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Feng X, Deng J, Li X, Zhang H, Wei X, Ma T, Tang S, Zhang J. RNA Sequencing and Related Differential Gene Expression Analysis in a Mouse Model of Emphysema Induced by Tobacco Smoke Combined with Elastin Peptides. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2023; 18:2147-2161. [PMID: 37810372 PMCID: PMC10559798 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s397400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To establish a model of emphysema induced by tobacco smoke combined with elastin peptides (EP), explore the biochemical metabolic processes and signal transduction pathways related to emphysema occurrence and development at the transcriptional level, and identify new targets and signaling pathways for emphysema prevention and treatment. Methods Mice were randomly divided into the air pseudoexposure group (NORMAL group) and the tobacco smoke + EP group (EP group). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in lung tissue between the two groups were identified by RNA-seq, and functional annotation and Gene Ontology (GO)/ Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed. The differential expression of the selected genes were verified using qRT‒PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results EP group mice showed emphysema-like changes. The expression levels of 1159 genes in the EP group differed significantly (529 up-regulated and 630 down-regulated) from those in the NORMAL group. GO enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in the terms immune system, adaptive immune response, and phosphorylation, while KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched mainly in the pathways cytokine‒cytokine receptor interaction, T-cell receptor signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, endocytosis, chemokine signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, and Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation. The differential expression of the selected DEGs were verified by qRT‒PCR and IHC, and the expression trends of these genes were consistent with those identified by RNA-seq. Conclusion Emphysema may be related to the inflammatory response, immune response, immune regulation, oxidative stress injury, and other biological processes. The Bmp4-Smad-Hoxa5/Acvr2a signaling pathway may be involved in COPD/ emphysema occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiehua Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Zhuhai People’s Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519099, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shudan Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianquan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, People’s Republic of China
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Di Stefano A, Rosani U, Levra S, Gnemmi I, Brun P, Maniscalco M, D’Anna SE, Carriero V, Bertolini F, Ricciardolo FLM. Bone Morphogenic Proteins and Their Antagonists in the Lower Airways of Stable COPD Patients. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1304. [PMID: 37887014 PMCID: PMC10603834 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and their antagonists are involved in the tissue development and homeostasis of various organs. OBJECTIVE To determine transcriptomic and protein expression of BMPs and their antagonists in stable COPD. METHODS We measured the expression and localization of BMPs and some relevant antagonists in bronchial biopsies of stable mild/moderate COPD (MCOPD) (n = 18), severe/very severe COPD (SCOPD) (n = 16), control smokers (CS) (n = 13), and control non-smokers (CNS) (n = 11), and in lung parenchyma of MCOPD (n = 9), CS (n = 11), and CNS (n = 9) using immunohistochemistry and transcriptome analysis, in vitro after the stimulation of the 16HBE cells. RESULTS In bronchial biopsies, BMP4 antagonists CRIM1 and chordin were increased in the bronchial epithelium and lamina propria of COPD patients. BMP4 expression was decreased in the bronchial epithelium of SCOPD and MCOPD compared to CNS. Lung transcriptomic data showed non-significant changes between groups. CRIM1 and chordin were significantly decreased in the alveolar macrophages and alveolar septa in COPD patients. External 16HBE treatment with BMP4 protein reduced the bronchial epithelial cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These data show an imbalance between BMP proteins and their antagonists in the lungs of stable COPD. This imbalance may play a role in the remodeling of the airways, altering the regenerative-reparative responses of the diseased bronchioles and lung parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Di Stefano
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell’Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, 28010 Veruno, Italy;
| | - Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Stefano Levra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (S.L.); (V.C.); (F.B.); (F.L.M.R.)
| | - Isabella Gnemmi
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell’Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, 28010 Veruno, Italy;
| | - Paola Brun
- Histology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Divisione di Pneumologia, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, 82037 Telese, Italy; (M.M.); (S.E.D.)
| | - Silvestro Ennio D’Anna
- Divisione di Pneumologia, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, 82037 Telese, Italy; (M.M.); (S.E.D.)
| | - Vitina Carriero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (S.L.); (V.C.); (F.B.); (F.L.M.R.)
