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Fang X, Lian H, Bi S, Liu S, Yuan X, Liao C. Roles of pattern recognition receptors in response to fungal keratitis. Life Sci 2022; 307:120881. [PMID: 35963303 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, which has become an increasingly serious threat to public ocular health, but no effective treatment strategies are available now. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system are the first line of host defense against fungal infections. They could recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an array of inflammatory responses. Over the last decades, research has resulted in significant progress regarding the roles of PRRs in fungal keratitis. This review will highlight the importance of several pattern recognition receptors (C-type lectin-like receptors, Toll-like receptors, and NOD-like receptors) in regulating the innate immunity under fungal keratitis and describe the crosstalk and collaboration in PRRs contributing to disease pathology. Meanwhile, some potential therapy-based PRRs against corneal fungal infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Fang
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huifang Lian
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shihao Bi
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Yu FSX, Lee PSY, Yang L, Gao N, Zhang Y, Ljubimov AV, Yang E, Zhou Q, Xie L. The impact of sensory neuropathy and inflammation on epithelial wound healing in diabetic corneas. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 89:101039. [PMID: 34991965 PMCID: PMC9250553 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes, with several underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, some of which are still uncertain. The cornea is an avascular tissue and sensitive to hyperglycemia, resulting in several diabetic corneal complications including delayed epithelial wound healing, recurrent erosions, neuropathy, loss of sensitivity, and tear film changes. The manifestation of DPN in the cornea is referred to as diabetic neurotrophic keratopathy (DNK). Recent studies have revealed that disturbed epithelial-neural-immune cell interactions are a major cause of DNK. The epithelium is supplied by a dense network of sensory nerve endings and dendritic cell processes, and it secretes growth/neurotrophic factors and cytokines to nourish these neighboring cells. In turn, sensory nerve endings release neuropeptides to suppress inflammation and promote epithelial wound healing, while resident immune cells provide neurotrophic and growth factors to support neuronal and epithelial cells, respectively. Diabetes greatly perturbs these interdependencies, resulting in suppressed epithelial proliferation, sensory neuropathy, and a decreased density of dendritic cells. Clinically, this results in a markedly delayed wound healing and impaired sensory nerve regeneration in response to insult and injury. Current treatments for DPN and DNK largely focus on managing the severe complications of the disease. Cell-based therapies hold promise for providing more effective treatment for diabetic keratopathy and corneal ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shin X Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Patrick S Y Lee
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Lingling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ellen Yang
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lixin Xie
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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Huang J, Fu L, Huang J, Zhao J, Zhang X, Wang W, Liu Y, Sun B, Qiu J, Hu X, Liu Z, Guo X. Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells Protect the Host from the Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Bladder. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103303. [PMID: 35018740 PMCID: PMC8867143 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are crucial in orchestrating immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis in various barrier tissues, but whether ILCs influence immune responses in the urinary tract remains poorly understood. Here, bladder-resident ILCs are comprehensively explored and identified their unique phenotypic and developmental characteristics. Notably, bladder-resident ILCs rapidly respond to uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infection. It is found that ILC3 is necessary for early protection against UPEC infection in the bladder. Mechanistically, UPEC infection leads to interleukin (IL)-1β production in the bladder via a MyD88-dependent pathway, which promotes ILC3 activation. ILC3-expressed IL-17A further recruits neutrophils and controls UPEC infection in the bladder. Together, these results demonstrate a critical role for bladder ILCs in the host defense against UPEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyan Huang
- Institute for ImmunologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Liuhui Fu
- Institute for ImmunologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jida Huang
- Institute for ImmunologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute for ImmunologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute for ImmunologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- Institute for ImmunologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yeyang Liu
- Institute for ImmunologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Bowen Sun
- Institute for ImmunologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Ju Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and TumorShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for ImmunologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Institute for ImmunologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Xiaohuan Guo
