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Sanjuan Nandin I, Fong C, Deantonio C, Torreno-Pina JA, Pecetta S, Maldonado P, Gasparrini F, Ordovas-Montanes J, Kazer SW, Kjaer S, Borley DW, Nair U, Coleman JA, Lingwood D, Shalek AK, Meffre E, Poignard P, Burton DR, Batista FD. Novel in vitro booster vaccination to rapidly generate antigen-specific human monoclonal antibodies. J Exp Med 2020; 214:2471-2490. [PMID: 28739603 PMCID: PMC5551578 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines remain the most effective tool to prevent infectious diseases. Here, we introduce an in vitro booster vaccination approach that relies on antigen-dependent activation of human memory B cells in culture. This stimulation induces antigen-specific B cell proliferation, differentiation of B cells into plasma cells, and robust antibody secretion after a few days of culture. We validated this strategy using cells from healthy donors to retrieve human antibodies against tetanus toxoid and influenza hemagglutinin (HA) from H1N1 and newly emergent subtypes such as H5N1 and H7N9. Anti-HA antibodies were cross-reactive against multiple subtypes, and some showed neutralizing activity. Although these antibodies may have arisen as a result of previous influenza infection, we also obtained gp120-reactive antibodies from non-HIV-infected donors, indicating that we can generate antibodies without prior antigenic exposure. Overall, our novel approach can be used to rapidly produce therapeutic antibodies and has the potential to assess the immunogenicity of candidate antigens, which could be exploited in future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol Fong
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Cecilia Deantonio
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Juan A Torreno-Pina
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Simone Pecetta
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Paula Maldonado
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | | | - Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Samuel W Kazer
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Svend Kjaer
- Protein Purification and Structural Biology, Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Daryl W Borley
- Diagnostic and Molecular Development, hLAB Division, hVIVO PLC, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, London, England, UK
| | - Usha Nair
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Julia A Coleman
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA.,Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Pascal Poignard
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Facundo D Batista
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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Zacharias ZR, Legge KL. Chronic Ethanol Consumption Reduces Existing CD8 T Cell Memory and Is Associated with Lesions in Protection against Secondary Influenza A Virus Infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3313-3324. [PMID: 31712384 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with an increased incidence of disease severity during pulmonary infections. Our previous work in a mouse model of chronic alcohol consumption has detailed that the primary influenza A virus (IAV)-specific CD8 T cell response in mice that consumed ethanol (EtOH) had a reduced proliferative capacity as well as the ability to kill IAV target cells. Interestingly, recent studies have highlighted that human alcoholics have an increased susceptibility to IAV infections, even though they likely possess pre-existing immunity to IAV. However, the effects of chronic alcohol consumption on pre-existing immune responses (i.e., memory) to IAV have not been explored. Our results presented in this study show that IAV-immune mice that then chronically consumed alcohol (X31→EtOH) exhibited increased morbidity and mortality following IAV re-exposure compared with IAV-immune mice that had consumed water (X31→H2O). This increased susceptibility in X31→EtOH mice was associated with reduced IAV-specific killing of target cells and a reduction in the number of IAV-specific CD8 T cells within the lungs. Furthermore, upon IAV challenge, recruitment of the remaining memory IAV-specific CD8 T cells into the lungs is reduced in X31→EtOH mice. This altered recruitment is associated with a reduced pulmonary expression of CXCL10 and CXCL11, which are chemokines that are important for T cell recruitment to the lungs. Overall, these results demonstrate that chronic alcohol consumption negatively affects the resting memory CD8 T cell response and reduces the ability of memory T cells to be recruited to the site of infection upon subsequent exposures, therein contributing to an enhanced susceptibility to IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeb R Zacharias
