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Lai CL, Santner-Nanan B, Maltese PJ, Ong CKS, Palmer DJ, Campbell DE, Makrides M, Gold M, Nanan R, Prescott SL, Hsu PS. Impaired calcium influx underlies skewed T helper cell differentiation in children with IgE-mediated food allergies. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 39250135 DOI: 10.1111/all.16310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reasons for Th2 skewing in IgE-mediated food allergies remains unclear. Clinical observations suggest impaired T cell activation may drive Th2 responses evidenced by increased atopic manifestations in liver transplant patients on tacrolimus (a calcineurin inhibitor). We aimed to assess differentiation potential, T cell activation and calcium influx of naïve CD4+ T cells in children with IgE-mediated food allergies. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infants in the Starting Time for Egg Protein (STEP) Trial were analyzed by flow cytometry to assess Th1/Th2/Treg development. Naïve CD4+ T cells from children with and without food allergies were stimulated for 7 days to assess Th1/Th2/Treg transcriptional factors and cytokines. Store operated calcium entry (SOCE) was measured in children with and without food allergies. The effect of tacrolimus on CD4+ T cell differentiation was assessed by treating stimulated naïve CD4+ T cells from healthy volunteers with tacrolimus for 7 days. RESULTS Egg allergic infants had impaired development of IFNγ+ Th1 cells and FoxP3+ transitional CD4+ T cells compared with non-allergic infants. This parallels reduced T-bet, IFNγ and FoxP3 expression in naïve CD4+ T cells from food allergic children after in vitro culture. SOCE of naïve CD4+ T cells was impaired in food allergic children. Naïve CD4+ T cells treated with tacrolimus had reduced IFNγ, T-bet, and FoxP3, but preserved IL-4 expression. CONCLUSIONS In children with IgE-mediated food allergies, dysregulation of T helper cell development is associated with impaired SOCE, which underlies an intrinsic impairment in Th1 and Treg differentiation. Along with tacrolimus-induced Th2 skewing, this highlights an important role of SOCE/calcineurin pathway in T helper cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lai
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Food Allergy Research (CFAR), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - B Santner-Nanan
- Sydney Medical School Nepean and Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P J Maltese
- Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C K S Ong
- Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D J Palmer
- Centre for Food Allergy Research (CFAR), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - D E Campbell
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Food Allergy Research (CFAR), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Makrides
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI Women and Kids, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M Gold
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - R Nanan
- Sydney Medical School Nepean and Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S L Prescott
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- The ORIGINS Project, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Nova Institute for Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - P S Hsu
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Food Allergy Research (CFAR), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Guryanova SV, Finkina EI, Melnikova DN, Bogdanov IV, Bohle B, Ovchinnikova TV. How Do Pollen Allergens Sensitize? Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:900533. [PMID: 35782860 PMCID: PMC9245541 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.900533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pollen is one of the main sources of allergens causing allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. Several allergens in plant pollen are panallergens which are also present in other allergen sources. As a result, sensitized individuals may also experience food allergies. The mechanism of sensitization and development of allergic inflammation is a consequence of the interaction of allergens with a large number of molecular factors that often are acting in a complex with other compounds, for example low-molecular-mass ligands, which contribute to the induction a type 2-driven response of immune system. In this review, special attention is paid not only to properties of allergens but also to an important role of their interaction with lipids and other hydrophobic molecules in pollen sensitization. The reactions of epithelial cells lining the nasal and bronchial mucosa and of other immunocompetent cells will also be considered, in particular the mechanisms of the activation of B and T lymphocytes and the formation of allergen-specific antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Guryanova
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, The Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I. Finkina
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria N. Melnikova
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Bogdanov
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova,