- Institute for ImmunologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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Me R, Gao N, Zhang Y, Lee PSY, Wang J, Liu T, Standiford TJ, Mi QS, Yu FSX. IL-36α Enhances Host Defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis in C57BL/6 Mouse Corneas. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2868-2877. [PMID: 34686582 PMCID: PMC8612993 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The IL-36 cytokines are known to play various roles in mediating the immune response to infection in a tissue- and pathogen-dependent manner. The present study seeks to investigate the role of IL-36R signaling in C57BL/6 mouse corneas in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. IL-36α-/-, IL-36γ-/-, and IL-36R-/- mice had significantly more severe keratitis than wild-type mice. At six hours postinfection, IL-36α pretreatment augmented P. aeruginosa-induced expression of IL-1Ra, IL-36γ, LCN2, and S100A8/A9. At one day postinfection, exogenous IL-36α suppressed, whereas IL-36α deficiency promoted, the expression of IL-1β. At three days postinfection, exogenous IL-36α suppressed Th1 but promoted Th2 immune response. IL-36α stimulated the infiltration of IL-22-expressing immune cells, and IL-22 neutralization resulted in more severe keratitis. IL-36α alone stimulated dendritic cell infiltration in B6 mouse corneas. Taken together, our study suggests that IL-36R signaling plays a protective role in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa keratitis by promoting the innate immune defense, Th2, and/or Th22/IL-22 immune responses. Exogenous IL-36α might be a potential therapy for improving the outcome of P. aeruginosa keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Me
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Patrick S Y Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Jie Wang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology and Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI; and
| | - Tingting Liu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology and Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI; and
| | - Theodore J Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology and Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI; and
| | - Fu-Shin X Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI;
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Yang RB, Wu LP, Lu XX, Zhang C, Liu H, Huang Y, Jia Z, Gao YC, Zhao SZ. Immunologic mechanism of fungal keratitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1100-1106. [PMID: 34282397 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.07.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a refractory disease that poses a serious threat to vision, with common risk factors like eye trauma, contact lens wearing, topical corticosteroids and antibiotic abuse. Nowadays, topical and systemic anti-fungal drugs and ocular surgeries are still the main therapeutic modalities. However, the pathogenesis of FK, especially the immunologic mechanism within it, has not yet been deeply clarified. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of FK is imperative for more effective therapies and prognosis. Meanwhile, the immune protection strategies are also urgently required to manage FK. This review highlights recent advances in the immunologic mechanism in the pathogenesis of FK, in hope of providing valuable reference information for more effective anti-fungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Bo Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Li-Ping Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhe Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yi-Chen Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shao-Zhen Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
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Deng W, Su Z, Liang P, Ma Y, Liu Y, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Liang T, Shao J, Liu X, Han W, Li R. Single-cell immune checkpoint landscape of PBMCs stimulated with Candida albicans. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1272-1283. [PMID: 34120578 PMCID: PMC8238073 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1942228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints play various important roles in tumour immunity, which usually contribute to T cells’ exhaustion, leading to immunosuppression in the tumour microenvironment. However, the roles of immune checkpoints in infectious diseases, especially fungal infection, remain elusive. Here, we reanalyzed a recent published single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with Candida albicans (C. albicans), to explore the expression patterns of immune checkpoints after C. albicans bloodstream infection. We characterized the heterogeneous pathway activities among different immune cell subpopulations after C. albicans infection. The CTLA-4 pathway was up-regulated in stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, while the PD-1 pathway showed high activity in stimulated plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) and monocytes. Importantly, we found that immunosuppressive checkpoints HAVCR2 and LAG3 were only expressed in stimulated NK and CD8+ T cells, respectively. Their viabilities were validated by flow cytometry. We also identified three overexpressed genes (ISG20, LY6E, ISG15) across all stimulated cells. Also, two monocyte-specific overexpressed genes (SNX10, IDO1) were screened out in this study. Together, these results supplemented the landscape of immune checkpoints in fungal infection, which may serve as potential therapeutic targets for C. albicans infection. Moreover, the genes with the most relevant for C. albicans infection were identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Deng
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Su
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen university, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Liang
- Clinical laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen university, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Ma
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufang Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen university, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Liang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Shao