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Del Giudice G, Rappuoli R, Didierlaurent AM. Correlates of adjuvanticity: A review on adjuvants in licensed vaccines. Semin Immunol 2018; 39:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Intranasal Live Influenza Vaccine Priming Elicits Localized B Cell Responses in Mediastinal Lymph Nodes. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01970-17. [PMID: 29444938 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01970-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemic live attenuated influenza vaccines (pLAIV) prime subjects for a robust neutralizing antibody response upon subsequent administration of a pandemic inactivated subunit vaccine (pISV). However, a difference was not detected in H5-specific memory B cells in the peripheral blood between pLAIV-primed and unprimed subjects prior to pISV boost. To investigate the mechanism underlying pLAIV priming, we vaccinated groups of 12 African green monkeys (AGMs) with H5N1 pISV or pLAIV alone or H5N1 pLAIV followed by pISV and examined immunity systemically and in local draining lymph nodes (LN). The AGM model recapitulated the serologic observations from clinical studies. Interestingly, H5N1 pLAIV induced robust germinal center B cell responses in the mediastinal LN (MLN). Subsequent boosting with H5N1 pISV drove increases in H5-specific B cells in the axillary LN, spleen, and circulation in H5N1 pLAIV-primed animals. Thus, H5N1 pLAIV primes localized B cell responses in the MLN that are recalled systemically following pISV boost. These data provide mechanistic insights for the generation of robust humoral responses via prime-boost vaccination.IMPORTANCE We have previously shown that pandemic live attenuated influenza vaccines (pLAIV) prime for a rapid and robust antibody response on subsequent administration of inactivated subunit vaccine (pISV). This is observed even in individuals who had undetectable antibody (Ab) responses following the initial vaccination. To define the mechanistic basis of pLAIV priming, we turned to a nonhuman primate model and performed a detailed analysis of B cell responses in systemic and local lymphoid tissues following prime-boost vaccination with pLAIV and pISV. We show that the nonhuman primate model recapitulates the serologic observations from clinical studies. Further, we found that pLAIVs induced robust germinal center B cell responses in the mediastinal lymph node. Subsequent boosting with pISV in pLAIV-primed animals resulted in detection of B cells in the axillary lymph nodes, spleen, and peripheral blood. We demonstrate that intranasally administered pLAIV elicits a highly localized germinal center B cell response in the mediastinal lymph node that is rapidly recalled following pISV boost into germinal center reactions at numerous distant immune sites.
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Wilkins AL, Kazmin D, Napolitani G, Clutterbuck EA, Pulendran B, Siegrist CA, Pollard AJ. AS03- and MF59-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccines in Children. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1760. [PMID: 29326687 PMCID: PMC5733358 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a major cause of respiratory disease leading to hospitalization in young children. However, seasonal trivalent influenza vaccines (TIVs) have been shown to be ineffective and poorly immunogenic in this population. The development of live-attenuated influenza vaccines and adjuvanted vaccines are important advances in the prevention of influenza in young children. The oil-in-water emulsions MF59 and adjuvant systems 03 (AS03) have been used as adjuvants in both seasonal adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccines (ATIVs) and pandemic monovalent influenza vaccines. Compared with non-adjuvanted vaccine responses, these vaccines induce a more robust and persistent antibody response for both homologous and heterologous influenza strains in infants and young children. Evidence of a significant improvement in vaccine efficacy with these adjuvanted vaccines resulted in the use of the monovalent (A/H1N1) AS03-adjuvanted vaccine in children in the 2009 influenza pandemic and the licensure of the seasonal MF59 ATIV for children aged 6 months to 2 years in Canada. The mechanism of action of MF59 and AS03 remains unclear. Adjuvants such as MF59 induce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including CXCL10, but independently of type-1 interferon. This proinflammatory response is associated with improved recruitment, activation and maturation of antigen presenting cells at the injection site. In young children MF59 ATIV produced more homogenous and robust transcriptional responses, more similar to adult-like patterns, than did TIV. Early gene signatures characteristic of the innate immune response, which correlated with antibody titers were also identified. Differences were detected when comparing child and adult responses including opposite trends in gene set enrichment at day 3 postvaccination and, unlike adult data, a lack of correlation between magnitude of plasmablast response at day 7 and antibody titers at day 28 in children. These insights show the utility of novel approaches in understanding new adjuvants and their importance for developing improved influenza vaccines for children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitri Kazmin
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- Medical Research Council (MRC), Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Clutterbuck