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (S.L.); (V.C.); (F.B.); (F.L.M.R.)
| | - Fabio L. M. Ricciardolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (S.L.); (V.C.); (F.B.); (F.L.M.R.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council (IFT-CNR), Section of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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3
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Kong X, Lu L, Lin D, Chong L, Wen S, Shi Y, Lin L, Zhou L, Zhang H, Zhang H. FGF10 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice via the BMP4-autophagy pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1019755. [PMID: 36618911 PMCID: PMC9813441 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1019755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Damage to alveolar epithelial cells caused by uncontrolled inflammation is considered to be the main pathophysiological change in acute lung injury. FGF10 plays an important role as a fibroblast growth factor in lung development and lung diseases, but its protective effect against acute lung injury is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate protective effect and mechanism of FGF10 on acute lung injury in mice. Methods: ALI was induced by intratracheal injection of LPS into 57BL/6J mice. Six hours later, lung bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was acquired to analyse cells, protein and the determination of pro-inflammatory factor levels, and lung issues were collected for histologic examination and wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio analysis and blot analysis of protein expression. Results: We found that FGF10 can prevent the release of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, increase the expression of BMP4 and autophagy pathway, promote the regeneration of alveolar epithelial type Ⅱ cells, and improve acute lung injury. BMP4 gene knockdown decreased the protective effect of FGF10 on the lung tissue of mice. However, the activation of autophagy was reduced after BMP4 inhibition by Noggin. Additionally, the inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA also lowered the protective effect of FGF10 on alveolar epithelial cells induced by LPS. Conclusions: These data suggest that the protective effect of FGF10 is related to the activation of autophagy and regeneration of alveolar epithelial cells in an LPS-induced ALI model, and that the activation of autophagy may depend on the increase in BMP4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Kong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Hypoxia Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Children’s Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liling Lu
- Department of Children’s Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Ultrasound, Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daopeng Lin
- Department of Children’s Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Cangnan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Cangnan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Chong
- Department of Children’s Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shunhang Wen
- Department of Children’s Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaokai Shi
- Department of Children’s Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lidan Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Hypoxia Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuji People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuji People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Hongyu Zhang, ; Hailin Zhang,
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Children’s Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Hongyu Zhang, ; Hailin Zhang,
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4
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Guan R, Yuan L, Li J, Wang J, Li Z, Cai Z, Guo H, Fang Y, Lin R, Liu W, Wang L, Zheng Q, Xu J, Zhou Y, Qian J, Ding M, Luo J, Li Y, Yang K, Sun D, Yao H, He J, Lu W. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 inhibits pulmonary fibrosis by modulating cellular senescence and mitophagy in lung fibroblasts. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:13993003.02307-2021. [PMID: 35777761 PMCID: PMC9808813 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02307-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of myofibroblasts is critical to fibrogenesis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Senescence and insufficient mitophagy in fibroblasts contribute to their differentiation into myofibroblasts, thereby promoting the development of lung fibrosis. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), a multifunctional growth factor, is essential for the early stage of lung development; however, the role of BMP4 in modulating lung fibrosis remains unknown. METHODS The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of BMP4 in lung fibrosis using BMP4-haplodeleted mice, BMP4-overexpressed mice, primary lung fibroblasts and lung samples from patients with IPF. RESULTS BMP4 expression was downregulated in IPF lungs and fibroblasts compared to control individuals, negatively correlated with fibrotic genes, and BMP4 decreased with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 stimulation in lung fibroblasts in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In mice challenged with bleomycin, BMP4 haploinsufficiency perpetuated activation of lung myofibroblasts and caused accelerated lung function decline, severe fibrosis and mortality. BMP4 overexpression using adeno-associated virus 9 vectors showed preventative and therapeutic efficacy against lung fibrosis. In vitro, BMP4 attenuated TGF-β1-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production by reducing impaired mitophagy and cellular senescence in lung fibroblasts. Pink1 silencing by short-hairpin RNA transfection abolished the ability of BMP4 to reverse the TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and ECM production, indicating dependence on Pink1-mediated mitophagy. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of BMP4 on fibroblast activation and differentiation was accompanied with an activation of Smad1/5/9 signalling and suppression of TGF-β1-mediated Smad2/3 signalling in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Strategies for enhancing BMP4 signalling may represent an effective treatment for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Liang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jingpei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ziying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaowei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - You Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COPD, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Mingjing Ding