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenling Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Dai C, Me R, Gao N, Su G, Wu X, Yu FSX. Role of IL-36γ/IL-36R Signaling in Corneal Innate Defense Against Candida albicans Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:10. [PMID: 33970198 PMCID: PMC8114008 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines have been shown to play either beneficial or detrimental roles in the infection of mucosal tissues in a pathogen-dependent manner, but their involvement in fungal keratitis remains elusive. We herein investigated their expression and function in mediating corneal innate immunity against Candida albicans infection. Methods Gene expression in mouse corneas with or without C. albicans infection was determined by regular RT- and real-time (q)-PCR, Western blot analysis, ELISA or proteome profile assay. The severity of C. albicans keratitis was assessed using clinical scoring, bacterial counting, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as an indicator of neutrophil infiltration. IL36R knockout mice and IL-33-specific siRNA were used to assess the involvement IL-33 signaling in C. albicans-infected corneas. B6 CD11c-DTR mice and clodronate liposomes were used to define the involvement of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages in IL-36R signaling and C. albicans keratitis, respectively. Results IL-36γ were up-regulated in C57BL6 mouse corneas in response to C. albicans infection. IL-36 receptor-deficient mice display increased severity of keratitis, with a higher fungal load, MPO, and IL-1β levels, and lower soluble sIL-1Ra and calprotectin levels. Exogenous IL-36γ prevented fungal keratitis pathogenesis with lower fungal load and MPO activity, higher expression of sIL-1Ra and calprotectin, and lower expression of IL-1β, at mRNA or protein levels. Protein array analysis revealed that the expression of IL-33 and REG3G were related to IL-36/IL36R signaling, and siRNA downregulation of IL-33 increased the severity of C. albicans keratitis. Depletion of dendritic cells or macrophages resulted in severe C. albicans keratitis and yet exhibited minimal effects on exogenous IL-36γ-induced protection against C. albicans infection in B6 mouse corneas. Conclusions IL-36/IL36R signaling plays a protective role in fungal keratitis by promoting AMP expression and by suppressing fungal infection-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines in a dendritic cell- and macrophage-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Dai
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rao Me
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Guanyu Su
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fu-Shin X. Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Association of Immune Cell Subtypes and Phenotype With Subsequent Invasive Candidiasis in Patients With Abdominal Sepsis. Shock 2020; 52:191-197. [PMID: 30138297 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In nonneutropenic intensive care unit (ICU) patients, current risk stratification scores lack specificity to reliably predict the risk of a prospective invasive candidiasis (IC). We aimed to explore possible associations of distinct immunological markers with different degrees of Candida affection in patients with abdominal sepsis. METHODS The presented explorative, noninterventional diagnosis study recruited patients admitted to the surgical ICU at Heidelberg University Hospital with abdominal sepsis. Over 5 days, we determined white blood cell count, 1,3-β-D-glucan, and HLA-DR expression; the amount of Th1, Th17, regulatory T, T helper, and cytotoxic T cells; Dectin-1 and TLR2-expression; the amount of T, B, and NK cells; the ex vivo secretion of IL-8 upon stimulation with LPS, flagellin, and zymosan; and the distribution of distinct T-cell cytokines in a daily manner. On day 21, patients' Candida infection status was stratified in no colonization or IC, colonization or IC. RESULTS A total of 26 patients were included. On day 21, five patients showed no colonization or IC, in 13 patients a colonization was detected, and eight patients were diagnosed with IC. On study inclusion, the stratification groups showed comparable values in standard laboratory parameters and morbidity scores. Decreased B and NK cell counts, as well as reduced IL-8 secretion after ex vivo stimulation with LPS or flagellin seemed to be associated with a higher risk of subsequent Candida colonization. Even lower values could distinguish the therapy-relevant difference between prospective IC from colonization alone. CONCLUSIONS We were able to show distinct immune system impairments in early abdominal sepsis by specific immune-based measurements. A possible association of these impairments with a subsequent Candida affection is shown.
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Experimental Models for Fungal Keratitis: An Overview of Principles and Protocols. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071713. [PMID: 32708830 PMCID: PMC7408389 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a potentially blinding infection of the cornea that afflicts diverse patient populations worldwide. The development of better treatment options requires a more thorough understanding of both microbial and host determinants of pathology, and a spectrum of experimental models have been developed toward this end. In vivo (animal) models most accurately capture complex pathological outcomes, but protocols may be challenging to implement and vary widely across research groups. In vitro models allow for the molecular dissection of specific host cell–fungal interactions, but they do so without the appropriate environmental/structural context; ex vivo (corneal explant) models provide the benefits of intact corneal tissue, but they do not provide certain pathological features, such as inflammation. In this review, we endeavor to outline the key features of these experimental models as well as describe key technical variations that could impact study design and outcomes.
