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Ponte C, Hacker M, Moraes M, Castello-Branco L, Silva F, Antas P. The patterns of in vitro cell-death and inflammatory cytokines induced by distinct BCG vaccine strains are differentially induced in human mononuclear cells. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 14:28-35. [PMID: 29053932 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1382788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains among the world's leading cause of mortality. For its control, studies of TB vaccines are needed. Since live-attenuated Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only TB vaccine currently in use, studies on the protective role of BCG are required. In this study, we analyzed host cells purified directly from whole blood of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative volunteers, comprising adult healthy donors (HD) and neonates (umbilical cord bloods, UCB), with the aim to directly compare in vitro immune responses with distinct BCG strains in human mononuclear cells. The Moreau, Pasteur, and Danish BCG strains were used to infect mononuclear cells in vitro for 48 h; bacilli viability and cell-death were subsequently detected by flow cytometry. In addition, cell culture supernatants were used in cytokine detection assays. Overall, the Moreau BCG strain induced higher levels of apoptosis than the Pasteur and Danish BCG strains in both the HD and UCB groups (p-value < 0.05), and a human monocytic cell-line mirrored those cell-death patterns after BCG infection. The Moreau BCG strain, exclusively, induced Th1 cytokines at the highest levels in cells from adults (p-value < 0.05) when compared with both Pasteur and Danish BCG strains, whereas TGF-β1 levels were reduced significantly (p-value < 0.01) in the HD group when cells were infected with the Moreau BCG vaccine. As expected, eight out of 22 pro-inflammatory cytokines were secreted at significant levels (p-value < 0.05) above the baseline rates in all BCG-infected cell cultures, in the HD group only. When analyzing these results, we excluded confounding factors related to storage and viability of the BCG strains used. These findings suggest that Moreau BCG is a more potent immunostimulating agent than the Pasteur and Danish BCG strains. Clinical trials will be needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ponte
- a Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - M Hacker
- b Laboratório de Hanseníase, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - M Moraes
- b Laboratório de Hanseníase, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - L Castello-Branco
- a Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - F Silva
- c Gaffree Guinle State University Hospital of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - P Antas
- a Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Bozzano F, Marras F, Ascierto ML, Cantoni C, Cenderello G, Dentone C, Di Biagio A, Orofino G, Mantia E, Boni S, De Leo P, Picciotto A, Braido F, Antonini F, Wang E, Marincola F, Moretta L, De Maria A. 'Emergency exit' of bone-marrow-resident CD34(+)DNAM-1(bright)CXCR4(+)-committed lymphoid precursors during chronic infection and inflammation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8109. [PMID: 26436997 PMCID: PMC4600731 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic inflammatory disorders, a persistent natural killer (NK) cell derangement is observed. While increased cell turnover is expected, little is known about whether and how NK-cell homeostatic balance is maintained. Here, flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in chronic inflammatory disorders, both infectious and non-infectious, reveals the presence of a CD34(+)CD226(DNAM-1)(bright)CXCR4(+) cell population displaying transcriptional signatures typical of common lymphocyte precursors and giving rise to NK-cell progenies with high expression of activating receptors and mature function and even to α/β T lymphocytes. CD34(+)CD226(bright)CXCR4(+) cells reside in bone marrow, hardly circulate in healthy donors and are absent in cord blood. Their proportion correlates with the degree of inflammation, reflecting lymphoid cell turnover/reconstitution during chronic inflammation. These findings provide insight on intermediate stages of NK-cell development, a view of emergency recruitment of cell precursors, and upgrade our understanding and monitoring of chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bozzano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, Genova 16132, Italy.,Center for Excellence in Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, Genova 16132, Italy
| | | | - Maria Libera Ascierto
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center of Human Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, Genova 16132, Italy.,Center for Excellence in Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, Genova 16132, Italy.,Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16148, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cenderello
- U.O.C. Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Galliera, Mura delle Cappuccine 14, Genova 16128, Italy
| | - Chiara Dentone
- U.O.C. Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Sanremo, Via Privata Barabino 15, Sanremo 18038, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Biagio
- Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Orofino
- SOC Malattie Infettive ASO S.S. Antonio e Biagio e C. Arrigo Alessandria, 15100, Italy
| | - Eugenio Mantia
- U.O.C. Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, Torino 10149, Italy
| | - Silvia Boni
- U.O.C. Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, La Spezia 19121, Italy
| | - Pasqualina De Leo
- U.O.C. Malattie Infettive, Azienda Sanitaria Locale n.2, Savona 17100, Italy
| | - Antonino Picciotto
- Allergy and Respiratory Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Fulvio Braido
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, Genova 16132, Italy
| | | | - Ena Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center of Human Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha P.O. BOX 26999, Qatar
| | | | | | - Andrea De Maria
- Center for Excellence in Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, Genova 16132, Italy.,Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, DISSAL, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, Genova 16132, Italy
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Abstract
MTB ranks as the first worldwide pathogen latently infecting one third of the population and the second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The development of vigorous and apparently appropriate immune response upon infection with M. tuberculosis in humans and experimental animals conflict with failure to eradicate the pathogen itself and with its ability to undergo clinical latency from which it may exit. From a clinical standpoint, our views on MTB infection may take advantage from updating the overall perspective, that has quite changed over the last decade, following remarkable advances in our understanding of the manipulation of the immune system by M. tuberculosis and of the role of innate components of the immune response, including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and NK cells in the initial spread of MTB and its exit from latency. Scope of this review is to highlight the major mechanisms of MTB escape from immune control and to provide a supplementary translational perspective for the interpretation of innate immune mechanisms with particular impact on clinical aspects.
