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Gene-based delivery of immune-activating cytokines for cancer treatment. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:329-342. [PMID: 36828711 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Tumors evolve together with the tumor microenvironment (TME) and reshape it towards immunosuppression. Immunostimulating cytokines can be used to revert this state leading to effective antitumor immune responses, but their exploitation as anticancer drugs has been hampered by severe toxicity associated with systemic administration. Local, TME-targeted delivery of immune activating cytokines can deploy their antitumoral function more effectively than systemic administration while, at the same time, avoiding exposure of healthy organs and limiting toxicity. Here, we review different gene and cell therapy platforms developed for tumor-directed cytokine delivery highlighting their potential for clinical translation.
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2
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de Mey W, Locy H, De Ridder K, De Schrijver P, Autaers D, Lakdimi A, Esprit A, Franceschini L, Thielemans K, Verdonck M, Breckpot K. An mRNA mix redirects dendritic cells towards an antiviral program, inducing anticancer cytotoxic stem cell and central memory CD8 + T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111523. [PMID: 36860873 PMCID: PMC9969480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-maturation stimuli determine the potency of these antigen-presenting cells and, therefore, the quality of the T-cell response. Here we describe that the maturation of DCs via TriMix mRNA, encoding CD40 ligand, a constitutively active variant of toll-like receptor 4 and the co-stimulatory molecule CD70, enables an antibacterial transcriptional program. Besides, we further show that the DCs are redirected into an antiviral transcriptional program when CD70 mRNA in TriMix is replaced with mRNA encoding interferon-gamma and a decoy interleukin-10 receptor alpha, forming a four-component mixture referred to as TetraMix mRNA. The resulting TetraMixDCs show a high potential to induce tumor antigen-specific T cells within bulk CD8+ T cells. Tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) are emerging and attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy. As T-cell receptors recognizing TSAs are predominantly present on naive CD8+ T cells (TN), we further addressed the activation of tumor antigen-specific T cells when CD8+ TN cells are stimulated by TriMixDCs or TetraMixDCs. In both conditions, the stimulation resulted in a shift from CD8+ TN cells into tumor antigen-specific stem cell-like memory, effector memory and central memory T cells with cytotoxic capacity. These findings suggest that TetraMix mRNA, and the antiviral maturation program it induces in DCs, triggers an antitumor immune reaction in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kirsten De Ridder
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Phaedra De Schrijver
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dorien Autaers
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Asma Lakdimi
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arthur Esprit
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Franceschini
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Systemic CD4 Immunity and PD-L1/PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113241. [PMID: 36362027 PMCID: PMC9655397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-L1/PD-1 blockade immunotherapy has changed the therapeutic approaches for the treatment of many cancers. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying its efficacy or treatment failure are still unclear. Proficient systemic immunity seems to be a prerequisite for efficacy, as recently shown in patients and in mouse models. It is widely accepted that expansion of anti-tumor CD8 T cell populations is principally responsible for anti-tumor responses. In contrast, the role of CD4 T cells has been less studied. Here we review and discuss the evidence supporting the contribution of CD4 T cells to anti-tumor immunity, especially recent advances linking CD4 T cell subsets to efficacious PD-L1/PD-1 blockade immunotherapy. We also discuss the role of CD4 T cell memory subsets present in peripheral blood before the start of immunotherapies, and their utility as predictors of response.
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4
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The Beneficial Effect of IL-12 and IL-18 Transduced Dendritic Cells Stimulated with Tumor Antigens on Generation of an Antitumor Response in a Mouse Colon Carcinoma Model. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:7508928. [PMID: 35372586 PMCID: PMC8975686 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7508928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of our study was to determine the effect of dendritic cell (DC) transduction with lentiviral vectors carrying sequences of il18 and/or il12 genes on the level of antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. We examined the ability of DCs to migrate to the tumor-draining lymph nodes and infiltrate tumor tissue and to activate the local and systemic antitumor response. On the 15th day, DCs genetically modified for production of IL-12 and/or IL-18 were administered peritumorally to C57BL/6 female mice with established MC38 tumors. Lymphoid organs and tumor tissue were collected from mice on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th days after a single administration of DCs for further analysis. Administration of DCs transduced for production of IL-12 alone and in combination with IL-18 increased the inflow and activity of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment and tumor-draining lymph nodes. We also found that even a single administration of such modified DCs could trigger a systemic antitumor response as well as inhibit tumor growth. Application of the developed DC-based vaccines may exert a favorable impact on stimulation of an antitumor immune response, especially if these DC vaccines are administered repeatedly.
