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Liu W, Xu J, Pu Q, Lan M, Zhang X, Gu Y, Wang Y, Zheng F, Qian J, Fan C, Sui J, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Luo J, Lin X, Shi S, Wang L, Sun C, Zhou M, Yue B, Wang F. The reference ranges and characteristics of lymphocyte parameters and the correlation between lymphocyte parameters and routine health indicators in adults from China. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:42. [PMID: 36167546 PMCID: PMC9513899 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Assessment of immune function is of key importance in recognition of disease or healthy status, which still faces challenge in clinical practice. We conducted a 10-center study to investigate lymphocyte parameters including the number, phenotype and IFN-γ-producing ability, and routine laboratory indicators by using the standard method. Results Although the heterogeneity of lymphocyte parameters was widely found, we have established the normal ranges of these parameters by using pooled data which showed no significant difference among centers. Cluster analysis of 35 parameters found 3 interesting clusters which represented different immunological status. Cluster 1 (parameters: IFN-γ+CD4+ T cell percentage and IFN-γ+CD8+ T cell percentage) represented current lymphocyte function, which was associated with indicators such as body mass index and red blood cell; Cluster 2 (parameters: NK cell number and CD45RA+CD4+ T cell percentage) represented potential of lymphocytes, which was associated with indicators such as albumin and high-density lipoprotein. Cluster 3 (parameters: HLA-DR+CD8+ T cell percentage) represented inflammatory status, which was associated with indicators such as low-density lipoprotein, globulin and age. Correlation analysis found that nutritional indicator albumin is significantly positively correlated with lymphocyte potential. Triglyceride and body mass index were positively correlated with current lymphocyte function rather than lymphocyte potential. The loss of CD8+ T cells was extremely pronounced with increasing age and was one of the most important factors to cause immunosenescence, which may be associated with increased glucose. Conclusions We have established the normal ranges of lymphocyte parameters in different areas. This study elucidates the key indicators used to reflect the current function or potential of lymphocytes, which may provide a valuable clue for how to keep immunity healthy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-022-00298-5.
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Schmitz KS, Lange MV, Gommers L, Handrejk K, Porter DP, Alabi CA, Moscona A, Porotto M, de Vries RD, de Swart RL. Repurposing an In Vitro Measles Virus Dissemination Assay for Screening of Antiviral Compounds. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061186. [PMID: 35746658 PMCID: PMC9230603 DOI: 10.3390/v14061186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) is a highly contagious respiratory virus responsible for outbreaks associated with significant morbidity and mortality among children and young adults. Although safe and effective measles vaccines are available, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in vaccination coverage gaps that may lead to the resurgence of measles when restrictions are lifted. This puts individuals who cannot be vaccinated, such as young infants and immunocompromised individuals, at risk. Therapeutic interventions are complicated by the long incubation time of measles, resulting in a narrow treatment window. At present, the only available WHO-advised option is treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins, although this is not approved as standard of care. Antivirals against measles may contribute to intervention strategies to limit the impact of future outbreaks. Here, we review previously described antivirals and antiviral assays, evaluate the antiviral efficacy of a number of compounds to inhibit MV dissemination in vitro, and discuss potential application in specific target populations. We conclude that broadly reactive antivirals could strengthen existing intervention strategies to limit the impact of measles outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina S. Schmitz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.S.S.); (M.V.L.); (L.G.); (K.H.); (R.D.d.V.)
| | - Mona V. Lange
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.S.S.); (M.V.L.); (L.G.); (K.H.); (R.D.d.V.)
| | - Lennert Gommers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.S.S.); (M.V.L.); (L.G.); (K.H.); (R.D.d.V.)
| | - Kim Handrejk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.S.S.); (M.V.L.); (L.G.); (K.H.); (R.D.d.V.)
| | | | - Christopher A. Alabi
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (A.M.); (M.P.)
- Center for Host–Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (A.M.); (M.P.)