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Jeyalatha Mani V, Parthasarathy D, Padmanabhan P, Narayanan N, Lakshmipathy M, Pachayappan SK, Jayavel P, Therese KL, Rao Madhavan HN, Jambulingam M. Therapeutic Effect of Corneal Crosslinking on Fungal Keratitis: Efficacy of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking as an Adjuvant Therapy for Fungal Keratitis in a Tertiary Eye Hospital in South India. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 29:1648-1655. [PMID: 32644867 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1770296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of CXL in treating fungal keratitis as an adjuvant therapy. METHODS Detailed clinical examination microbiological investigation was performed. Twenty fungal keratitis patients were recruited and randomized into two groups: group 1 (n= 11, standard antifungal), group 2 (n=9, corneal collagen crosslinking with standard antifungal). Corneal scraping and tear samples collected were subjected to real-time PCR targeting ITS, TLR analysis and cytokine analysis. RESULTS The mean time for complete resolution of ulcer for group 2 was significantly shorter compared to group 1 and the final mean BCVA was better for group 2. Expression of IL-1β, IL-8, IFN-γ significantly decreased immediately post CXL in group 2 patients. Significant downregulation of TLR 6, TLR-3, TLR-4 was observed 3-days post CXL compared to group 1 patients. CONCLUSION Adjuvant effect of CXL was significant in treating fungal keratitis compared to standalone antifungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimalin Jeyalatha Mani
- L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Durgadevi Parthasarathy
- L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Prema Padmanabhan
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Niveditha Narayanan
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Meena Lakshmipathy
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | | | - Padmapriya Jayavel
- L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Kulandhai Lily Therese
- L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | | | - Malathi Jambulingam
- L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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11
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Gao N, Me R, Dai C, Yu FSX. ISG15 Acts as a Mediator of Innate Immune Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in C57BL/6J Mouse Corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:26. [PMID: 32416603 PMCID: PMC7405721 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) 15 is a type 1 IFN-induced protein and known to modify target proteins in a manner similar to ubiquitylation (protein conjugation by ISG15 is termed ISGylation). We sought to determine the role of ISG15 and its underlying mechanisms in corneal innate immune defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Methods ISG15 expression in cultured human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and mouse corneas was determined by PCR and Western blot analysis. Gene knockout mice were used to define the role of ISG15 signaling in controlling the severity of P. aeruginosa keratitis, which was assessed with photographing, clinical scoring, bacterial counting, myeloperoxidase assay, and quantitative PCR determination of cytokine expression. Integrin LFA-1 inhibitor was used to assess its involvement of ISG15 signaling in P. aeruginosa-infected corneas. Results Heat-killed P. aeruginosa induced ISG15 expression in cultured HCECs and accumulation in the conditioned media. Isg15 deficiency accelerated keratitis progress, suppressed IFNγ and CXCL10, and promoted IL-1β while exhibiting no effects on IFNα expression. Moreover, exogenous ISG15 protected the corneas of wild-type mice from P. aeruginosa infection while markedly reducing the severity of P. aeruginosa keratitis in type 1 IFN-receptor knockout mice. Exogenous ISG15 increased bacteriostatic activity of B6 mouse corneal homogenates, and inhibition of LFA-1 exacerbated the severity of and abolished protective effects of ISG15 on P. aeruginosa keratitis. Conclusions Type 1 INF-induced ISG15 regulates the innate immune response and greatly reduces the susceptibility of B6 mouse corneas to P. aeruginosa infection in an LFA-1-dependent manner.