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COPD, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Jieping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dejun Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COPD, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Hongwei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxing He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Wenju Lu and Jianxing He contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China .,Wenju Lu and Jianxing He contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
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Basmaeil Y, Al Subayyil A, Abumaree M, Khatlani T. Conditions Mimicking the Cancer Microenvironment Modulate the Functional Outcome of Human Chorionic Villus Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:650125. [PMID: 34235143 PMCID: PMC8255990 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.650125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells isolated from chorionic villi of human term placentae (CV-MSCs) possess unique biological characters. They exhibit self-renewal, directional migration, differentiation, and immunomodulatory effects on other cell lineages, by virtue of which they can be utilized as therapeutic carriers, for drug targeting, and therapy. Tumors display characteristic features of a damaged tissue microenvironment, which is saturated with conditions such as hypoxia, sustained inflammation, and increased oxidative stress. CV-MSCs function normally in a high oxidative stress environment induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose and also protect endothelial cells from their damaging effects. For their therapeutic applications in a disease like cancer, it is necessary to ascertain the effects of tumor microenvironment on their functional outcome. In this study, we investigated the functional activities, of CV-MSCs in response to conditioned media (CM) obtained from the culture of breast cancer cell line MDA-231 (CM-MDA231). CV-MSCs were exposed to CM-MDA231 for different spatio-temporal conditions, and their biological functions as well as modulation in gene expression were evaluated. Effect of CM-MDA231 on factors responsible for changes in functional outcome were also investigated at the protein levels. CV-MSCs exhibited significant reduction in proliferation but increased adhesion and migration after CM-MDA231 treatment. Interestingly, there was no change in their invasion potential. CM-MDA231 treatment modulated expression of various genes involved in important cellular events including, integration, survival, message delivery and favorable outcome after transplantation. Analysis of pathways related to cell cycle regulation revealed significant changes in the expression of p53, and increased phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma (Rb) and Checkpoint Kinase 2 in CV-MSCs treated with CM-MDA231. To summarize, these data reveal that CV-MSCs retain the ability to survive, adhere, and migrate after sustained treatment with CM-MDA231, a medium that mimics the cancer microenvironment. These properties of CV-MSCs to withstand the inflammatory tumor like microenvironment prove that they may make useful candidate in a stem cell based therapy against cancer. However, further pre-clinical studies are needed to validate their therapeutic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Basmaeil
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulal Aziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al Subayyil
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulal Aziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Abumaree
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulal Aziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanvir Khatlani
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulal Aziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Li W, Long L, Yang X, Tong Z, Southwood M, King R, Caruso P, Upton PD, Yang P, Bocobo GA, Nikolic I, Higuera A, Salmon RM, Jiang H, Lodge KM, Hoenderdos K, Baron RM, Yu PB, Condliffe AM, Summers C, Nourshargh S, Chilvers ER, Morrell NW. Circulating BMP9 Protects the Pulmonary Endothelium during Inflammation-induced Lung Injury in Mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:1419-1430. [PMID: 33320799 PMCID: PMC8456542 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202005-1761oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Pulmonary endothelial permeability contributes to the high-permeability pulmonary edema that characterizes acute respiratory distress syndrome. Circulating BMP9 (bone morphogenetic protein 9) is emerging as an important regulator of pulmonary vascular homeostasis. Objectives:To determine whether endogenous BMP9 plays a role in preserving pulmonary endothelial integrity and whether loss of endogenous BMP9 occurs during LPS challenge. Methods: A BMP9-neutralizing antibody was administrated to healthy adult mice, and lung vasculature was examined. Potential mechanisms were delineated by transcript analysis in human lung endothelial cells. The impact of BMP9 administration was evaluated in a murine acute lung injury model induced by inhaled LPS. Levels of BMP9 were measured in plasma from patients with sepsis and from endotoxemic mice. Measurements and Main Results: Subacute neutralization of endogenous BMP9 in mice (N = 12) resulted in increased lung vascular permeability (P = 0.022), interstitial edema (P = 0.0047), and neutrophil extravasation (P = 0.029) compared with IgG control treatment (N = 6). In pulmonary endothelial cells, BMP9 regulated transcriptome pathways implicated in vascular permeability and cell-membrane integrity. Augmentation of BMP9 signaling in mice (N = 8) prevented inhaled LPS-induced lung injury (P = 0.0027) and edema (P < 0.0001). In endotoxemic mice (N = 12), endogenous circulating BMP9 concentrations were markedly reduced, the causes of which include a transient reduction in hepatic BMP9 mRNA expression and increased elastase activity in plasma. In human patients with sepsis (N = 10), circulating concentratons of BMP9 were also markedly reduced (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Endogenous circulating BMP9 is a pulmonary endothelial-protective factor, downregulated during inflammation. Exogenous BMP9 offers a potential therapy to prevent increased pulmonary endothelial permeability in lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Long