- Center for Host–Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Rory D. de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.S.S.); (M.V.L.); (L.G.); (K.H.); (R.D.d.V.)
| | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.S.S.); (M.V.L.); (L.G.); (K.H.); (R.D.d.V.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Abstract
Humans are infected with paramyxoviruses of different genera early in life, which induce cytotoxic T cells that may recognize conserved epitopes. This raises the question of whether cross-reactive T cells induced by antecedent paramyxovirus infections provide partial protection against highly lethal zoonotic Nipah virus infections. By characterizing a measles virus-specific but paramyxovirus cross-reactive human T cell clone, we discovered a highly conserved HLA-B*1501-restricted T cell epitope in the fusion protein. Using peptides, tetramers, and single cell sorting, we isolated a parainfluenza virus-specific T cell clone from a healthy adult and showed that both clones cleared Nipah virus-infected cells. We identified multiple conserved hot spots in paramyxovirus proteomes that contain other potentially cross-reactive epitopes. Our data suggest that, depending on HLA haplotype and history of paramyxovirus exposures, humans may have cross-reactive T cells that provide protection against Nipah virus. The effect of preferential boosting of these cross-reactive epitopes needs to be further studied in light of paramyxovirus vaccination studies.IMPORTANCE Humans encounter multiple paramyxoviruses early in life. This study shows that infection with common paramyxoviruses can induce T cells cross-reactive with the highly pathogenic Nipah virus. This demonstrates that the combination of paramyxovirus infection history and HLA haplotype affects immunity to phylogenetically related zoonotic paramyxoviruses.
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Measles pathogenesis, immune suppression and animal models. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:31-37. [PMID: 32339942 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus causes a disease with seemingly innocent symptoms, such as fever and rash. However, measles immune suppression causes increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections that are responsible for the majority of over 100000 yearly fatalities. The pathogenesis of measles is complex, because measles virus uses multiple receptors to infect different cell types in different phases of the disease. Experimental morbillivirus infections with wild-type viruses in natural host species have demonstrated that direct infection and depletion of memory immune cells causes immune amnesia. This was confirmed in studies of a measles outbreak in unvaccinated children and provides an explanation for epidemiological observations of long-term increases in morbidity and mortality after measles.
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5
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Griffin DE. Measles virus persistence and its consequences. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:46-51. [PMID: 32387998 PMCID: PMC7492426 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of measles virus is complex. Infectious virus is cleared by the adaptive immune response manifested by the characteristic maculopapular rash. CD8+ T cells are major effectors of infectious virus clearance, a process that may fail in individuals with compromised cellular immune responses leading to progressive giant cell pneumonia and/or measles inclusion body encephalitis. In contrast to the usual rapid clearance of infectious virus, clearance of viral RNA is slow with persistence in lymphoid tissue for many months. Persistence of MeV RNA may contribute to the late development of the slowly progressive disease subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in children infected at a young age and to measles-associated immune suppression but also to maturation of the immune response and development of life-long immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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6
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Misin A, Antonello RM, Di Bella S, Campisciano G, Zanotta N, Giacobbe DR, Comar M, Luzzati R. Measles: An Overview of a Re-Emerging Disease in Children and Immunocompromised Patients. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E276. [PMID: 32085446 PMCID: PMC7074809 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine, in 2018, around 350,000 measles cases were reported worldwide, which resulted in an estimate of 142,300 deaths from measles. Additionally, in 2017, global measles cases spiked, causing the death of 110,000 people, mostly children under the age of 5 years and immunocompromised adults. The increase in measles incidence is caused by the ongoing reduction of vaccination coverage. This event has triggered public and scientific interest. For this reason, we reviewed the pathophysiology of measles infection, focusing on mechanisms by which the virus spreads systemically through the host organism. By reaching the lymphocytes from the airways through a "trojan horse" strategy, measles induces an immunosuppression status. H and F glycoproteins, both expressed in the envelope, ensure attachment of the virus to host cells and spreading from one cell to another by binding to several receptors, as described in detail. The severity of the disease depends both on the age and underlying conditions of patients as well as the social and health context in which epidemics spread, and is often burdened by sequelae and complications that may occur several years after infection. Particular attention was paid to special groups that are more susceptible to severe or atypical measles. An overview of microbiology, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment completes and enriches the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Misin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Via G.L. Gatteri 25/1, 34125 Trieste, Italy; (S.D.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Roberta Maria Antonello
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Stefano Di Bella
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Via G.L. Gatteri 25/1, 34125 Trieste, Italy; (S.D.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Giuseppina Campisciano
- SSD of Advanced Microbiology Diagnosis and Translational Research, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (G.C.); (N.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Nunzia Zanotta
- SSD of Advanced Microbiology Diagnosis and Translational Research, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (G.C.); (N.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniele Roberto Giacobbe
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino—IRCCS, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- SSD of Advanced Microbiology Diagnosis and Translational Research, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (G.C.); (N.Z.); (M.C.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Luzzati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Via G.L. Gatteri 25/1, 34125 Trieste, Italy; (S.D.B.); (R.L.)
