-23 is present in the lungs early in infection and the IL-17-producing cells, such as gammadelta T cells, may represent a central innate protective response to pulmonary infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Euan Lockhart
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Biomedical Science Tower, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Elias D, Akuffo H, Britton S. Helminthes could influence the outcome of vaccines against TB in the tropics. Parasite Immunol 2006; 28:507-13. [PMID: 16965286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helminthes, infections widespread in the tropics, are known to elicit a wide range of immunomodulation characterized by dominant Th2 type immune responses, chronic immune activation as well as up-regulated regulatory T cell activity. Such a wide range of immunomodulation caused by helminthes may have an impact on the host's ability to cope with subsequent infections and/or may affect the efficacy of vaccination. Indeed studies conducted in humans living in helminth-endemic areas and in animal models showed that helminth infection makes the host more permissive to mycobacterial infections and less able to benefit from vaccination. These observations have fundamental practical consequences if confirmed by large and appropriately controlled clinical studies. Eradication of worms could offer an affordable, simple and novel means to reduce the burden of the tuberculosis problem that at the moment seems to be getting out of control in sub-Saharan Africa. This information would also be of great relevance in the design of vaccines against diseases of major public health importance, including malaria and HIV/AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Elias
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Three-quarters of a century after the introduction of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the first tuberculosis vaccine, new vaccines for tuberculosis are finally entering clinical trials. This breakthrough is based not only on advances in proteomics and genomics which have made the construction of new vaccines possible, but also on a greatly expanded knowledge of the immunology of tuberculosis. Here we review our current understanding of how Mycobacterium tuberculosis subverts or survives the host's immune response to cause disease and why the current vaccination strategy, which relies on BCG, is only partially successful in countering the pathogen. This provides a background for describing the new generation of vaccines designed to supplement or replace the current vaccine and the different approaches they take to stimulate immunity against M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Mark Doherty
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|