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Urban Particles Elevated Streptococcus pneumoniae Biofilms, Colonization of the Human Middle Ear Epithelial Cells, Mouse Nasopharynx and Transit to the Middle Ear and Lungs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5969. [PMID: 32249803 PMCID: PMC7136263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Air-pollutants containing toxic particulate matters (PM) deposit in the respiratory tract and increases microbial infections. However, the mechanism by which this occurs is not well understood. This study evaluated the effect of urban particles (UP) on Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) in vitro biofilm formation, colonization of human middle ear epithelium cells (HMEECs) as well as mouse nasal cavity and its transition to the middle ear and lungs. The in vitro biofilms and planktonic growth of S. pneumoniae were evaluated in metal ion free medium in the presence of UP. Biofilms were quantified by crystal violet (CV) microplate assay, colony forming unit (cfu) counts and resazurin staining. Biofilm structures were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal microscopy (CM). Gene expressions of biofilms were evaluated using real time RT-PCR. Effects of UP exposure on S. pneumoniae colonization to HMEECs were evaluated using fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), cell viability was detected using the Ezcyto kit, apoptosis in HMEECs were evaluated using Annexin-V/PI based cytometry analysis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated using the Oxiselect kit. Alteration of HMEECs gene expressions on UP exposure or pneumococci colonization was evaluated using microarray. In vivo colonization of pneumococci in the presence of UP and transition to middle ear and lungs were evaluated using an intranasal mice colonization model. The UP exposure significantly increased (*p < 0.05) pneumococcal in vitro biofilms and planktonic growth. In the presence of UP, pneumococci formed organized biofilms with a matrix, while in absence of UP bacteria were unable to form biofilms. The luxS, ply, lytA, comA, comB and ciaR genes involved in bacterial pathogenesis, biofilm formation and quorum sensing were up-regulated in pneumococci biofilms grown in the presence of UP. The HMEECs viability was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) and bacteria colonization was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in co-treatment (UP + S. pneumoniae) when compared to single treatment. Similarly, increased apoptosis and ROS production were detected in HMEECs treated with UP + pneumococci. The microarray analysis of HMEECs revealed that the genes involve in apoptosis and cell death, inflammation, and immune response, were up-regulated in co-treatment and were unchanged or expressed in less fold in single treatments of UP or S. pneumoniae. The in vivo study showed an increased pneumococcal colonization of the nasopharynx in the presence of UP and a higher transition of bacteria to the middle ear and lungs in the presence of UP. The UP exposure elevated S. pneumoniae in vitro biofilm and colonization of HMEECs, and in vivo mouse nasopharyngeal colonization, and increased dissemination to mouse middle ear and lungs.
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13
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Pachathundikandi SK, Tegtmeyer N, Arnold IC, Lind J, Neddermann M, Falkeis-Veits C, Chattopadhyay S, Brönstrup M, Tegge W, Hong M, Sticht H, Vieth M, Müller A, Backert S. T4SS-dependent TLR5 activation by Helicobacter pylori infection. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5717. [PMID: 31844047 PMCID: PMC6915727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor TLR5 recognizes a conserved domain, termed D1, that is present in flagellins of several pathogenic bacteria but not in Helicobacter pylori. Highly virulent H. pylori strains possess a type IV secretion system (T4SS) for delivery of virulence factors into gastric epithelial cells. Here, we show that one of the H. pylori T4SS components, protein CagL, can act as a flagellin-independent TLR5 activator. CagL contains a D1-like motif that mediates adherence to TLR5+ epithelial cells, TLR5 activation, and downstream signaling in vitro. TLR5 expression is associated with H. pylori infection and gastric lesions in human biopsies. Using Tlr5-knockout and wild-type mice, we show that TLR5 is important for efficient control of H. pylori infection. Our results indicate that CagL, by activating TLR5, may modulate immune responses to H. pylori. Toll-like receptor TLR5 recognizes a domain, D1, that is present in flagellins of several pathogenic bacteria but not in Helicobacter pylori. Here, the authors show that TLR5 can be activated independently of flagellin by a component of the H. pylori type IV secretion system that contains a D1-like motif.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Judith Lind
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Neddermann
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Sujay Chattopadhyay
- JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research, JIS University, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Werner Tegge
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Minsun Hong