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7
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Nelson AN, Lin WHW, Shivakoti R, Putnam NE, Mangus L, Adams RJ, Hauer D, Baxter VK, Griffin DE. Association of persistent wild-type measles virus RNA with long-term humoral immunity in rhesus macaques. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134992. [PMID: 31935196 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recovery from measles results in life-long protective immunity. To understand induction of long-term immunity, rhesus macaques were studied for 6 months after infection with wild-type measles virus (MeV). Infection caused viremia and rash, with clearance of infectious virus by day 14. MeV RNA persisted in PBMCs for 30-90 days and in lymphoid tissue for 6 months most often in B cells but was rarely detected in BM. Antibody with neutralizing activity and binding specificity for MeV nucleocapsid (N), hemagglutinin (H), and fusion proteins appeared with the rash and avidity matured over 3-4 months. Lymph nodes had increasing numbers of MeV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and germinal centers with late hyalinization. ASCs appeared in circulation with the rash and continued to appear along with peripheral T follicular helper cells for the study duration. ASCs in lymph nodes and PBMCs produced antibody against both H and N, with more H-specific ASCs in BM. During days 14-21, 20- to 100-fold more total ASCs than MeV-specific ASCs appeared in circulation, suggesting mobilization of preexisting ASCs. Therefore, persistence of MeV RNA in lymphoid tissue was accompanied by continued germinal center formation, ASC production, avidity maturation, and accumulation of H-specific ASCs in BM to sustain neutralizing antibody and protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Nelson
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wen-Hsuan W Lin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rupak Shivakoti
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole E Putnam
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J Adams
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Debra Hauer
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria K Baxter
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Morris SE, Yates AJ, de Swart RL, de Vries RD, Mina MJ, Nelson AN, Lin WHW, Kouyos RD, Griffin DE, Grenfell BT. Modeling the measles paradox reveals the importance of cellular immunity in regulating viral clearance. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007493. [PMID: 30592772 PMCID: PMC6310241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) is a highly contagious member of the Morbillivirus genus that remains a major cause of childhood mortality worldwide. Although infection induces a strong MV-specific immune response that clears viral load and confers lifelong immunity, transient immunosuppression can also occur, leaving the host vulnerable to colonization from secondary pathogens. This apparent contradiction of viral clearance in the face of immunosuppression underlies what is often referred to as the 'measles paradox', and remains poorly understood. To explore the mechanistic basis underlying the measles paradox, and identify key factors driving viral clearance, we return to a previously published dataset of MV infection in rhesus macaques. These data include virological and immunological information that enable us to fit a mathematical model describing how the virus interacts with the host immune system. In particular, our model incorporates target cell depletion through infection of host immune cells-a hallmark of MV pathology that has been neglected from previous models. We find the model captures the data well, and that both target cell depletion and immune activation are required to explain the overall dynamics. Furthermore, by simulating conditions of increased target cell availability and suppressed cellular immunity, we show that the latter causes greater increases in viral load and delays to MV clearance. Overall, this signals a more dominant role for cellular immunity in resolving acute MV infection. Interestingly, we find contrasting dynamics dominated by target cell depletion when viral fitness is increased. This may have wider implications for animal morbilliviruses, such as canine distemper virus (CDV), that cause fatal target cell depletion in their natural hosts. To our knowledge this work represents the first fully calibrated within-host model of MV dynamics and, more broadly, provides a new platform from which to explore the complex mechanisms underlying Morbillivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead E. Morris
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew J. Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rory D. de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Mina
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashley N. Nelson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wen-Hsuan W. Lin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger D. Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bryan T. Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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9