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5
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Chocarro de Erauso L, Zuazo M, Arasanz H, Bocanegra A, Hernandez C, Fernandez G, Garcia-Granda MJ, Blanco E, Vera R, Kochan G, Escors D. Resistance to PD-L1/PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy. A Tumor-Intrinsic or Tumor-Extrinsic Phenomenon? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:441. [PMID: 32317979 PMCID: PMC7154133 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints such as programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed cell-death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), are revolutionizing cancer treatment and transforming the practice of medical oncology. However, despite all the recent successes of this type of immunotherapies, most patients are still refractory and present either intrinsic resistance or acquired resistance. Either way, this is a major clinical problem and one of the most significant challenges in oncology. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers to predict clinical responses or for patient stratification by probability of response has become a clinical necessity. However, the mechanisms leading to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade resistance are still poorly understood. A deeper understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying resistance to cancer immunotherapies will provide insight for further development of novel strategies designed to overcome resistance and treatment failure. Here we discuss some of the major molecular mechanisms of resistance to PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade and argue whether tumor intrinsic or extrinsic factors constitute main determinants of response and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miren Zuazo
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Hernandez
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernandez
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ester Blanco
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruth Vera
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-UPNA, IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
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6
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Perez CR, De Palma M. Engineering dendritic cell vaccines to improve cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5408. [PMID: 31776331 PMCID: PMC6881351 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
At the interface between the innate and adaptive immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) play key roles in tumour immunity and hold a hitherto unrealized potential for cancer immunotherapy. Here we review the role of distinct DC subsets in the tumour microenvironment, with special emphasis on conventional type 1 DCs. Integrating new knowledge of DC biology and advancements in cell engineering, we provide a blueprint for the rational design of optimized DC vaccines for personalized cancer medicine. Dendritic cells (DCs) have been explored as a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. In this Perspective, the authors discuss the different types of DCs and their therapeutic potential in the context of vaccines for personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R Perez
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele De Palma
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Intratumoral expression using a NFkB-based promoter enhances IL12 antitumor efficacy. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 26:216-233. [PMID: 30622324 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 12 is a promising anti-cancer agent; however, IL12 systemic administration is hampered by side-effects. Although intratumoral administration of IL12 is giving promising results in clinical trials, only a small percentage of patients show a complete therapeutic response. This outcome could be improved by controlling the IL12 expression window. In this work we have tested the efficacy of a self-processing P2A and codon optimized murine IL12 (mIL12Pop) using inflammation-regulated lentivectors in a syngeneic tumor model. Our results show that implantation of cells expressing mIL12Pop employing either the strong constitutive SFFV promoter or a NFkB-based promoter reduced tumor growth, caused CD8+ T cell activation and increased IFNγ production. Importantly, the use of NFkBp-mIL12Pop increased the number of CD8+ TILs and improved the remission rate without increasing IL12-serum concentration. Further experiments suggest that there is a threshold intratumoral IL12 concentration that must be reached to trigger an efficient antitumor response and a limit that once surpassed causes detrimental systemic side effects. Altogether, these results demonstrate that using NFKBp-mIL12Pop significantly increases the overall survival of the mice. In summary, this new inflammation-regulated expression system might be useful for the development of new IL12 delivery systems with improved anti-tumor activity and limited toxicity.