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Division of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institute for Pathology, Klinikum Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Matarazzo L, Casilag F, Porte R, Wallet F, Cayet D, Faveeuw C, Carnoy C, Sirard JC. Therapeutic Synergy Between Antibiotics and Pulmonary Toll-Like Receptor 5 Stimulation in Antibiotic-Sensitive or -Resistant Pneumonia. Front Immunol 2019; 10:723. [PMID: 31024555 PMCID: PMC6465676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections of the respiratory tract constitute a major cause of death worldwide. Given the constant rise in bacterial resistance to antibiotics, treatment failure is increasingly frequent. In this context, innovative therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Stimulation of innate immune cells in the respiratory tract [via activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)] is an attractive approach for rapidly activating the body's immune defenses against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. Previous studies of the TLR5 agonist flagellin in animal models showed that standalone TLR stimulation does not result in the effective treatment of pneumococcal respiratory infection but does significantly improve the therapeutic outcome of concomitant antibiotic treatment. Here, we investigated the antibacterial interaction between antibiotic and intranasal flagellin in a mouse model of pneumococcal respiratory infection. Using various doses of orally administered amoxicillin or systemically administered cotrimoxazole, we found that the intranasal instillation of flagellin (a dose that promotes maximal lung pro-inflammatory responses) induces synergistic rather than additive antibacterial effects against antibiotic–susceptible pneumococcus. We next set up a model of infection with pneumococcus that is resistant to multiple antibiotics in the context of influenza superinfection. Remarkably, the combination of amoxicillin and flagellin effectively treated superinfection with the amoxicillin-resistant pneumococcus since the bacterial clearance was increased by more than 100-fold compared to standalone treatments. Our results also showed that, in response to flagellin, the lung tissue generated an innate immune response even though it had been damaged by the influenza virus and pneumococcal infections. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the selective boosting of lung innate immunity is a conceptually advantageous approach for improving the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment and fighting antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matarazzo
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Fiordiligie Casilag
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Rémi Porte
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frederic Wallet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Cayet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christelle Faveeuw
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Carnoy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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Gao N, Me R, Dai C, Seyoum B, Yu FSX. Opposing Effects of IL-1Ra and IL-36Ra on Innate Immune Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in C57BL/6 Mouse Corneas. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:688-699. [PMID: 29891552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis is characterized by severe corneal ulceration and may lead to blindness if not treated properly in a timely manner. Although the roles of the IL-1 subfamily of cytokines are well established, as a newly discovered subfamily, IL-36 cytokine regulation, immunological relevance, and relation with IL-1 cytokines in host defense remain largely unknown. In this study, we showed that P. aeruginosa infection induces the expression of IL-36α and IL-36γ, as well as IL-1β and secreted IL-1Ra (sIL-1Ra), but not IL-36Ra. Downregulation of IL-1Ra increases, whereas downregulation of IL-36Ra decreases the severity of P. aeruginosa keratitis. IL-1R and IL-36Ra downregulation have opposing effects on the expression of IL-1β, sIL-1Ra, IL-36γ, S100A8, and CXCL10 and on the infiltration of innate immune cells. Administration of recombinant IL-1Ra improved, whereas IL-36Ra worsened the outcome of P. aeruginosa keratitis. Local application of IL-36γ stimulated the expression of innate defense molecules S100A9, mouse β-defensin 3, but suppressed IL-1β expression in B6 mouse corneas. IL-36γ diminished the severity of P. aeruginosa keratitis, and its protective effects were abolished in the presence of S100A9 neutralizing Ab and partially affected by CXCL10 and CXCR3 neutralizations. Thus, our data reveal that IL-1Ra and IL-36Ra have opposing effects on the outcome of P. aeruginosa keratitis and suggest that IL-36 agonists may be used as an alternative therapeutic to IL-1β-neutralizing reagents in controlling microbial keratitis and other mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Rao Me
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Chenyang Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China; and
| | - Berhane Seyoum
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Fu-Shin X Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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Liang L, Shi WY. The effects of FK506 combined with natamycin in the treatment of experimental fungal keratitis by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. EUR J INFLAMM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x17740305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of combination treatment with FK506 and natamycin on alleviating damage of the cornea in mouse model of fungal keratitis. In this study, the mouse model of fungal keratitis was created by intrastromal injection with Fusarium solani or Aspergillus flavus. The mice received 5% natamycin eye drops 6–8 times a day, or the mice received 0.05% FK506 eye drops 2 times per day for 21 consecutive days. Corneal damage was evaluated by H&E staining. The protein expression levels of NLRP3 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, the markers of inflammasome activation including NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 were detected by western blot. Histopathological results showed increased corneal thickening, dense