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Laksono BM, Grosserichter-Wagener C, de Vries RD, Langeveld SAG, Brem MD, van Dongen JJM, Katsikis PD, Koopmans MPG, van Zelm MC, de Swart RL. In Vitro Measles Virus Infection of Human Lymphocyte Subsets Demonstrates High Susceptibility and Permissiveness of both Naive and Memory B Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:e00131-18. [PMID: 29437964 PMCID: PMC5874404 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00131-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is characterized by a transient immune suppression, leading to an increased risk of opportunistic infections. Measles virus (MV) infection of immune cells is mediated by the cellular receptor CD150, expressed by subsets of lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and thymocytes. Previous studies showed that human and nonhuman primate memory T cells express higher levels of CD150 than naive cells and are more susceptible to MV infection. However, limited information is available about the CD150 expression and relative susceptibility to MV infection of B-cell subsets. In this study, we assessed the susceptibility and permissiveness of naive and memory T- and B-cell subsets from human peripheral blood or tonsils to in vitro MV infection. Our study demonstrates that naive and memory B cells express CD150, but at lower frequencies than memory T cells. Nevertheless, both naive and memory B cells proved to be highly permissive to MV infection. Furthermore, we assessed the susceptibility and permissiveness of various functionally distinct T and B cells, such as helper T (TH) cell subsets and IgG- and IgA-positive memory B cells, in peripheral blood and tonsils. We demonstrated that TH1TH17 cells and plasma and germinal center B cells were the subsets most susceptible and permissive to MV infection. Our study suggests that both naive and memory B cells, along with several other antigen-experienced lymphocytes, are important target cells of MV infection. Depletion of these cells potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of measles immune suppression.IMPORTANCE Measles is associated with immune suppression and is often complicated by bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, or gastroenteritis. Measles virus infects antigen-presenting cells and T and B cells, and depletion of these cells may contribute to lymphopenia and immune suppression. Measles has been associated with follicular exhaustion in lymphoid tissues in humans and nonhuman primates, emphasizing the importance of MV infection of B cells in vivo However, information on the relative susceptibility of B-cell subsets is scarce. Here, we compared the susceptibility and permissiveness to in vitro MV infection of human naive and memory T- and B-cell subsets isolated from peripheral blood or tonsils. Our results demonstrate that both naive and memory B cells are more permissive to MV infection than T cells. The highest infection levels were detected in plasma cells and germinal center B cells, suggesting that infection and depletion of these populations contribute to reduced host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta M Laksono
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina Grosserichter-Wagener
- Department of Immunology, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simone A G Langeveld
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten D Brem
- Department of Immunology, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Department of Immunology, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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10
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Macchi F, Rojas JM, Verna AE, Sevilla N, Franceschi V, Tebaldi G, Cavirani S, Martín V, Donofrio G. Bovine Herpesvirus-4-Based Vector Delivering Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Hemagglutinin ORF Induces both Neutralizing Antibodies and Cytotoxic T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:421. [PMID: 29556236 PMCID: PMC5845008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) is an extremely infective morbillivirus that primarily affects goats and sheep. In underdeveloped countries where livestock are the main economical resource, PPRV causes considerable economic losses. Protective live attenuated vaccines are currently available but they induce antibody responses similar to those produced in PPRV naturally infected animals. Effective vaccines able to distinguish between vaccinated and naturally infected animals are required to PPRV control and eradication programs. Hemagglutinin (H) is a highly immunogenic PPRV envelope glycoprotein displaying both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities, playing a crucial role in virus attachment and penetration. In this study, a recombinant Bovine Herpesvirus-4 (BoHV-4)-based vector delivering an optimized PPRV-Hemagglutinin expression cassette, BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ΔTK, was assessed in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ΔTK-immunization elicited both cellular and humoral immune responses with specific T cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, and sero-neutralizing antibody against PPRV. These data suggest recombinant BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ΔTK as an effective vaccine candidate to protect against PPRV herd infection and potentially applicable for eradication programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Macchi
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - José Manuel Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Giulia Tebaldi
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sandro Cavirani
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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11
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Rojas JM, Avia M, Pascual E, Sevilla N, Martín V. Vaccination with recombinant adenovirus expressing peste des petits ruminants virus-F or -H proteins elicits T cell responses to epitopes that arises during PPRV infection. Vet Res 2017; 48:79. [PMID: 29157291 PMCID: PMC5697415 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes an economically important disease that limits productivity in small domestic ruminants and often affects the livestock of the poorest populations in developing countries. Animals that survive PPRV develop strong cellular and humoral responses, which are probably necessary for protection. Vaccination should thus aim at mimicking these natural responses. Immunization strategies against this morbillivirus using recombinant adenoviruses expressing PPRV-F or -H proteins can protect PPRV-challenged animals and permit differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. Little is known of the T cell repertoire these recombinant vaccines induce. In the present work, we identified several CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes in sheep infected with PPRV. We also show that recombinant adenovirus vaccination induced T cell responses to the same epitopes, and led to memory T cell differentiation. T cells primed by these recombinant adenovirus vaccines expanded after PPRV challenge and probably contributed to protection. These data validate the use of recombinant adenovirus expressing PPRV genes as DIVA strategies to control this highly contagious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Avia