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Ha EK, Kim JH, Yon DK, Lee SW, Kim MA, Lee KS, Sung M, Jee HM, Shin YH, Han MY. Association of serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein level with sensitization to food allergens in children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2143. [PMID: 33495502 PMCID: PMC7835372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) is an acute-phase reactant that mediates innate immune responses triggered by LPS. Recent studies indicated a positive correlation of circulating LBP level with chronic low-grade inflammation, a condition present in many non-communicable diseases. We determined the association of serum LBP concentration with allergic sensitization in a general pediatric population. Serum LBP was measured in a sample of children (n = 356; mean age = 9.6 ± 0.2 years) in this population-based cross-sectional study. Skin prick tests (SPTs) were performed to assess allergic sensitization to 22 common inhalant and food allergens. One hundred and seven children (30.1%) were nonsensitized, 160 (44.9%) were monosensitized, and 89 (25.0%) were polysensitized. Children who were mono- or polysensitized had a significantly higher median serum LBP level (25.5 ng/mL, inter-quartile range [IQR] 20.3-30.7) than those who were nonsensitized (20.3 ng/mL, IQR = 14.81-25.8, P < 0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for confounders indicated that serum LBP level was positively associated with allergic sensitization overall (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.041; 95% CI 1.007-1.076, P = 0.016), with sensitization to food allergens in particular (aOR 1.080, 95% CI 1.029-1.133, P = 0.002), but not with sensitization to aeroallergens (aOR 1.010, 95% CI 0.982-1.040, P = 0.467). LBP level was not associated with allergic diseases after adjustment. We suggest the possibility of sensitization to food allergens may be related to gut-derived low-grade inflammation, and large sized longitudinal investigations are needed to elucidate the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyo Ha
- Department of Pediatris, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, 351 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Data Science, Sejong University College of Software Convergence, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Suk Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Republic of Korea
| | - Myongsoon Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Soon Chun Hyang University Gumi Hospital, Soon Chun Hyang University College of Medicine, Gumi-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Mi Jee
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, 351 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Ho Shin
- Deparment of Pediatrics, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, 566 Nonhyeon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06135, Republic of Korea.
| | - Man Yong Han
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, 351 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea.
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Dahl Å. Pollen Lipids Can Play a Role in Allergic Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2816. [PMID: 30619246 PMCID: PMC6297749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In seed plants, pollen grains carry the male gametes to female structures. They are frequent in the ambient air, and cause airway inflammation in one out of four persons in the population. This was traditionally attributed to soluble glycoproteins, leaking into the nasal mucosa or the conjunctiva, and able to bind antibodies. It is now more and more recognized that also other immunomodulating compounds are present. Lipids bind to Toll-like and PPARγ receptors belonging to antigen-presenting cells in the mammal immune system, activate invariant Natural Killer T-cells, and are able to induce a Type 2 reaction in effector cells. They may also mimic lipid mediators from mammal mast cells. Pollen grains have a rich lipodome of their own. Among the lipids that have been associated with an atopic reaction are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, glycophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and oxylipids, as well as lipopolysaccharides from the microbiome on the pollen surface. Lipids can be ligands to allergenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åslög Dahl
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Del Moral MG, Martínez-Naves E. The Role of Lipids in Development of Allergic Responses. Immune Netw 2017; 17:133-143. [PMID: 28680374 PMCID: PMC5484643 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.3.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Most allergic diseases are caused by activation of Th2 type immune responses resulting in the production of specific IgE against proteins found in normally harmless substances such as pollen, mites, epithelia or food. Allergenic substances are composed, in addition to proteins, of other compounds such as carbohydrates and lipids. Those lipids are able to promote the development of Th2-type responses associated with allergy. There are lipids found in pollen, milk or insect venom that are specifically recognized by CD1 restricted unconventional T lymphocytes, which can promote allergic reactions. Furthermore, a large number of allergens are proteins containing hydrophobic parts that specifically bind lipids that are capable to favor allergenic immune responses. Also, lipids associated to substances like pollen, dander, epithelia or the bacteria can act on cells of the innate system, including dendritic cells, which in turn lead to the differentiation of Th2-type clones. Finally, lipids may also influence the ability of allergens to be exposed to the immune system within the oral, respiratory or intestinal mucosa where allergic response occurs with great frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gómez Del Moral