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, The NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology, and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, The NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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H5N1 influenza vaccine induces a less robust neutralizing antibody response than seasonal trivalent and H7N9 influenza vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:16. [PMID: 29263872 PMCID: PMC5627238 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional inactivated avian influenza vaccines have performed poorly in past vaccine trials, leading to the hypothesis that they are less immunogenic than seasonal influenza vaccines. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the immunogenicity of the H5N1 and H7N9 vaccines (avian influenza vaccines) to a seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in naïve ferrets, administered with or without the adjuvants MF59 or AS03. Vaccine immunogenicity was assessed by measuring neutralizing antibody titers against hemagglutinin and neuraminidase and by hemagglutinin -specific IgG levels. Two doses of unadjuvanted vaccines induced low or no HA-specific IgG responses and hemagglutination-inhibiting titers. Adjuvanted vaccines induced comparable IgG-titers, but poorer neutralizing antibody titers for the H5 vaccine. All adjuvanted vaccines elicited detectable anti- neuraminidase -antibodies with the exception of the H5N1 vaccine, likely due to the low amounts of neuraminidase in the vaccine. Overall, the H5N1 vaccine had poorer capacity to induce neutralizing antibodies, but not HA-specific IgG, compared to H7N9 or trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. Evidence shows that vaccines for avian flu provoke a poorer immune response than those for seasonal human flu. Avian influenza is an emergent disease that poses a credible threat to public health, yet vaccines to treat avian flu have not performed well in clinical trials. A team of scientists led by Richard Webby of St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, United States, investigated the reasons for this by comparing vaccine’s ability to stimulate the immune system in comparison to a vaccine to treat seasonal human flu. In contrast to previous hypotheses, Webby’s group found that only the avian H5N1 flu vaccine provoked a lesser release of neutralizing antibodies compared to the H7N9 (another avian flu) and seasonal flu vaccine, and hypothesized that differences in viral surface proteins may account for the difference. The authors hope this helps to direct future research into vaccine-induced immunity.
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Chada KE, Forshee R, Golding H, Anderson S, Yang H. A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-reactivity of antibodies induced by oil-in-water emulsion adjuvanted influenza H5N1 virus monovalent vaccines. Vaccine 2017; 35:3162-3170. [PMID: 28483200 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-clade immunogenic stockpiled H5N1 vaccines may decrease the morbidity and transmission of infection during the initial phase of influenza pandemic. Meta-analysis of cross-reactive antibodies induced by oil-in-water emulsion adjuvanted (OWEA) influenza H5N1 virus monovalent vaccines with circulating heterologous H5N1 virus strains, isolated from human infections was performed. METHODS Literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Knowledge, The Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number registry was conducted up through December 1, 2015. Methodologically qualified studies were included for (1) use of two doses of licensed OWEA (AS03 or MF59) egg-derived, inactivated influenza H5N1 virus monovalent vaccine, (2) participant age between 18 and 64years, and (3) evaluation of immunogenicity outcome for one or more subclade. Meta-analysis assessed the cross-reactivity of antibodies elicited by clade 1 adjuvanted vaccine strain against clade 2.1 virus strain (A/Vietnam/1194/2004 vs. A/Indonesia/05/2005); and separately against clade 2.2 virus strain (A/Vietnam/1194/2004 vs. A/turkey/Turkey/1/05); and clade 2.1 adjuvanted vaccine strain against clade 1 virus strain (A/Indonesia/05/2005 vs. A/Vietnam/1194/2004). Quantitative publication bias and influence analysis was conducted to evaluate potential impact of unpublished or new studies on the robustness of meta-analysis. RESULTS Of 960 articles, 53 qualified for quality assessment and 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. All assessed clade pairs elicited cross-reactive antibodies (clade 1 against clade 2.1 and 2.2; clade 2.1 against clade 1, 2.2, and 2.3). Heterologous strains of same sub-clade are likely to elicit higher cross-reactive antibodies. CONCLUSIONS OWEA influenza H5N1 virus monovalent vaccines exhibit broad cross-clade immunogenicity, a desired feature for vaccine stockpiling not yet demonstrated by unadjuvanted vaccines. In case of an impending H5N1 virus pandemic, stockpiled OWEA influenza H5N1 virus monovalent vaccines may allow population priming that could slow down the course of pandemic and could offer additional time needed for development of an effective strain specific vaccine supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinnera E Chada
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, United States.
