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Toshima K, Nagafuku M, Okazaki T, Kobayashi T, Inokuchi JI. Plasma membrane sphingomyelin modulates thymocyte development by inhibiting TCR-induced apoptosis. Int Immunol 2020; 31:211-223. [PMID: 30561621 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) in combination with cholesterol forms specialized membrane lipid microdomains in which specific receptors and signaling molecules are localized or recruited to mediate intracellular signaling. SM-microdomain levels in mouse thymus were low in the early CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) stage prior to thymic selection and increased >10-fold during late selection. T-cell receptor (TCR) signal strength is a key factor determining whether DP thymocytes undergo positive or negative selection. We examined the role of SM-microdomains in thymocyte development and related TCR signaling, using SM synthase 1 (SMS1)-deficient (SMS1-/-) mice which display low SM expression in all thymocyte populations. SMS1 deficiency caused reduced cell numbers after late DP stages in TCR transgenic models. TCR-dependent apoptosis induced by anti-CD3 treatment was enhanced in SMS1-/- DP thymocytes both in vivo and in vitro. SMS1-/- DP thymocytes, relative to controls, showed increased phosphorylation of TCR-proximal kinase ZAP-70 and increased expression of Bim and Nur77 proteins involved in negative selection following TCR stimulation. Addition of SM to cultured normal DP thymocytes led to greatly increased surface expression of SM-microdomains, with associated reduction of TCR signaling and TCR-induced apoptosis. Our findings indicate that SM-microdomains are increased in late DP stages, function as negative regulators of TCR signaling and modulate the efficiency of TCR-proximal signaling to promote thymic selection events leading to subsequent developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Toshima
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nagafuku
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Dixon AM, Roy S. Role of membrane environment and membrane-spanning protein regions in assembly and function of the Class II Major Histocompatibility complex. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:5-14. [PMID: 30102939 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Class II Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) is a polymorphic heterodimer that binds antigen-derived peptides and presents them on the surface of antigen presenting cells. This mechanism of antigen presentation leads to recognition by CD4 T-cells and T-cell activation, making it a critical element of adaptive immune response. For this reason, the structural determinants of MHC-II function have been of great interest for the past 30 years, resulting in a robust structural understanding of the extracellular regions of the complex. However, the membrane-localized regions have also been strongly implicated in protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions that facilitate Class II assembly, transport and function, and it is these regions that are the focus of this review. Here we describe studies that reveal the strong and selective interactions between the transmembrane domains of the MHC α, and invariant chains which, when altered, have broad reaching impacts on antigen presentation and Class II function. We also summarize work that clearly demonstrates the link between membrane lipid composition (particularly the presence of cholesterol) and MHC-II conformation, subsequent peptide binding, and downstream T-cell activation. We have integrated these studies into a comprehensive view of Class II transmembrane domain biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Syamal Roy
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Kolkata, 4 Raja SC, Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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Thibodeau J, Moulefera MA, Balthazard R. On the structure–function of MHC class II molecules and how single amino acid polymorphisms could alter intracellular trafficking. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:15-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ancient features of the MHC class II presentation pathway, and a model for the possible origin of MHC molecules. Immunogenetics 2018; 71:233-249. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Vladimer GI, Snijder B, Krall N, Bigenzahn JW, Huber KV, Lardeau CH, Sanjiv K, Ringler A, Berglund UW, Sabler M, de la Fuente OL, Knöbl P, Kubicek S, Helleday T, Jäger U, Superti-Furga G. Global survey of the immunomodulatory potential of common drugs. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:681-690. [PMID: 28437395 PMCID: PMC5438060 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule drugs may complement antibody-based therapies in an immune-oncology setting, yet systematic methods for the identification and characterization of the immunomodulatory properties of these entities are lacking. We surveyed the immumomodulatory potential of 1,402 small chemical molecules, as defined by their ability to alter the cell-cell interactions among peripheral mononuclear leukocytes ex vivo, using automated microscopy and population-wide single-cell image analysis. Unexpectedly, ∼10% of the agents tested affected these cell-cell interactions differentially. The results accurately recapitulated known immunomodulatory drug classes and revealed several clinically approved drugs that unexpectedly harbor the ability to modulate the immune system, which could potentially contribute to their physiological mechanism of action. For instance, the kinase inhibitor crizotinib promoted T cell interactions with monocytes, as well as with cancer cells, through inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinase MSTR1 and subsequent upregulation of the expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules. The approach offers an attractive platform for the personalized identification and characterization of immunomodulatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Vladimer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Berend Snijder
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Krall
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes W. Bigenzahn
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kilian V.M. Huber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK and Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles-Hugues Lardeau
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Chemical Epigenetics and Anti-Infectives, CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kumar Sanjiv
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Ringler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Chemical Epigenetics and Anti-Infectives, CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrika Warpman Berglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Sabler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oscar Lopez de la Fuente