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Pilotti E, Bianchi MV, De Maria A, Bozzano F, Romanelli MG, Bertazzoni U, Casoli C. HTLV-1/-2 and HIV-1 co-infections: retroviral interference on host immune status. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:372. [PMID: 24391628 PMCID: PMC3870298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1/HTLV-2 share similar routes of transmission but cause significantly different diseases. In this review we have outlined the immune mediated mechanisms by which HTLVs affect HIV-1 disease in co-infected hosts. During co-infection with HIV-1, HTLV-2 modulates the cellular microenvironment favoring its own viability and inhibiting HIV-1 progression. This is achieved when the HTLV-2 proviral load is higher than that of HIV-1, and thanks to the ability of HTLV-2 to: (i) up-regulate viral suppressive CCL3L1 chemokine expression; (ii) overcome HIV-1 capacity to activate the JAK/STAT pathway; (iii) reduce the activation of T and NK cells; (iv) modulate the host miRNA profiles. These alterations of immune functions have been mainly attributed to the effects of the HTLV-2 regulatory protein Tax and suggest that HTLV-2 exerts a protective role against HIV-1 infection. Contrary to HIV-1/HTLV-2, the effect of HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection on immunological and pathological conditions is still controversial. There is evidence that indicates a worsening of HIV-1 infection, while other evidence does not show clinically relevant effects in HIV-positive people. Possible differences on innate immune mechanisms and a particularly impact on NK cells are becoming evident. The differences between the two HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 co-infections are highlighted and further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pilotti
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| | - Maria V Bianchi
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Bozzano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Maria G Romanelli
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Casoli
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
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The contribution of non-conventional T cells and NK cells in the mycobacterial-specific IFNγ response in Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-immunized infants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77334. [PMID: 24098583 PMCID: PMC3789697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is given to >120 million infants each year worldwide. Most studies investigating the immune response to BCG have focused on adaptive immunity. However the importance of TCR-gamma/delta (γδ) T cells and NK cells in the mycobacterial-specific immune response is of increasing interest. METHODS Participants in four age-groups were BCG-immunized. Ten weeks later, in vitro BCG-stimulated blood was analyzed for NK and T cell markers, and intracellular IFNgamma (IFNγ) by flow cytometry. Total functional IFNγ response was calculated using integrated median fluorescence intensity (iMFI). RESULTS In infants and children, CD4 and CD4-CD8- (double-negative (DN)) T cells were the main IFNγ-expressing cells representing 43-56% and 27-37% of total CD3+ IFNγ+ T cells respectively. The iMFI was higher in DN T cells compared to CD4 T cells in all age groups, with the greatest differences seen in infants immunized at birth (p=0.002) or 2 months of age (p<0.0001). When NK cells were included in the analysis, they accounted for the majority of total IFNγ-expressing cells and, together with DN Vδ2 γδ T cells, had the highest iMFI in infants immunized at birth or 2 months of age. CONCLUSION In addition to CD4 T cells, NK cells and DN T cells, including Vδ2 γδ T cells, are the key populations producing IFNγ in response to BCG immunization in infants and children. This suggests that innate immunity and unconventional T cells play a greater role in the mycobacterial immune response than previously recognized and should be considered in the design and assessment of novel tuberculosis vaccines.
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