inflammatory cell infiltration, and loss of epithelial continuity in the corneas after fungal infection. In addition, NLRP3 positive signals were observed to be obviously increased in the corneas after A. flavus or F. solani infection compared to the control group. Furthermore, the NLRP3 inflammasome is induced by fungal infection, as evidenced by increased protein expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, and downstream cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. However, the corneal damage was alleviated and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was significantly inhibited by drug treatment. Besides, the treatment outcomes were better in combined treatment group than that in single-agent treatment group. In conclusion, FK506 combined with natamycin alleviate fungi-induced corneal damage by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liang
- Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei-Yun Shi
- Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Mohammed I, Said DG, Dua HS. Human antimicrobial peptides in ocular surface defense. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Dong C, Gao N, Ross BX, Yu FSX. ISG15 in Host Defense Against Candida albicans Infection in a Mouse Model of Fungal Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:2948-2958. [PMID: 28599020 PMCID: PMC5469425 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose ISG15, a di-ubiquitin-like protein, is critical for controlling certain viral and bacterial infections. We sought to determine if ISG15 plays a role in corneal innate immunity against Candida albicans (C. albicans) using a C57BL/6 (B6) mouse model of human fungal keratitis. Methods Scarified corneas of adult B6 mice were pretreated with TLR5 ligand flagellin and then inoculated with C. albicans. The expression of ISG15 and other genes involved in ISG15 conjugation (ISGylation) was determined by real-time PCR. ISG15 expression and distribution in infected corneas were assessed by immunohistochemistry. ISGylation was examined by Western blotting. siRNA knockdown and recombinant ISG15 were used to elucidate the effects of ISG15 on controlling fungal keratitis by clinical scoring, fungal number plate counting, ELISA cytokine determination, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) infiltration measurement. Results Heat-killed C. albicans induced expression of ISG15, and hBD2 was markedly enhanced by flagellin-pretreatment in cultured human primary corneal epithelial cells (CECs). In vivo, C. albicans infection induced the expression of ISG15, ISGylation-associated genes (UBE1L, UBCH8, and HERC5), and ISGylation in mouse CECs, all of which were enhanced by flagellin-pretreatment. siRNA knockdown of ISG15 increased keratitis severity, dampened flagellin-induced protection, and greatly suppressed the expressions of ISGylation enzymes, IFN-γ, but not CXCL2 in B6 mouse CECs. Recombinant ISG15, on the other hand, enhanced corneal innate immunity against C. albicans and suppressed infection-induced IL-1β, but not IL-Ra expression. ISG15 alone induced the expression of IL-1Ra, CXCL10, and CRAMP in mouse CECs. ISG15 was upregulated and secreted in cultured human CECs in response to challenge in a type 1 IFN-dependent manner. Conclusions Our data, for the first time, demonstrate that ISG15 acts as an immunomodulator in the cornea and plays a critical role in controlling fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States 2College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Bing X Ross
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Fu-Shin X Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Gao N, Liu X, Wu J, Li J, Dong C, Wu X, Xiao X, Yu FSX. CXCL10 suppression of hem- and lymph-angiogenesis in inflamed corneas through MMP13. Angiogenesis 2017. [PMID: 28623423 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Though not present in the normal adult cornea, both hem- and lymph-angiogenesis can be induced in this tissue after an inflammatory, infectious, or traumatic insult. We previously showed that the chemokine CXCL10 plays a key role in eradicating invading Candida (C.) albicans in C57BL6 mouse corneas. However, even after the clearance of pathogens, infection-induced inflammation and angiogenesis continue to progress in the cornea. The aim of this study is define the role of CXCL10 as a major angiostatic factor in modulating cornea angiogenesis in B6 mouse corneas under pathogenic conditions. We showed that epithelial expression of CXCL10, driven by AAV9 vector, suppressed both infection- and inflammation-induced hem and lymph angiogenesis, whereas the neutralization of CXCL10 as well as its receptor CXCR3 greatly promoted these processes. The inhibitory effect of CXCL10 was unrelated to its antimicrobial activity, but through the suppression of the expression of many angiogenic factors, including VEGFa and c, and MMP-13 in vivo. Inhibition of MMP13 but not TIMPs, attenuated suture-induced neovascularization but had no effects on CXCL10 expression. Strikingly, topical application of CXCL10 post-C. albicans infection effectively blocked both hem- and lymph-angiogenesis and preserved the integrity of sensory nerves in the cornea. Taken together, CXCL10 has strong inhibitory effects on neovascularization, whereas MMP13 is required for neovascularization in C. albicans-infected corneas and the local application of CXCL10 or MMP13 inhibitors, alone or as adjuvant therapy, may target hem- and lymph-angiogenesis in the inflamed corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Department of Anatomy/Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayin Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Juan Li
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chen Dong