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zhen Tong
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Southwood
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ross King
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Caruso
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. Upton
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ivana Nikolic
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angelica Higuera
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital–Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard M. Salmon
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - He Jiang
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M. Lodge
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kim Hoenderdos
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M. Baron
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital–Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Alison M. Condliffe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Summers
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin R. Chilvers
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nicholas W. Morrell
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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7
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Yang Y, Di T, Zhang Z, Liu J, Fu C, Wu Y, Bian T. Dynamic evolution of emphysema and airway remodeling in two mouse models of COPD. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:134. [PMID: 33902528 PMCID: PMC8073949 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Establishment of a mouse model is important for investigating the mechanism of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, we observed and compared the evolution of the pathology in two mouse models of COPD induced by cigarette smoke (CS) exposure alone or in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods One hundred eight wild-type C57BL/6 mice were equally divided into three groups: the (1) control group, (2) CS-exposed group (CS group), and (3) CS + LPS-exposed group (CS + LPS group). The body weight of the mice was recorded, and noninvasive lung function tests were performed monthly. Inflammation was evaluated by counting the number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and measuring the expression of the IL-6 mRNA in mouse lung tissue. Changes in pathology were assessed by performing hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining of lung tissue sections. Results The two treatments induced emphysema and airway remodeling and decreased lung function. Emphysema was induced after 1 month of exposure to CS or CS + LPS, while airway remodeling was induced after 2 months of exposure to CS + LPS and 3 months of exposure to CS. Moreover, the mice in the CS + LPS group exhibited more severe inflammation and airway remodeling than the mice in the CS group, but the two treatments induced similar levels of emphysema. Conclusion Compared with the single CS exposure method, the CS + LPS exposure method is a more suitable model of COPD in airway remodeling research. Conversely, the CS exposure method is a more suitable model of COPD for emphysema research due to its simple operation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12890-021-01456-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated With Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Di
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated With Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixiao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated With Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated With Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Congli Fu
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Province People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated With Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Bian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated With Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Elmasry K, Habib S, Moustafa M, Al-Shabrawey M. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040593. [PMID: 33919531 PMCID: PMC8073699 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in bone formation and repair. Recent studies underscored their essential role in the normal development of several organs and vascular homeostasis in health and diseases. Elevated levels of BMPs have been linked to the development of cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus. However, their particular role in the pathogenesis of microvascular dysfunction associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) is still under-investigated. Accumulated evidence from our and others’ studies suggests the involvement of BMP signaling in retinal inflammation, hyperpermeability and pathological neovascularization in DR and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore, targeting BMP signaling in diabetes is proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy to halt the development of microvascular dysfunction in retinal diseases, particularly in DR. The goal of this review article is to discuss the biological functions of BMPs, their underlying mechanisms and their potential role in the pathogenesis of DR in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elmasry
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Culver Vision discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Department of Anatomy, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Dakahlia Governorate 35516, Egypt
| | - Samar Habib
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Dakahlia Governorate 35516, Egypt;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mohamed Moustafa