| | - Richard Forshee
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - Hana Golding
- Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - Steven Anderson
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - Hong Yang
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, United States
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Gray SA, Moore M, VandenEkart EJ, Roque RP, Bowen RA, Van Hoeven N, Wiley SR, Clegg CH. Selection of therapeutic H5N1 monoclonal antibodies following IgVH repertoire analysis in mice. Antiviral Res 2016; 131:100-8. [PMID: 27109194 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid rate of influenza virus mutation drives the emergence of new strains that inflict serious seasonal epidemics and less frequent, but more deadly, pandemics. While vaccination provides the best protection against influenza, its utility is often diminished by the unpredictability of new pathogenic strains. Consequently, efforts are underway to identify new antiviral drugs and monoclonal antibodies that can be used to treat recently infected individuals and prevent disease in vulnerable populations. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and the analysis of antibody gene repertoires is a valuable tool for Ab discovery. Here, we describe a technology platform for isolating therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) by analyzing the IgVH repertoires of mice immunized with recombinant H5N1 hemagglutinin (rH5). As an initial proof of concept, 35 IgVH genes were selected using a CDRH3 search algorithm and co-expressed in a murine IgG2a expression vector with a panel of germline murine kappa genes. Culture supernatants were then screened for antigen binding. Seventeen of the 35 IgVH MAbs (49%) bound rH5VN1203 in preliminary screens and 8 of 9 purified MAbs inhibited 3 heterosubtypic strains of H5N1 virus when assayed by HI. Two of these MAbs demonstrated prophylactic and therapeutic activity in virus-challenged mice. This is the first example in which an NGS discovery platform has been used to isolate anti-influenza MAbs with relevant therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Gray
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; PAI LifeSciences Incorporated, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 250, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Margaret Moore
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Emily J VandenEkart
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; Faraday Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1616 Eastlake Ave. E, Suite 560, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Richard P Roque
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Neal Van Hoeven
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Steven R Wiley
- Imdaptive Inc., 3010 Northwest 56th Street, Seattle, WA 98107, USA
| | - Christopher H Clegg
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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Freitas DND, Isaía HA, Henzel A, Simão E, Gassen RB, Rodrigues Junior LC. Comparative study of lymphocytes from individuals that were vaccinated and unvaccinated against the pandemic 2009-2011 H1N1 influenza virus in Southern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:514-23. [PMID: 26516959 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0163-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While no single factor is sufficient to guarantee the success of influenza vaccine programs, knowledge of the levels of immunity in local populations is critical. Here, we analyzed influenza immunity in a population from Southern Brazil, a region with weather conditions that are distinct from those in the rest of country, where influenza infections are endemic, and where greater than 50% of the population is vaccinated annually. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 40 individuals. Of these, 20 had received the H1N1 vaccine, while the remaining 20 were unvaccinated against the disease. Cells were stimulated in vitro with the trivalent post-pandemic influenza vaccine or with conserved major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) peptides derived from hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Cell viability was then analyzed by [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide)]-based colorimetric assay (MTT), and culture supernatants were assayed for helper T type 1 (Th1) and Th2-specific cytokine levels. RESULTS Peripheral blood lymphocytes from vaccinated, but not unvaccinated, individuals exhibited significant proliferation in vitro in the presence of a cognate influenza antigen. After culturing with vaccine antigens, cells from vaccinated individuals produced similar levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon (IFN)-γ, while those from unvaccinated individuals produced higher levels of IFN-γ than of IL-10. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that peripheral blood lymphocytes from vaccinated individuals are stimulated upon encountering a cognate antigen, but did not support the hypothesis that cross-reactive responses related to previous infections can ameliorate the immune response. Moreover, monitoring IL-10 production in vaccinated individuals could comprise a valuable tool for predicting disease evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise Nascimento de Freitas
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Cultivo Celular, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Henrique Ataíde Isaía