- Department of Cell Biology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Naves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Caillot N, Bouley J, Jain K, Mariano S, Luce S, Horiot S, Airouche S, Beuraud C, Beauvallet C, Devillier P, Chollet-Martin S, Kellenberger C, Mascarell L, Chabre H, Batard T, Nony E, Lombardi V, Baron-Bodo V, Moingeon P. Sialylated Fetuin-A as a candidate predictive biomarker for successful grass pollen allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 140:759-770.e13. [PMID: 27965111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eligibility to immunotherapy is based on the determination of IgE reactivity to a specific allergen by means of skin prick or in vitro testing. Biomarkers predicting the likelihood of clinical improvement during immunotherapy would significantly improve patient selection. METHODS Proteins were differentially assessed by using 2-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and label-free mass spectrometry in pretreatment sera obtained from clinical responders and nonresponders within a cohort of 82 patients with grass pollen allergy receiving sublingual immunotherapy or placebo. Functional studies of Fetuin-A (FetA) were conducted by using gene silencing in a mouse asthma model, human dendritic cell in vitro stimulation assays, and surface plasmon resonance. RESULTS Analysis by using quantitative proteomics of pretreatment sera from patients with grass pollen allergy reveals that high levels of O-glycosylated sialylated FetA isoforms are found in patients exhibiting a strong decrease in rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms after sublingual immunotherapy. Although FetA is involved in numerous inflammatory conditions, its potential role in allergy is unknown. In vivo silencing of the FETUA gene in BALB/c mice results in a dramatic upregulation of airway hyperresponsiveness, lung resistance, and TH2 responses after allergic sensitization to ovalbumin. Both sialylated and nonsialytated FetA bind to LPS, but only the former synergizes with LPS and grass pollen or mite allergens to enhance the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated proallergic properties of human dendritic cells. CONCLUSIONS As a reflection of the patient's inflammatory status, pretreatment levels of sialylated FetA in the blood are indicative of the likelihood of clinical responses during grass pollen immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Bouley
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France
| | - Karine Jain
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France
| | | | - Sonia Luce
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France
| | | | - Sabi Airouche
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France
| | - Chloé Beuraud
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France
| | | | - Philippe Devillier
- UPRES EA 220 and Clinical Research Department, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | | | | | | | - Henri Chabre
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Nony
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France
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7
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Shevtsova TV, Petrová J, Brindza J, Garkava KG, Kačániová M. Microbial Diversity of Betula Trees: Pollen, Catkins, Leaves Relatively of Flowering. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201664020527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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8
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Breiteneder H. Grundlagen natürlicher Allergene. ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Liu Y, Liao J, Zhao M, Wu H, Yung S, Chan TM, Yoshimura A, Lu Q. Increased expression of TLR2 in CD4(+) T cells from SLE patients enhances immune reactivity and promotes IL-17 expression through histone modifications. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2683-93. [PMID: 26079624 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system has been shown to play an important pathologic role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). TLR2, a PRR, recognizes exogenous PAMPs, and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns and has been implicated in the initiation and maintenance of the perpetuated inflammatory reactions in autoimmune diseases. Here, we report increased expression of TLR2 in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, CD19(+) B cells, and CD14(+) monocytes from SLE patients. Conventional treatment, such as hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids, showed no effect on TLR2 expression in CD4(+) T cells from SLE patients. In vitro stimulation of TLR2 in CD4(+) T cells from SLE patients increased CD40L and CD70 expression, as well as secretion of IL-6, IL-17A, IL-17F, and TNF-α, while Foxp3 transcription decreased. This effect was reversed by TLR2 siRNA. Moreover, TLR2 activation upregulated H3K4 tri-methylation and H4 acetylation levels while downregulated H3K9 tri-methylation level in the IL-17A promoter region. In addition, it also increased H4 acetylation levels and decreased H3K9 tri-methylation levels in the IL-17F promoter region. In summary, our findings demonstrate that increased expression of TLR2 contributes to immune reactivity and promotes IL-17A and IL-17F expression through histone modifications in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jieyue Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Susan Yung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