- Culver Vision discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Culver Vision discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(706)721-4278 or +1-(706)721-4279
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9
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Qian S, Tang Y, Tang QQ. Adipose tissue plasticity and the pleiotropic roles of BMP signaling. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100678. [PMID: 33872596 PMCID: PMC8131923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissues, including white, beige, and brown adipose tissue, have evolved to be highly dynamic organs. Adipose tissues undergo profound changes during development and regeneration and readily undergo remodeling to meet the demands of an everchanging metabolic landscape. The dynamics are determined by the high plasticity of adipose tissues, which contain various cell types: adipocytes, immune cells, endothelial cells, nerves, and fibroblasts. There are numerous proteins that participate in regulating the plasticity of adipose tissues. Among these, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were initially found to regulate the differentiation of adipocytes, and they are being reported to have pleiotropic functions by emerging studies. Here, in the first half of the article, we summarize the plasticity of adipocytes and macrophages, which are two groups of cells targeted by BMP signaling in adipose tissues. We then review how BMPs regulate the differentiation, death, and lipid metabolism of adipocytes. In addition, the potential role of BMPs in regulating adipose tissue macrophages is considered. Finally, the expression of BMPs in adipose tissues and their metabolic relevance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Qian
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Qun Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Sun XW, Lin YN, Ding YJ, Li SQ, Li HP, Li QY. Bronchial Variation: Anatomical Abnormality May Predispose Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:423-431. [PMID: 33654392 PMCID: PMC7914054 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s297777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Noxious particulate matter in the air is a primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The bronchial tree acts to filter these materials in the air and preserve the integrity of the bronchi. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that smoking and air pollutants are the most prominent risk factors of COPD. Bifurcations in the airway may act as deposition sites for the retention of inhaled particles, however, little is known concerning the impacts of abnormalities of the bronchial anatomy in the pathogenesis of COPD. Studies have reported significant associations between bronchial variations and the symptoms in COPD. In particular, it has been shown that bronchial variations in the central airway tree may contribute to the development of COPD. In this review, we identified three common types of bronchial variation that were used to formulate a unifying hypothesis to explain how bronchial variations contribute to the development of COPD. We also investigated the current evidence for the involvement of specific genes including fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) in the formation of bronchial variation. Finally, we highlight novel assessment strategies and opportunities for future research of bronchial variations and genetic susceptibility in COPD and comorbidities. Our data strongly highlight the role of bronchial variations in the development, complications, and acute exacerbation of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wen Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Ni Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Jie Ding
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Qi Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Peng Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yun Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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11
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Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein 4 on epithelial tissue. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 14:283-292. [PMID: 31912367 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-019-00537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues provide tissue barriers and specialize in organs and glands. When epithelial homeostasis is physiologically or pathologically stimulated, epithelial cells produce mesenchymal cells through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, forming new tissues, promoting the cure of diseases or leading to illness. A variety of cytokines are involved in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), especially the bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) has a variety of biological functions and plays a prominent role in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation. BMP4 is an important regulatory factor of a series of life activities in vertebrates, which is also related to cell proliferation, differentiation and mobility, it also has relation with tumor development. This paper mainly reviews the mechanism of BMP4's regulation on epithelial tissues, as well as its effect on the growth, differentiation, benign lesions and malignant lesions of epithelial tissues, and expounds the function of BMP4 in epithelial tissues, to provide theoretical support for the research on reducing epithelial diseases.
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12
