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Brezar V, Ruffin N, Richert L, Surenaud M, Lacabaratz C, Palucka K, Thiébaut R, Banchereau J, Levy Y, Seddiki N. Decreased HIV-specific T-regulatory responses are associated with effective DC-vaccine induced immunity. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004752. [PMID: 25816350 PMCID: PMC4376642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vaccination has been poorly investigated. We have reported that vaccination with ex vivo-generated dendritic-cells (DC) loaded with HIV-lipopeptides (LIPO-5-DC vaccine) in HIV-infected patients was well tolerated and highly immunogenic. These responses and their relation to viral replication following analytical treatment interruption (ATI) were variable. Here, we investigated whether the presence of HIV-specific Tregs might explain these differences. Co-expression of CD25, CD134, CD39 and FoxP3 was used to delineate both antigen-specific Tregs and effectors T cells (Teffs). Median LIPO-5 specific-CD25+CD134+ polyfunctional T cells increased from 0.1% (IQR 0-0.3) before vaccination (week -4) to 2.1% (IQR 1.1-3.9) at week 16 following 4 immunizations (p=0.001) and were inversely correlated with maximum viral load following ATI (r=-0.77, p=0.001). Vaccinees who displayed lower levels of HIV-specific CD4+CD134+CD25+CD39+FoxP3+ Tregs responded better to the LIPO-5-DC vaccine. After vaccination, the frequency of HIV-specific Tregs decreased (from 69.3 at week -4 to 31.7% at week 16) and inversely correlated with HIV-specific IFN-γ-producing cells (r=-0.64, p=0.002). We show that therapeutic immunization skewed the HIV-specific response from regulatory to effector phenotype which impacts on the magnitude of viral replication following ATI. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has considerably decreased AIDS-related mortality and morbidity in recent years. Nevertheless, the search for effective vaccine to combat HIV is in the limelight of modern medical research. In clinical trial settings, T-cell responses are routinely measured following vaccinations. However, the measurement of antigen-specific regulatory T-cell (Tregs) responses is omitted most of the time, since their detection is not possible with the use of standard assays. Following a phase I clinical trial in which autologous dendritic-cells pulsed with HIV-lipopeptides were used to induce T-cell responses, we used a novel assay to detect a whole range of T-helper responses, including Tregs. We report very high levels of HIV-specific Tregs responses in infected patients and interestingly, we observed that the dendritic cell-based vaccine shifted the responses from regulatory to effector phenotype, which impact on the magnitude of viral rebound after treatment interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Brezar
- Equipe 16, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Equipe 16, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Laura Richert
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
- Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé publique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA SISTM, Talence, France
| | - Mathieu Surenaud
- Equipe 16, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- Equipe 16, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Karolina Palucka
- Ralph M. Steinman Center for Cancer Vaccines, Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
- Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé publique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA SISTM, Talence, France
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- Equipe 16, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
- Ralph M. Steinman Center for Cancer Vaccines, Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yves Levy
- Equipe 16, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
- Service d'immunologie clinique et maladies infectieuses, AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor—A. Chenevier, Créteil, France
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Equipe 16, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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Olsen LR, Zhang GL, Keskin DB, Reinherz EL, Brusic V. Conservation analysis of dengue virus T-cell epitope-based vaccine candidates using Peptide block entropy. Front Immunol 2011; 2:69. [PMID: 22566858 PMCID: PMC3341948 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Broad coverage of the pathogen population is particularly important when designing CD8+ T-cell epitope vaccines against viral pathogens. Traditional approaches are based on combinations of highly conserved T-cell epitopes. Peptide block entropy analysis is a novel approach for assembling sets of broadly covering antigens. Since T-cell epitopes are recognized as peptides rather than individual residues, this method is based on calculating the information content of blocks of peptides from a multiple sequence alignment of homologous proteins rather than using the information content of individual residues. The block entropy analysis provides broad coverage of variant antigens. We applied the block entropy analysis method to the proteomes of the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) and found 1,551 blocks of 9-mer peptides, which cover 99% of available sequences with five or fewer unique peptides. In contrast, the benchmark study by Khan et al. (2008) resulted in 165 conserved 9-mer peptides. Many of the conserved blocks are located consecutively in the proteins. Connecting these blocks resulted in 78 conserved regions. Of the 1551 blocks of 9-mer peptides 110 comprised predicted HLA binder sets. In total, 457 subunit peptides that encompass the diversity of all sequenced DENV strains of which 333 are T-cell epitope candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rønn Olsen
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA, USA
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Lin YZ, Shen RX, Zhu ZY, Deng XL, Cao XZ, Wang XF, Ma J, Jiang CG, Zhao LP, Lv XL, Shao YM, Zhou JH. An attenuated EIAV vaccine strain induces significantly different immune responses from its pathogenic parental strain although with similar in vivo replication pattern. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:292-304. [PMID: 21893100 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The EIAV (equine infectious anemia virus) multi-species attenuated vaccine EIAV(DLV121) successfully prevented the spread of equine infectious anemia (EIA) in China in the 1970s and provided an excellent model for the study of protective immunity to lentiviruses. In this study, we compared immune responses induced by EIAV(DLV121) to immunity elicited by the virulent EIAV(LN40) strain and correlated immune responses to protection from infection. Horses were randomly grouped and inoculated with either EIAV(DLV121) (Vaccinees, Vac) or a sublethal dose of EIAV(LN40) (asymptomatic carriers, Car). Car horses became EIAV(LN40) carriers without disease symptoms. Two of the four Vac horses were protected against infection and the other two had delayed onset or reduced severity of EIA with a lethal EIAV(LN40) challenge 5.5 months post initial inoculation. In contrast, all three Car animals developed acute EIA and two succumbed to death. Specific humoral and cellular immune responses in both Vac and Car groups were evaluated for potential correlations with protection. These analyses revealed that although plasma viral loads remained between 10(3) and 10(5)copies/ml for both groups before EIAV(LN40) challenge, Vac-treated animals developed significantly higher levels of conformational dependent, Env-specific antibody, neutralizing antibody as well as significantly elevated CD4(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-γ-secreting CD8(+) T cells than those observed in EIAV(LN40) asymptomatic carriers. Further analysis of protected and unprotected cases in vaccinated horses identified that cellular response parameters and the reciprocal anti-p26-specific antibody titers closely correlated with protection against infection with the pathogenic EIAV(LN40). These data provide a better understanding of protective immunity to lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Zhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Livestock Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
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