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Pascual
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Escaffre O, Saito TB, Juelich TL, Ikegami T, Smith JK, Perez DD, Atkins C, Levine CB, Huante MB, Nusbaum RJ, Endsley JJ, Freiberg AN, Rockx B. Contribution of Human Lung Parenchyma and Leukocyte Influx to Oxidative Stress and Immune System-Mediated Pathology following Nipah Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:e00275-17. [PMID: 28539439 PMCID: PMC5651721 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00275-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic emerging paramyxovirus that can cause fatal respiratory illness or encephalitis in humans. Despite many efforts, the molecular mechanisms of NiV-induced acute lung injury (ALI) remain unclear. We previously showed that NiV replicates to high titers in human lung grafts in NOD-SCID/γ mice, resulting in a robust inflammatory response. Interestingly, these mice can undergo human immune system reconstitution by the bone marrow, liver, and thymus (BLT) reconstitution method, in addition to lung tissue engraftment, giving altogether a realistic model to study human respiratory viral infections. Here, we characterized NiV Bangladesh strain (NiV-B) infection of human lung grafts from human immune system-reconstituted mice in order to identify the overall effect of immune cells on NiV pathogenesis of the lung. We show that NiV-B replicated to high titers in human lung grafts and caused similar cytopathic effects irrespective of the presence of human leukocytes in mice. However, the human immune system interfered with virus spread across lung grafts, responded to infection by leukocyte migration to small airways and alveoli of the lung grafts, and accelerated oxidative stress in lung grafts. In addition, the presence of human leukocytes increased the expression of cytokines and chemokines that regulate inflammatory influx to sites of infection and tissue damage. These results advance our understanding of how the immune system limits NiV dissemination and contributes to ALI and inform efforts to identify therapeutic targets.IMPORTANCE Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging paramyxovirus that can cause a lethal respiratory and neurological disease in humans. Only limited data are available on NiV pathogenesis in the human lung, and the relative contribution of the innate immune response and NiV to acute lung injury (ALI) is still unknown. Using human lung grafts in a human immune system-reconstituted mouse model, we showed that the NiV Bangladesh strain induced cytopathic lesions in lung grafts similar to those described in patients irrespective of the donor origin or the presence of leukocytes. However, the human immune system interfered with virus spread, responded to infection by leukocyte infiltration in the small airways and alveolar area, induced oxidative stress, and triggered the production of cytokines and chemokines that regulate inflammatory influx by leukocytes in response to infection. Understanding how leukocytes interact with NiV and cause ALI in human lung xenografts is crucial for identifying therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Escaffre
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tais B Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Terry L Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer K Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - David D Perez
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Colm Atkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Corri B Levine
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew B Huante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca J Nusbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Griffin DE. The Immune Response in Measles: Virus Control, Clearance and Protective Immunity. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100282. [PMID: 27754341 PMCID: PMC5086614 DOI: 10.3390/v8100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is an acute systemic viral infection with immune system interactions that play essential roles in multiple stages of infection and disease. Measles virus (MeV) infection does not induce type 1 interferons, but leads to production of cytokines and chemokines associated with nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) signaling and activation of the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein (NLRP3) inflammasome. This restricted response allows extensive virus replication and spread during a clinically silent latent period of 10–14 days. The first appearance of the disease is a 2–3 day prodrome of fever, runny nose, cough, and conjunctivitis that is followed by a characteristic maculopapular rash that spreads from the face and trunk to the extremities. The rash is a manifestation of the MeV-specific type 1 CD4+ and CD8+ T cell adaptive immune response with lymphocyte infiltration into tissue sites of MeV replication and coincides with clearance of infectious virus. However, clearance of viral RNA from blood and tissues occurs over weeks to months after resolution of the rash and is associated with a period of immunosuppression. However, during viral RNA clearance, MeV-specific antibody also matures in type and avidity and T cell functions evolve from type 1 to type 2 and 17 responses that promote B cell development. Recovery is associated with sustained levels of neutralizing antibody and life-long protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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14