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Perera N, Ritchie RH, Tate M. The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Diabetic Complications. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 3:11-20. [PMID: 32259084 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes has reached epidemic proportions and is placing a significant burden on healthcare systems globally. Diabetes has a detrimental impact on many organs in the human body, including accelerating the development of micro- and macrovascular complications. Current therapeutic options to treat diabetic complications have their limitations. Importantly, many slow but fail to reverse the progression of diabetic complications. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a highly conserved subgroup of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily, signaling via serine/threonine kinase receptors, that have recently been implicated in glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in the setting of diabetes. Downstream of the receptors, the signal can be transduced via the canonical Smad-dependent pathway or the noncanonical Smad-independent pathways. BMPs are essential in organ development, tissue homeostasis, and, as expected, disease pathogenesis. In fact, deletion of BMPs can be embryonically lethal or result in severe organ abnormalities. This review outlines the BMP signaling pathway and its relevance to diabetic complications, namely, diabetic nephropathy, diabetes-associated cardiovascular diseases, and diabetic retinopathy. Understanding the complexities of BMP signaling and particularly its tissue-, cellular-, and time-dependent actions will help delineate the underlying pathogenesis of the disease and may ultimately be harnessed in the treatment of diabetes-induced complications. This would replicate progress made in numerous other diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimna Perera
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mitchel Tate
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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13
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Hanna A, Frangogiannis NG. The Role of the TGF-β Superfamily in Myocardial Infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:140. [PMID: 31620450 PMCID: PMC6760019 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily are essential regulators of cell differentiation, phenotype and function, and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Myocardial infarction is associated with induction of several members of the superfamily, including TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-4, BMP-10, growth differentiation factor (GDF)-8, GDF-11 and activin A. This manuscript reviews our current knowledge on the patterns and mechanisms of regulation and activation of TGF-β superfamily members in the infarcted heart, and discusses their cellular actions and downstream signaling mechanisms. In the infarcted heart, TGF-β isoforms modulate cardiomyocyte survival and hypertrophic responses, critically regulate immune cell function, activate fibroblasts, and stimulate a matrix-preserving program. BMP subfamily members have been suggested to exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions and may regulate fibrosis. Members of the GDF subfamily may also modulate survival and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and regulate inflammation. Important actions of TGF-β superfamily members may be mediated through activation of Smad-dependent or non-Smad pathways. The critical role of TGF-β signaling cascades in cardiac repair, remodeling, fibrosis, and regeneration may suggest attractive therapeutic targets for myocardial infarction patients. However, the pleiotropic, cell-specific, and context-dependent actions of TGF-β superfamily members pose major challenges in therapeutic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Hanna
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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14
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Liu F, Yuan L, Ding M, Chen L, Yuan J, Yang K, Qian J, Lu W. Non-inflammatory emphysema induced by NO2 chronic exposure and intervention with demethylation 5-Azacytidine. Life Sci 2019; 221:121-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Association of the gene polymorphisms of BMPR2, ACVRL1, SMAD9 and their interactions with the risk of essential hypertension in the Chinese Han population. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181217. [PMID: 30617053 PMCID: PMC6350070 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Genetic factors are involved in the occurrence, development, and progression of essential hypertension (EH). To study the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the rs6435156 and rs1048829 loci of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) gene, the rs121909287 and rs121909284 loci of the activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ACVRL1) gene, and the rs397514716 and rs121918359 loci of the mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9 (SMAD9) gene with the risk of EH in the Chinese Han population. Materials and methods: A total of 460 EH patients and 460 healthy controls were recruited for the study. Genomic DNA of white blood cells was extracted, and the genotypes were analyzed by Sanger sequencing after polymerase chain reaction amplification. Multi-factor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to analyze the effect of gene–environment interactions on EH risk. Results: The risk of EH increased in the BMPR2 gene rs6435156 locus dominant model (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.572, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.385–1.765, P<0.001) and recessive model (adjusted OR = 1.926, 95% CI: 1.693–2.067, P<0.001). The risk of EH increased in the rs1048829 recessive model (adjusted OR = 1.444, 95% CI: 1.142–1.696, P=0.003). The risk of EH increased in the recessive model of the ACVRL1 gene rs121909287 locus (adjusted OR = 1.403, 95% CI: 1.101–1.660, P=0.008). The risk of EH increased in the SMAD9 gene rs397514716 locus dominant model (adjusted OR = 1.370, 95% CI: 1.183–1.559, P<0.001) and recessive model (adjusted OR = 1.803, 95% CI: 1.470–1.983, P<0.001). The CG haplotype of the rs6435156 and rs1048829 loci of the BMPR2 gene, the CC haplotype of the ACVRL1 gene rs121909287 and rs121909284 loci, and the CC haplotype of the rs397514716 and rs121918359 loci of the SMAD9 gene were factors that protect against EH, whereas the TT haplotype of the rs6435156 and rs1048829 loci in the BMPR2 gene was a risk factor for EH. MDR analysis showed that the BMPR2 gene rs6435156 locus TT genotype carriers, the SMAD9 gene rs397514716 locus TT genotype carriers, and alcohol drinkers had the highest EH risk (OR = 4.523, 95% CI: 2.235–6.871, P<0.001). Conclusion: The SNPs of the rs6435156 and rs1048829 locus in the BMPR2 gene, the rs121909287 loci in the ACVRL1 gene, and the rs397514716 locus in the SMAD9 gene were associated with a risk of EH in Han Chinese.