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The future of biologics: applications for food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:312-23. [PMID: 25662303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases affect millions worldwide, with growing evidence of an increase in allergy occurrence over the past few decades. Current treatments for allergy include corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and allergen immunotherapy; however, some subjects experience treatment-resistant inflammation or adverse reactions to these treatments, and there are currently no approved therapeutics for the treatment of food allergy. There is a dire need for new therapeutic approaches for patients with poorly controlled atopic diseases and a need to improve the safety and effectiveness of allergen immunotherapy. Improved understanding of allergy through animal models and clinical trials has unveiled potential targets for new therapies, leading to the development of several biologics to treat allergic diseases. This review focuses on the mechanisms that contribute to allergy, with an emphasis on future targets for biologics for the treatment of food allergy. These biologics include immunotherapy with novel anti-IgE antibodies and analogs, small-molecule inhibitors of cell signaling, anti-type 2 cytokine mAbs, and TH1-promoting adjuvants.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of the present review was to discuss the effects of pollen components on innate immune responses. RECENT FINDINGS Pollens contain numerous factors that can stimulate an innate immune response. These include intrinsic factors in pollens such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, proteases, aqueous pollen proteins, lipids, and antigens. Each component stimulates innate immune response in a different manner. Pollen nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases induce reactive oxygen species generation and recruit neutrophils that stimulate subsequent allergic inflammation. Pollen proteases damage epithelial barrier function and increase antigen uptake. Aqueous pollen extract proteins and pollen lipids modulate dendritic cell function and induce Th2 polarization. Clinical studies have shown that modulation of innate immune response to pollens with toll-like receptor 9- and toll-like receptor 4-stimulating conjugates is well tolerated and induces clear immunological effects, but is not very effective in suppressing primary clinical endpoints of allergic inflammation. SUMMARY Additional research on innate immune pathways induced by pollen components is required to develop novel strategies that will mitigate the development of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koa Hosoki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Bublin M, Eiwegger T, Breiteneder H. Do lipids influence the allergic sensitization process? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:521-9. [PMID: 24880633 PMCID: PMC4151997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Allergic sensitization is a multifactorial process that is not only influenced by the allergen and its biological function per se but also by other small molecular compounds, such as lipids, that are directly bound as ligands by the allergen or are present in the allergen source. Several members of major allergen families bind lipid ligands through hydrophobic cavities or electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions. These allergens include certain seed storage proteins, Bet v 1–like and nonspecific lipid transfer proteins from pollens and fruits, certain inhalant allergens from house dust mites and cockroaches, and lipocalins. Lipids from the pollen coat and furry animals and the so-called pollen-associated lipid mediators are codelivered with the allergens and can modulate the immune responses of predisposed subjects by interacting with the innate immune system and invariant natural killer T cells. In addition, lipids originating from bacterial members of the pollen microbiome contribute to the outcome of the sensitization process. Dietary lipids act as adjuvants and might skew the immune response toward a TH2-dominated phenotype. In addition, the association with lipids protects food allergens from gastrointestinal degradation and facilitates their uptake by intestinal cells. These findings will have a major influence on how allergic sensitization will be viewed and studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merima Bublin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Eiwegger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
As investigations into the innate immune responses that lead to allergic sensitization become better defined, there is a need to determine how allergens could interact with pattern recognition receptors that bind non-proteinaceous moieties. Many important allergens are not covalently bound to lipid or carbohydrate, but have structures belonging to lipid, glycan and glycolipid-binding families. These include ML-domain proteins, lipopolysaccharide-binding/cell permeability-increasing proteins, von Ebner gland lipocalins, salivary lipocalins/major urinary proteins, plant pathogenesis-related proteins PR-5 and -10, uteroglobins, non-specific lipid transfer proteins, large lipid transfer proteins and proteins with chitin and other carbohydrate-binding modules. The binding expected is overviewed with regard to importance of the allergens and their ability to elicit responses proposed from experimental models. The evidence compiled showing that allergens from the same source sensitize for different types of adaptive immune responses supports the concept that individual allergens within these sources have their own distinctive interactions with innate immunity.