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Laksono BM, de Vries RD, McQuaid S, Duprex WP, de Swart RL. Measles Virus Host Invasion and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2016; 8:E210. [PMID: 27483301 PMCID: PMC4997572 DOI: 10.3390/v8080210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus is a highly contagious negative strand RNA virus that is transmitted via the respiratory route and causes systemic disease in previously unexposed humans and non-human primates. Measles is characterised by fever and skin rash and usually associated with cough, coryza and conjunctivitis. A hallmark of measles is the transient immune suppression, leading to increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. At the same time, the disease is paradoxically associated with induction of a robust virus-specific immune response, resulting in lifelong immunity to measles. Identification of CD150 and nectin-4 as cellular receptors for measles virus has led to new perspectives on tropism and pathogenesis. In vivo studies in non-human primates have shown that the virus initially infects CD150⁺ lymphocytes and dendritic cells, both in circulation and in lymphoid tissues, followed by virus transmission to nectin-4 expressing epithelial cells. The abilities of the virus to cause systemic infection, to transmit to numerous new hosts via droplets or aerosols and to suppress the host immune response for several months or even years after infection make measles a remarkable disease. This review briefly highlights current topics in studies of measles virus host invasion and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta M Laksono
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephen McQuaid
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, BT7 1NN Belfast, UK.
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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16
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Ludlow M, de Vries RD, Lemon K, McQuaid S, Millar E, van Amerongen G, Yüksel S, Verburgh RJ, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL, Duprex WP. Infection of lymphoid tissues in the macaque upper respiratory tract contributes to the emergence of transmissible measles virus. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1933-1944. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.054650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. MV is spread by aerosols but the mechanism(s) responsible for the high transmissibility of MV are largely unknown. We previously infected macaques with enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing recombinant MV and euthanized them at a range of time points. In this study a comprehensive pathological analysis has been performed of tissues from the respiratory tract around the peak of virus replication. Isolation of virus from nose and throat swab samples showed that high levels of both cell-associated and cell-free virus were present in the upper respiratory tract. Analysis of tissue sections from lung and primary bronchus revealed localized infection of epithelial cells, concomitant infiltration of MV-infected immune cells into the epithelium and localized shedding of cells or cell debris into the lumen. While high numbers of MV-infected cells were present in the tongue, these were largely encapsulated by intact keratinocyte cell layers that likely limit virus transmission. In contrast, the integrity of tonsillar and adenoidal epithelia was disrupted with high numbers of MV-infected epithelial cells and infiltrating immune cells present throughout epithelial cell layers. Disruption was associated with large numbers of MV-infected cells or cell debris ‘spilling’ from epithelia into the respiratory tract. The coughing and sneezing response induced by disruption of the ciliated epithelium, leading to the expulsion of MV-infected cells, cell debris and cell-free virus, contributes to the highly infectious nature of MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ludlow
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ken Lemon
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stephen McQuaid
- Tissue Pathology Laboratories, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Emma Millar
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Selma Yüksel
- Department Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W. Paul Duprex
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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An eight-colour flow cytometric method for the detection of reference values of lymphocyte subsets in selected healthy donors. Clin Exp Med 2013; 14:249-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-013-0239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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van den Ham HJ, de Waal L, Zaaraoui-Boutahar F, Bijl M, van Ijcken WFJ, Osterhaus ADME, de Boer RJ, Andeweg AC. Early divergence of Th1 and Th2 transcriptomes involves a small core response and sets of transiently expressed genes. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1074-84. [PMID: 23436590 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Th cells can adopt a number of different phenotypes. We performed microarray-assisted mRNA profiling on antigen-stimulated, TCR transgenic murine splenocytes that were cultured in the presence of cytokines. Transcriptome snapshots of Th cells differentiating into Th1 and Th2 phenotypes were obtained at various time points. Principal component analysis shows that time since activation and Th skewing are the largest sources of variance (i.e. the largest contributing factors) in our profiling experiments. Divergence between the Th1 and Th2 phenotypes is established early and does not increase in terms of number of differential genes from day 1 to day 4 after stimulation. Notwithstanding the lack of further divergence between the Th1 and Th2 lineages, we show that gene expression is best described by a 'turnover' rather than a 'core response' model, although we find evidence for both. We identify clusters of skewed genes associated with early persistent ('core response') and late ('turnover') Th1 and Th2 gene expression. In addition to the classical Th genes, members of the Batf transcription factor family are differentially expressed in particular helper phenotypes, suggesting an important role for this family in Th-cell phenotype differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk-Jan van den Ham