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16
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Yang J, Xu T, Gomez DR, Yuan X, Nguyen QN, Jeter M, Song Y, Hahn S, Liao Z. Polymorphisms in BMP2/BMP4, with estimates of mean lung dose, predict radiation pneumonitis among patients receiving definitive radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43080-43090. [PMID: 28574846 PMCID: PMC5522129 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TGFβ1 can predict the risk of radiation pneumonitis (RP) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after definitive radiotherapy. Here we investigated whether SNPs in TGFβ superfamily members BMP2 and BMP4 are associated with RP in such patients. In total, we retrospectively analyzed 663 patients given ≥ 60 Gy for NSCLC. We randomly assigned 323 patients to the training cohort and 340 patients to the validation cohort. Potentially functional and tagging SNPs of BMP2 (rs170986, rs1979855, rs1980499, rs235768, rs3178250) and BMP4 (rs17563, rs4898820, rs762642) were genotyped. The median of mean lung dose (MLD) was 17.9 Gy (range, 0.15–32.74 Gy). Higher MLD was strongly associated with increased risk of grade ≥ 2 RP (hazard ratio [HR]=2.191, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.680–2.856, P < 0.001) and grade ≥ 3 RP (HR = 4.253, 95% CI = 2.493–7.257, P < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, BMP2 rs235768 AT/TT was associated with higher risk of grade ≥ 2 RP (HR = 1.866, 95% CI = 1.221–2.820, P = 0.004 vs. AA) both in training cohort and validation cohort. Similar results were observed for BMP2 rs1980499. BMP2 rs3178250 CT/TT was associated with lower risk of grade ≥ 3 RP (HR = 0.406, 95% CI = 0.175–0.942, P = 0.036 vs. CC) in the pooled analysis. Adding the rs235768 and rs1980499 SNPs to a model comprising age, performance status, and MLD raised the Harrell's C for predicting grade ≥ 2 RP from 0.6117 to 0.6235 (P = 0.0105). SNPs in BMP2 can predict grade ≥ 2 or 3 RP after radiotherapy for NSCLC and improve the predictive power of MLD model. Validation is underway through an ongoing prospective trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Daniel R Gomez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Quynh-Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Melenda Jeter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yipeng Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Stephen Hahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhongxing Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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17
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Choy KW, Lau YS, Murugan D, Vanhoutte PM, Mustafa MR. Paeonol Attenuates LPS-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Apoptosis by Inhibiting BMP4 and TLR4 Signaling Simultaneously but Independently. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 364:420-432. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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18
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Shu J, Li D, Ouyang H, Huang J, Long Z, Liang Z, Chen Y, Chen Y, Zheng Q, Kuang M, Tang H, Wang J, Lu W. Comparison and evaluation of two different methods to establish the cigarette smoke exposure mouse model of COPD. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15454. [PMID: 29133824 PMCID: PMC5684336 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal model of cigarette smoke (CS) -induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the primary testing methodology for drug therapies and studies on pathogenic mechanisms of disease. However, researchers have rarely run simultaneous or side-by-side tests of whole-body and nose-only CS exposure in building their mouse models of COPD. We compared and evaluated these two different methods of CS exposure, plus airway Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) inhalation, in building our COPD mouse model. Compared with the control group, CS exposed mice showed significant increased inspiratory resistance, functional residual capacity, right ventricular hypertrophy index, and total cell count in BALF. Moreover, histological staining exhibited goblet cell hyperplasia, lung inflammation, thickening of smooth muscle layer on bronchia, and lung angiogenesis in both methods of CS exposure. Our data indicated that a viable mouse model of COPD can be established by combining the results from whole-body CS exposure, nose-only CS exposure, and airway LPS inhalation testing. However, in our study, we also found that, given the same amount of particulate intake, changes in right ventricular pressure and intimal thickening of pulmonary small artery are a little more serious in nose-only CS exposure method than changes in the whole-body CS exposure method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaze Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China
| | - Defu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China
| | - Haiping Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China
| | - Junyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Long
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zhihao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yiguan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China
| | - Meidan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China.
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China.
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States.
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19
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Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter Induced COPD in a Rat Model and a Description of the Underlying Mechanism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45666. [PMID: 28361885 PMCID: PMC5374504 DOI: 10.1038/srep45666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While the health effects of air pollution have been an international public health concern since at least the 1950s, recent research has focused on two broad sources of air pollution, namely, biomass fuel (BMF) and motor vehicle exhaust (MVE). Many studies have shown associations between air pollution PM and exacerbations of pre-existing COPD, but the role of air pollution PM in the development and progression of COPD is still uncertain. The current study indicates that rats can develop pronounced COPD following chronic exposure to air pollution PM (BMF and MVE), as characterized by lung function reduction, mucus metaplasia, lung and systemic inflammation, emphysema, and small airway remodeling. Comparative analyses demonstrate that both BMF and MVE activate similar pathogenesis that are linked to the development of COPD. These findings also show that some differences are found in the lungs of rats exposed to BMF or MVE, which might result in different phenotypes of COPD.