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Cultivo Celular, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andréia Henzel
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eder Simão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Cultivo Celular, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Benedetti Gassen
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Cultivo Celular, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Rodrigues Junior
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Cultivo Celular, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Berger CT, Greiff V, Mehling M, Fritz S, Meier MA, Hoenger G, Conen A, Recher M, Battegay M, Reddy ST, Hess C. Influenza vaccine response profiles are affected by vaccine preparation and preexisting immunity, but not HIV infection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:391-6. [PMID: 25692740 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1008930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines dramatically reduce infection-related morbidity and mortality. Determining factors that modulate the host response is key to rational vaccine design and demands unsupervised analysis. To longitudinally resolve influenza-specific humoral immune response dynamics we constructed vaccine response profiles of influenza A- and B-specific IgM and IgG levels from 42 healthy and 31 HIV infected influenza-vaccinated individuals. Pre-vaccination antibody levels and levels at 3 predefined time points after vaccination were included in each profile. We performed hierarchical clustering on these profiles to study the extent to which HIV infection associated immune dysfunction, adaptive immune factors (pre-existing influenza-specific antibodies, T cell responses), an innate immune factor (Mannose Binding Lectin, MBL), demographic characteristics (gender, age), or the vaccine preparation (split vs. virosomal) impacted the immune response to influenza vaccination. Hierarchical clustering associated vaccine preparation and pre-existing IgG levels with the profiles of healthy individuals. In contrast to previous in vitro and animal data, MBL levels had no impact on the adaptive vaccine response. Importantly, while HIV infected subjects with low CD4 T cell counts showed a reduced magnitude of their vaccine response, their response profiles were indistinguishable from those of healthy controls, suggesting quantitative but not qualitative deficits. Unsupervised profile-based analysis ranks factors impacting the vaccine-response by relative importance, with substantial implications for comparing, designing and improving vaccine preparations and strategies. Profile similarity between HIV infected and HIV negative individuals suggests merely quantitative differences in the vaccine response in these individuals, offering a rationale for boosting strategies in the HIV infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph T Berger
- a Department of Biomedicine ; University Hospital Basel ; Basel , Switzerland
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Mann AJ, Noulin N, Catchpole A, Stittelaar KJ, de Waal L, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, Hinchcliffe M, Smith A, Montomoli E, Piccirella S, Osterhaus ADME, Knight A, Oxford JS, Lapini G, Cox R, Lambkin-Williams R. Intranasal H5N1 vaccines, adjuvanted with chitosan derivatives, protect ferrets against highly pathogenic influenza intranasal and intratracheal challenge. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93761. [PMID: 24850536 PMCID: PMC4029577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the protective efficacy of two intranasal chitosan (CSN and TM-CSN) adjuvanted H5N1 Influenza vaccines against highly pathogenic avian Influenza (HPAI) intratracheal and intranasal challenge in a ferret model. Six groups of 6 ferrets were intranasally vaccinated twice, 21 days apart, with either placebo, antigen alone, CSN adjuvanted antigen, or TM-CSN adjuvanted antigen. Homologous and intra-subtypic antibody cross-reacting responses were assessed. Ferrets were inoculated intratracheally (all treatments) or intranasally (CSN adjuvanted and placebo treatments only) with clade 1 HPAI A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) virus 28 days after the second vaccination and subsequently monitored for morbidity and mortality outcomes. Clinical signs were assessed and nasal as well as throat swabs were taken daily for virology. Samples of lung tissue, nasal turbinates, brain, and olfactory bulb were analysed for the presence of virus and examined for histolopathological findings. In contrast to animals vaccinated with antigen alone, the CSN and TM-CSN adjuvanted vaccines induced high levels of antibodies, protected ferrets from death, reduced viral replication and abrogated disease after intratracheal challenge, and in the case of CSN after intranasal challenge. In particular, the TM-CSN adjuvanted vaccine was highly effective at eliciting protective immunity from intratracheal challenge; serologically, protective titres were demonstrable after one vaccination. The 2-dose schedule with TM-CSN vaccine also induced cross-reactive antibodies to clade 2.1 and 2.2 H5N1 viruses. Furthermore ferrets immunised with TM-CSN had no detectable virus in the respiratory tract or brain, whereas there were signs of virus in the throat and lungs, albeit at significantly reduced levels, in CSN vaccinated animals. This study demonstrated for the first time that CSN and in particular TM-CSN adjuvanted intranasal vaccines have the potential to protect against significant mortality and morbidity arising from infection with HPAI H5N1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Mann