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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19
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de Vries RD, de Swart RL. Evaluating measles vaccines: can we assess cellular immunity? Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:779-82. [PMID: 22913254 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Measles remains an important cause of childhood mortality, and global eradication of the disease is being seriously considered. Because of limitations of the current live-attenuated vaccines, new vaccines and routes of administration are being investigated. In the article under review, the authors have measured measles-specific humoral and cellular immune responses after two doses of live-attenuated measles vaccine and found limited correlation between the two. This study highlights an important issue, namely that we cannot assume humoral and cellular immune responses to go hand in hand. However, it remains to be determined if assays with peripheral blood lymphocytes can be used as a correlate of protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory D de Vries
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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de Vries RD, McQuaid S, van Amerongen G, Yüksel S, Verburgh RJ, Osterhaus ADME, Duprex WP, de Swart RL. Measles immune suppression: lessons from the macaque model. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002885. [PMID: 22952446 PMCID: PMC3431343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles remains a significant childhood disease, and is associated with a transient immune suppression. Paradoxically, measles virus (MV) infection also induces robust MV-specific immune responses. Current hypotheses for the mechanism underlying measles immune suppression focus on functional impairment of lymphocytes or antigen-presenting cells, caused by infection with or exposure to MV. We have generated stable recombinant MVs that express enhanced green fluorescent protein, and remain virulent in non-human primates. By performing a comprehensive study of virological, immunological, hematological and histopathological observations made in animals euthanized at different time points after MV infection, we developed a model explaining measles immune suppression which fits with the "measles paradox". Here we show that MV preferentially infects CD45RA(-) memory T-lymphocytes and follicular B-lymphocytes, resulting in high infection levels in these populations. After the peak of viremia MV-infected lymphocytes were cleared within days, followed by immune activation and lymph node enlargement. During this period tuberculin-specific T-lymphocyte responses disappeared, whilst strong MV-specific T-lymphocyte responses emerged. Histopathological analysis of lymphoid tissues showed lymphocyte depletion in the B- and T-cell areas in the absence of apoptotic cells, paralleled by infiltration of T-lymphocytes into B-cell follicles and reappearance of proliferating cells. Our findings indicate an immune-mediated clearance of MV-infected CD45RA(-) memory T-lymphocytes and follicular B-lymphocytes, which causes temporary immunological amnesia. The rapid oligoclonal expansion of MV-specific lymphocytes and bystander cells masks this depletion, explaining the short duration of measles lymphopenia yet long duration of immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen McQuaid
- Tissue Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Selma Yüksel
- Viroscience Lab, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - W. Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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21
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de Vries RD, Mesman AW, Geijtenbeek TBH, Duprex WP, de Swart RL. The pathogenesis of measles. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:248-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Foxp3+ regulatory T cells control persistence of viral CNS infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33989. [PMID: 22448284 PMCID: PMC3309005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We earlier established a model of a persistent viral CNS infection using two week old immunologically normal (genetically unmodified) mice and recombinant measles virus (MV). Using this model infection we investigated the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) as regulators of the immune response in the brain, and assessed whether the persistent CNS infection can be modulated by manipulation of Tregs in the periphery. CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs were expanded or depleted during the persistent phase of the CNS infection, and the consequences for the virus-specific immune response and the extent of persistent infection were analyzed. Virus-specific CD8+ T cells predominantly recognising the H-2Db-presented viral hemagglutinin epitope MV-H22–30 (RIVINREHL) were quantified in the brain by pentamer staining. Expansion of Tregs after intraperitoneal (i.p.) application of the superagonistic anti-CD28 antibody D665 inducing transient immunosuppression caused increased virus replication and spread in the CNS. In contrast, depletion of Tregs using diphtheria toxin (DT) in DEREG (depletion of regulatory T cells)-mice induced an increase of virus-specific CD8+ effector T cells in the brain and caused a reduction of the persistent infection. These data indicate that manipulation of Tregs in the periphery can be utilized to regulate virus persistence in the CNS.