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Syed A, Garcia MA, Lyu SC, Bucayu R, Kohli A, Ishida S, Berglund JP, Tsai M, Maecker H, O'Riordan G, Galli SJ, Nadeau KC. Peanut oral immunotherapy results in increased antigen-induced regulatory T-cell function and hypomethylation of forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:500-10. [PMID: 24636474 PMCID: PMC4121175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms contributing to clinical immune tolerance remain incompletely understood. This study provides evidence for specific immune mechanisms that are associated with a model of operationally defined clinical tolerance. OBJECTIVE Our overall objective was to study laboratory changes associated with clinical immune tolerance in antigen-induced T cells, basophils, and antibodies in subjects undergoing oral immunotherapy (OIT) for peanut allergy. METHODS In a phase 1 single-site study, we studied participants (n = 23) undergoing peanut OIT and compared them with age-matched allergic control subjects (n = 20) undergoing standard of care (abstaining from peanut) for 24 months. Participants were operationally defined as clinically immune tolerant (IT) if they had no detectable allergic reactions to a peanut oral food challenge after 3 months of therapy withdrawal (IT, n = 7), whereas those who had an allergic reaction were categorized as nontolerant (NT; n = 13). RESULTS Antibody and basophil activation measurements did not statistically differentiate between NT versus IT participants. However, T-cell function and demethylation of forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) CpG sites in antigen-induced regulatory T cells were significantly different between IT versus NT participants. When IT participants were withdrawn from peanut therapy for an additional 3 months (total of 6 months), only 3 participants remained classified as IT participants, and 4 participants regained sensitivity along with increased methylation of FOXP3 CpG sites in antigen-induced regulatory T cells. CONCLUSION In summary, modifications at the DNA level of antigen-induced T-cell subsets might be predictive of a state of operationally defined clinical immune tolerance during peanut OIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena Syed
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Marco A Garcia
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Shu-Chen Lyu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Robert Bucayu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Arunima Kohli
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Satoru Ishida
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Jelena P Berglund
- Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Regulatory Affairs, Durham, NC
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Holden Maecker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Gerri O'Riordan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
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15
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Kim HK, Lund S, Baum R, Rosenthal P, Khorram N, Doherty TA. Innate type 2 response to Alternaria extract enhances ryegrass-induced lung inflammation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 163:92-105. [PMID: 24296722 DOI: 10.1159/000356341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to the fungal allergen Alternaria alternata as well as ryegrass pollen has been implicated in severe asthma symptoms during thunderstorms. We have previously shown that Alternaria extract induces innate type 2 lung inflammation in mice. We hypothesized that the innate eosinophilic response to Alternaria extract may enhance lung inflammation induced by ryegrass. METHODS Mice were sensitized to ryegrass allergen and administered a single challenge with A. alternata extract before or after final ryegrass challenges. Levels of eosinophils, neutrophils, Th2 cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as well as inflammation and mucus were assessed. RESULTS Mice receiving ryegrass sensitization and challenge developed an eosinophilic lung response. A single challenge with Alternaria extract given 3 days before or 3 days after ryegrass challenges resulted in increased eosinophils, peribronchial inflammation and mucus production in the airways compared with ryegrass-only challenges. Type 2 ILC2 and Th2 cell recruitment to the airways was increased after Alternaria extract exposure in ryegrass-challenged mice. Innate immune challenges with Alternaria extract induced BAL eosinophilia, Th2 cell recruitment as well as ILC2 expansion and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS A single exposure to Alternaria extract in ryegrass-sensitized and -challenged mice enhances the type 2 lung inflammatory response, including airway eosinophilia, peribronchial infiltrate, and mucus production, possibly through Th2 cell recruitment and ILC2 expansion. If translated to humans, exposure to both grass pollen and Alternaria may be a potential cause of thunderstorm-related asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyoo Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif., USA
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