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Knöbl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kubicek
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Chemical Epigenetics and Anti-Infectives, CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Jäger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Harton J, Jin L, Hahn A, Drake J. Immunological Functions of the Membrane Proximal Region of MHC Class II Molecules. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27006762 PMCID: PMC4798158 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7610.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules present exogenously derived antigen peptides to CD4 T cells, driving activation of naïve T cells and supporting CD4-driven immune functions. However, MHC class II molecules are not inert protein pedestals that simply bind and present peptides. These molecules also serve as multi-functional signaling molecules delivering activation, differentiation, or death signals (or a combination of these) to B cells, macrophages, as well as MHC class II-expressing T cells and tumor cells. Although multiple proteins are known to associate with MHC class II, interaction with STING (stimulator of interferon genes) and CD79 is essential for signaling. In addition, alternative transmembrane domain pairing between class II α and β chains influences association with membrane lipid sub-domains, impacting both signaling and antigen presentation. In contrast to the membrane-distal region of the class II molecule responsible for peptide binding and T-cell receptor engagement, the membrane-proximal region (composed of the connecting peptide, transmembrane domain, and cytoplasmic tail) mediates these "non-traditional" class II functions. Here, we review the literature on the function of the membrane-proximal region of the MHC class II molecule and discuss the impact of this aspect of class II immunobiology on immune regulation and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Harton
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, 12208-3479, USA
| | - Lei Jin
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, 12208-3479, USA
| | - Amy Hahn
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, 12208-3479, USA
| | - Jim Drake
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, 12208-3479, USA
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Colquhoun DR, Lyashkov AE, Ubaida Mohien C, Aquino VN, Bullock BT, Dinglasan RR, Agnew BJ, Graham DRM. Bioorthogonal mimetics of palmitoyl-CoA and myristoyl-CoA and their subsequent isolation by click chemistry and characterization by mass spectrometry reveal novel acylated host-proteins modified by HIV-1 infection. Proteomics 2015; 15:2066-77. [PMID: 25914232 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein acylation plays a critical role in protein localization and function. Acylation is essential for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) assembly and budding of HIV-1 from the plasma membrane in lipid raft microdomains and is mediated by myristoylation of the Gag polyprotein and the copackaging of the envelope protein is facilitated by colocalization mediated by palmitoylation. Since the viral accessory protein NEF has been shown to alter the substrate specificity of myristoyl transferases, and alter cargo trafficking lipid rafts, we hypothesized that HIV-1 infection may alter protein acylation globally. To test this hypothesis, we labeled HIV-1 infected cells with biomimetics of acyl azides, which are incorporated in a manner analogous to natural acyl-Co-A. A terminal azide group allowed us to use a copper catalyzed click chemistry to conjugate the incorporated modifications to a number of substrates to carry out SDS-PAGE, fluorescence microscopy, and enrichment for LC-MS/MS. Using LC-MS/MS, we identified 103 and 174 proteins from the myristic and palmitic azide enrichments, with 27 and 45 proteins respectively that differentiated HIV-1 infected from uninfected cells. This approach has provided us with important insights into HIV-1 biology and is widely applicable to many virological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Colquhoun
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexey E Lyashkov
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ceereena Ubaida Mohien
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Veronica N Aquino
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon T Bullock
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian J Agnew
- Biosciences Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - David R M Graham
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Roy K, Ghosh M, Pal TK, Chakrabarti S, Roy S. Cholesterol lowering drug may influence cellular immune response by altering MHC II function. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3106-15. [PMID: 24038316 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m041954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) displays peptides to CD4⁺ T cells. Depletion of membrane cholesterol from APCs by methyl β-cyclodextrin treatment compromises peptide-MHC II complex formation coupled with impaired binding of conformational antibody, which binds close to the peptide binding groove of MHC II. Interestingly, the total cell surface of MHC II remains unaltered. These defects can be corrected by restoring membrane cholesterol. In silico docking studies with a three-dimensional model showed the presence of a cholesterol binding site in the transmembrane domain of MHC II (TM-MHC-II). From the binding studies it was clear that cholesterol, indeed, interacts with the TM-MHC-II and alters its conformation. Mutation of cholesterol binding residues (F240, L243, and F246) in the TM-MHC-II decreased the affinity for cholesterol. Furthermore, transfection of CHO cells with full-length mutant MHC II, but not wild-type MHC II, failed to activate antigen-specific T cells coupled with decreased binding of conformation-specific antibodies. Thus, cholesterol-induced conformational change of TM-MHC-II may allosterically modulate the peptide binding groove of MHC II leading to T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Roy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology and CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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Li J, Li HD, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Qa-2 associated lipid rafts are indispensable in the final maturation of CD4+CD8− thymocytes. Immunol Lett 2012; 148:163-71. [PMID: 23085604 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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