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23
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Griffin DE, Lin WH, Pan CH. Measles virus, immune control, and persistence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:649-62. [PMID: 22316382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles remains one of the most important causes of child morbidity and mortality worldwide with the greatest burden in the youngest children. Most acute measles deaths are owing to secondary infections that result from a poorly understood measles-induced suppression of immune responses. Young children are also vulnerable to late development of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, a progressive, uniformly fatal neurologic disease caused by persistent measles virus (MeV) infection. During acute infection, the rash marks the appearance of the adaptive immune response and CD8(+) T cell-mediated clearance of infectious virus. However, after clearance of infectious virus, MeV RNA persists and can be detected in blood, respiratory secretions, urine, and lymphoid tissue for many weeks to months. This prolonged period of virus clearance may help to explain measles immunosuppression and the development of lifelong immunity to re-infection, as well as occasional infection of the nervous system. Once MeV infects neurons, the virus can spread trans-synaptically and the envelope proteins needed to form infectious virus are unnecessary, accumulate mutations, and can establish persistent infection. Identification of the immune mechanisms required for the clearance of MeV RNA from multiple sites will enlighten our understanding of the development of disease owing to persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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24
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Lobanova LM, Eng NF, Satkunarajah M, Mutwiri GK, Rini JM, Zakhartchouk AN. The recombinant globular head domain of the measles virus hemagglutinin protein as a subunit vaccine against measles. Vaccine 2012; 30:3061-7. [PMID: 22406109 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of live attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccines, a large number of measles-associated deaths occur among infants in developing countries. The development of a measles subunit vaccine may circumvent the limitations associated with the current live attenuated vaccines and eventually contribute to global measles eradication. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test the feasibility of producing the recombinant globular head domain of the MV hemagglutinin (H) protein by stably transfected human cells and to examine the ability of this recombinant protein to elicit MV-specific immune responses. The recombinant protein was purified from the culture supernatant of stably transfected HEK293T cells secreting a tagged version of the protein. Two subcutaneous immunizations with the purified recombinant protein alone resulted in the production of MV-specific serum IgG and neutralizing antibodies in mice. Formulation of the protein with adjuvants (polyphosphazene or alum) further enhanced the humoral immune response and in addition resulted in the induction of cell-mediated immunity as measured by the production of MV H-specific interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 5 (IL-5) by in vitro re-stimulated splenocytes. Furthermore, the inclusion of polyphosphazene into the vaccine formulation induced a mixed Th1/Th2-type immune response. In addition, the purified recombinant protein retained its immunogenicity even after storage at 37°C for 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov M Lobanova
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3 Canada
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Measles virus infection of the CNS: human disease, animal models, and approaches to therapy. Med Microbiol Immunol 2010; 199:261-71. [PMID: 20390298 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-010-0153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system(CNS) mostly represent clinically important, often life-threatening complications of systemic viral infections. After acute measles, CNS complications may occur early (acute postinfectious measles encephalitis, APME) or after years of viral persistence (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, SSPE). In spite of a presumably functional cell-mediated immunity and high antiviral antibody titers, an immunological control of the CNS infection is not achieved in patients suffering from SSPE. There is still no specific therapy for acute complications and persistent MV infections of the CNS. Hamsters, rats, and (genetically unmodified and modified) mice have been used as model systems to study mechanisms of MV-induced CNS infections. Functional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells together with IFN-gamma are required to overcome the infection. With the help of recombinant measles viruses and mice expressing endogenous or transgenic receptors, interesting aspects such as receptor-dependent viral spread and viral determinants of virulence have been investigated. However, many questions concerning the lack of efficient immune control in the CNS are still open. Recent research opened new perspectives using specific antivirals such as short interfering RNA (siRNA) or small molecule inhibitors. Inspite of obvious hurdles, these treatments are the most promising approaches to future therapies.
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26
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Pasetti MF, Ramirez K, Barry EM, Kotloff K, Levine MM. Measles DNA vaccine priming for young infants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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