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Lynn TM, Molloy EL, Masterson JC, Glynn SF, Costello RW, Avdalovic MV, Schelegle ES, Miller LA, Hyde DM, O'Dea S. SMAD Signaling in the Airways of Healthy Rhesus Macaques versus Rhesus Macaques with Asthma Highlights a Relationship Between Inflammation and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:562-73. [PMID: 26414797 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0210oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is important for correct lung morphogenesis, and there is evidence of BMP signaling reactivation in lung diseases. However, little is known about BMP signaling patterns in healthy airway homeostasis and inflammatory airway disease and during epithelial repair. In this study, a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) model of allergic airway disease was used to investigate BMP signaling throughout the airways in health, disease, and regeneration. Stereologic quantification of immunofluorescent images was used to determine the expression of BMP receptor (BMPR) Ia and phosphorylated SMAD (pSMAD) 1/5/8 in the airway epithelium. A pSMAD 1/5/8 expression gradient was found along the airways of healthy juvenile rhesus macaques (n = 3, P < 0.005). Membrane-localized BMPRIa expression was also present in the epithelium of the healthy animals. After exposure to house dust mite allergen and ozone, significant down-regulation of nuclear pSMAD 1/5/8 occurs in the epithelium. When the animals were provided with a recovery period in filtered air, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, pSMAD 1/5/8, and membrane-localized BMPRIa expression were significantly increased in the epithelium of conducting airways (P < 0.005). Furthermore, in the asthmatic airways, altered BMPRIa localization was evident. Because of the elevated eosinophil presence in these airways, we investigated the effect of eosinophil-derived proteins on BMPRIa trafficking in epithelial cells. Eosinophil-derived proteins (eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, eosinophil peroxidase, and major basic protein) induced transient nuclear translocation of membrane-bound BMPRIa. This work mapping SMAD signaling in the airways of nonhuman primates highlights a potential mechanistic relationship between inflammatory mediators and BMP signaling and provides evidence that basal expression of the BMP signaling pathway may be important for maintaining healthy airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M Lynn
- 1 Biology Department, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Emer L Molloy
- 1 Biology Department, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Joanne C Masterson
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Senan F Glynn
- 3 Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard W Costello
- 3 Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark V Avdalovic
- 4 California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Edward S Schelegle
- 4 California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Lisa A Miller
- 4 California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Dallas M Hyde
- 4 California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Shirley O'Dea
- 1 Biology Department, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
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Wang J, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Zheng Z, Sun D, Yang Q, Hadadi C, Li D, Xu X, Xiong M, Zhou Q, Guo M, Wang Y, Tang C, Xu G, Yang K, Zhong N, Lu W. A Functional Variant rs6435156C > T in BMPR2 is Associated With Increased Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Southern Chinese Population. EBioMedicine 2016; 5:167-74. [PMID: 27077124 PMCID: PMC4816816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) signaling is anti-inflammatory. Decreased BMPR2 expression was seen in lung tissue from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. METHODS The selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BMPR2 were genotyped with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ligase detection reaction. The effects of SNPs on gene expression were analyzed with luciferase assays. The mRNA and protein expression levels of BMPR2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from COPD patients were determined by quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. FINDINGS Two SNPs, rs6435156C > T and rs1048829G > T in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of BMPR2 were selected and genotyped in COPD case and healthy control subjects from southern Chinese population. Both of them were found associated with significantly increased COPD risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.58 with 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14-2.15, P = 0.0056 for rs6435156C > T; adjusted OR = 1.47 and 95% CI = 1.10-1.97, P = 0.0092 for rs1048829G > T). Older age, cigarette smoking, family history of cancer and COPD were all factors that interacted with rs6435156C > T and rs1048829G > T causing increased COPD risk. Cigarette smokers with rs6435156 (CT + TT) or rs1048829 (GT + TT) were more susceptible to COPD than that with the rs6435156CC or rs1048829GG genotypes. In A549 human alveolar epithelial cells, luciferase reporter assays revealed that introduction of 3'UTR of BMPR2 plasmids carrying rs6435156T allele but not rs1048829T led to lower luciferase activity than the wild-type C or G alleles. Comparing to rs6435156CC, treatment with hsa-miR-20a mimics deceased whereas hsa-miR-20a inhibitor restored the luciferase reporter activity in cells transfected with constructs carrying rs6435156TT. BMPR2 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly lower in PBMCs from COPD smokers than that in non-smokers. COPD patients carrying rs6435156T allele had less BMPR2 expression in PBMCs. INTERPRETATION This study demonstrated that both rs6435156C > T and rs1048829G > T variants in BMPR2 contributed to increased susceptibility to COPD. The T variants of rs6435156 increased COPD risk likely by binding with hsa-miR-20a, thus leading to downregulated BMPR2 expression in lung epithelial and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Respiration, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot 010017, Inner Mongolia, China; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Chenting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeguang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dejun Sun
- Department of Respiration, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot 010017, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Quan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cyrus Hadadi
- Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Defu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingmei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qipeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihua Xu
- Department of Respiration, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot 010017, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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