- Retroscreen Virology, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Leon de Waal
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Alan Smith
- Archimedes Development Limited, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- VisMederi LifeSciences, srl, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Cox
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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12
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Mertz D, Kim TH, Johnstone J, Lam PP, Science M, Kuster SP, Fadel SA, Tran D, Fernandez E, Bhatnagar N, Loeb M. Populations at risk for severe or complicated Avian Influenza H5N1: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89697. [PMID: 24603885 PMCID: PMC3948335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about risk factors for severe outcomes in patients infected with H5N1 and no systematic review has been conducted. Understanding risk factors is an important step for prioritizing prophylaxis or treatment in the event of a pandemic. Objectives To systematically evaluate risk factors for severe outcomes in patients with avian influenza H5N1 infection. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, GlobalHealth, and CENTRAL through March 2011 Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Observational studies of any design published in English, French, Spanish, German or Korean that reported on risk factor-outcome combinations of interest in participants with confirmed H5N1 infections. Outcomes considered included death, ventilator support, hospital and ICU admission, pneumonia, and composite outcomes. Study appraisal Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). Results We identified 20 studies reporting on 999 patients infected with H5N1. The majority of studies (n = 14, 70%) were at intermediate risk of bias, i.e. 4–6 points on the NOS. Females were at increased risk of death (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.27–2.44), while young age, in particular <5 years of age (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.25–0.79 for death), was protective. Data on traditional risk factors was scarce and requires further studies. Another major limitation in the published literature was lack of adjustment for confounders. Interpretation Females were at increased risk for complications following H5N1 infection while young age protected against severe outcomes. Research on traditional risk factors was limited and is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Mertz
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tae Hyong Kim
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Internal Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennie Johnstone
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Po-Po Lam
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Science
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan P. Kuster
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shaza A. Fadel
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dat Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eduardo Fernandez
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neera Bhatnagar
- Health Sciences Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Loeb
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Li CKF, Rappuoli R, Xu XN. Correlates of protection against influenza infection in humans--on the path to a universal vaccine? Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:470-6. [PMID: 23948572 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is an acute respiratory viral infection with high mutation rate and pandemic potential. Vaccination is an effective means of prevention and control of influenza, but the challenges of vaccine mismatches for the next influenza seasons and adequate global supply of influenza vaccines limit its effectiveness. Protective immunity in vaccination or natural infection is primarily mediated by antibody responses against surface proteins of influenza including haemagglutinin (HA) as the major neutralizing target, whereas strong T cell responses to internal viral proteins are associated with reduced disease severity. Recently, identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies against the conserved stem region of HA from influenza infected individuals has invigorated interest in development of a universal vaccine against different subtypes of influenza. Moreover, because of the cross-reactive nature of T cell recognition and more conserved internal antigens of influenza, strategies that boost memory T cell responses to these internal antigens may provide not only help for antibody-mediated protection but also limit the cell damage caused by viral infection directly. This is particularly important in acute infection with new pandemic viruses or antibody-escape variants where there are no pre-existing neutralizing antibodies. Here, we review the protective immune correlates against human influenza infection and discuss current status of universal influenza vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ka-fai Li
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 1 via Fiorentina, Siena, Italy
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