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450051, Henan, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Fu-Shin X Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,Department of Anatomy/Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Ross BX, Gao N, Cui X, Standiford TJ, Xu J, Yu FSX. IL-24 Promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis in C57BL/6 Mouse Corneas. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3536-3547. [PMID: 28330899 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the expression and functions of IL-24 in C57BL/6 mouse corneas in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Among IL-20R cytokines, only IL-24 was induced at both mRNA and protein levels by infection at early time points. The upregulation of IL-24 was dampened by flagellin pretreatment, which protects the corneas from microbial infection. Time course studies revealed bimodal early and later peaks of IL-24 expression, a pattern shared with suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)3 but not IL-1β or IL-6. Silencing of IL-24 enhanced S100A8/A9 expression and suppressed SOCS3, IL-1β, IL-1RN, and matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression at 6 h postinfection. Downregulation of the IL-24 signaling pathway significantly reduced the severity of keratitis, whereas rIL-24 exacerbated P. aeruginosa-mediated tissue destruction. In vitro, rIL-1β induced the expression of SOCS3, IL-24, IL-1β, and IL-6 in primary cultured human corneal epithelial cells. rIL-24, alternatively, stimulated the expression of SOCS3, but not the others. In conclusion, IL-24 promotes P. aeruginosa keratitis through the suppression of early protective mucosal immunity, culminating in increased severity of P. aeruginosa keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing X Ross
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Xinhan Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Theodore J Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jianjiang Xu
- Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Fu-Shin X Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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Toll-like receptor-5 agonist, entolimod, suppresses metastasis and induces immunity by stimulating an NK-dendritic-CD8+ T-cell axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E874-83. [PMID: 26831100 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521359113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of an anticancer innate immune response is highly desirable because of its inherent ability to generate an adaptive antitumor T-cell response. However, insufficient safety of innate immune modulators limits clinical use to topical applications. Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonists are favorably positioned as potential systemic immunotherapeutic agents because of unusual tissue specificity of expression, uniquely safe profile of induced cytokines, and antitumor efficacy demonstrated in a number of animal models. Here, we decipher the molecular and cellular events underlying the metastasis suppressive activity of entolimod, a clinical stage TLR5 agonist that activates NF-κB-, AP-1-, and STAT3-driven immunomodulatory signaling pathways specifically within the liver. Used as a single agent in murine colon and mammary metastatic cancer models, entolimod rapidly induces CXCL9 and -10 that support homing of blood-borne CXCR3-expressing NK cells to the liver predominantly through an IFN-γ signaling independent mechanism. NK cell-dependent activation of dendritic cells is followed by stimulation of a CD8(+) T-cell response, which exert both antimetastatic effect of entolimod and establishment of tumor-specific and durable immune memory. These results define systemically administered TLR5 agonists as organ-specific immunoadjuvants, enabling efficient antitumor vaccination that does not depend on identification of tumor-specific antigens.
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Chitinase 3-Like 1 Promotes Candida albicans Killing and Preserves Corneal Structure and Function by Controlling Host Antifungal Responses. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4154-64. [PMID: 26238714 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00980-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) has been shown to play a role in promoting antibacterial responses, decreasing tissue injury, and enhancing pulmonary repair. This study sought to elucidate the role of CHI3L1 in augmenting the corneal innate immune response to Candida albicans infection in an animal model of fungal keratitis. Flagellin applied topically 24 h prior to C. albicans inoculation significantly protected the corneal from C. albicans and induced CHI3L1 expression in C57BL/6 mouse corneas. CHI3L1, however, played a detectable but minor role in flagellin-induced protection. While C. albicans keratitis was more severe in the corneas treated with Chi3l1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), corneas treated with recombinant CHI3L1 before C. albicans inoculation had markedly ameliorated keratitis, reduced fungal load, and decreased polymorphonucleocyte (PMN) infiltration in an interleukin 13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2)-dependent manner. CHI3L1 treatment resulted in the induction of the antimicrobial peptides β-defensin 3, CRAMP, and chemokine CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 in corneal epithelial cells. Importantly, CHI3L1 administered after C. albicans inoculation also had strong protection against fungal keratitis, suggesting a therapeutic window. This is the first report demonstrating that CHI3L1 is induced during fungal infection, where it acts as an immunomodulator to promote fungal clearance and to regulate antifungal innate immune responses in the cornea.
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