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8
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Hu Y, Liu C, Muyldermans S. Nanobody-Based Delivery Systems for Diagnosis and Targeted Tumor Therapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1442. [PMID: 29163515 PMCID: PMC5673844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of innovative targeted therapeutic approaches are expected to surpass the efficacy of current forms of treatments and cause less damage to healthy cells surrounding the tumor site. Since the first development of targeting agents from hybridoma’s, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been employed to inhibit tumor growth and proliferation directly or to deliver effector molecules to tumor cells. However, the full potential of such a delivery strategy is hampered by the size of mAbs, which will obstruct the targeted delivery system to access the tumor tissue. By serendipity, a new kind of functional homodimeric antibody format was discovered in camelidae, known as heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs). The cloning of the variable domain of HCAbs produces an attractive minimal-sized alternative for mAbs, referred to as VHH or nanobodies (Nbs). Apart from their dimensions in the single digit nanometer range, the unique characteristics of Nbs combine a high stability and solubility, low immunogenicity and excellent affinity and specificity against all possible targets including tumor markers. This stimulated the development of tumor-targeted therapeutic strategies. Some autonomous Nbs have been shown to act as antagonistic drugs, but more importantly, the targeting capacity of Nbs has been exploited to create drug delivery systems. Obviously, Nb-based targeted cancer therapy is mainly focused toward extracellular tumor markers, since the membrane barrier prevents antibodies to reach the most promising intracellular tumor markers. Potential strategies, such as lentiviral vectors and bacterial type 3 secretion system, are proposed to deliver target-specific Nbs into tumor cells and to block tumor markers intracellularly. Simultaneously, Nbs have also been employed for in vivo molecular imaging to diagnose diseased tissues and to monitor the treatment effects. Here, we review the state of the art and focus on recent developments with Nbs as targeting moieties for drug delivery systems in cancer therapy and cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Gato-Cañas M, Arasanz H, Blanco-Luquin I, Glaría E, Arteta-Sanchez V, Kochan G, Escors D. Novel immunotherapies for the treatment of melanoma. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:613-32. [PMID: 27140413 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2015-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are achieving clinical success for the treatment of many cancers. However, it has taken a long time to exploit the potential of the immune system for the treatment of human cancers. We cannot forget that this has been the consequence of very extensive work in basic research in preclinical models and in human patients. Thus, it is rather hard to compile all of it while giving a comprehensive view on this subject. Here we have attempted to give an overall perspective in immunotherapy of melanoma. A brief overview on current therapies is provided, followed by adoptive cell therapies. Gene engineering strategies to improve these therapies are also explained, finishing with therapies based on interference with immune checkpoint pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gato-Cañas
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Idoia Blanco-Luquin
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Glaría
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Virginia Arteta-Sanchez
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - David Escors
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdisNA. Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
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10
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Antigen-presenting cell-targeted lentiviral vectors do not support the development of productive T-cell effector responses: implications for in vivo targeted vaccine delivery. Gene Ther 2017; 24:370-375. [PMID: 28540936 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeting transgene expression specifically to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) has been put forward as a promising strategy to direct the immune system towards immunity. We developed the nanobody-display technology to restrict the tropism of lentiviral vectors (LVs) to APCs. However, we observed that immunization with APC-targeted LVs (DC2.1-LVs) did not evoke strong antigen-specific T-cell immunity when compared to immunization with broad tropism LVs (VSV.G-LVs). In this study, we report that VSV.G-LVs are more immunogenic than DC2.1-LVs because they transduce stromal cells, which has a role in activating antigen-specific T cells. Moreover, VSV.G-LVs trigger a pro-inflammatory innate immune response through transduction of APCs and stromal cells, while DC2.1-LVs trigger a type I interferon response with anti-viral capacity. These findings question the rationale of targeting LVs to APCs and argue for the development of VSV.G-LVs with an improved safety profile.
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11
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Gao P, Zhang C, Bian X, Guo Y, Wei Y, Zhang L, Liu Z, Wang X, Huang S. The increasingly anti-tumor effect of a colonic carcinoma DNA vaccine carrying HER2 by the adjuvanticity of IL-12. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:441-446. [PMID: 27660891 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1233426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effect of recombinant DNA vaccine-based human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and Interleukin 12 (IL-12) on the development of colonic carcinoma in mice and the potential immune mechanisms involved. Recombinant plasmids pVAX1-HER2, pVAX1-IL-12 and pVAX1-HER2-IL-12 were constructed, and injected into female mice intramuscularly (i.m.) followed by an electric pulse. The humoral and cellular immune responses after immunization were examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT), respectively. To evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of the plasmids, a mouse model with a HER2-expressing tumor was designed. Mice vaccinated with the HER2-IL-12 plasmid generated the strongest inhibition efficacy on the growth of HER2-expressing tumors and prolonged mouse survival. These observations emphasized the potential of IL-12 as an adjuvant for DNA vaccines and of vaccines based on HER2 and IL-12 as a promising treatment for colonic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- a Department of Gastroenterology , General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field , Daqing , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- a Department of Gastroenterology , General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field , Daqing , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Xiaoxia Bian
- a Department of Gastroenterology , General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field , Daqing , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- a Department of Gastroenterology , General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field , Daqing , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Yueguang Wei
- a Department of Gastroenterology , General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field , Daqing , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Li Zhang
- a Department of Gastroenterology , General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field , Daqing , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- a Department of Gastroenterology , General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field , Daqing , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Xiuying Wang
- a Department of Gastroenterology , General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field , Daqing , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Shumin Huang
- a Department of Gastroenterology , General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field , Daqing , Heilongjiang , China
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12
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Norton TD, Miller EA. Recent Advances in Lentiviral Vaccines for HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:243. [PMID: 27446074 PMCID: PMC4914507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective HIV vaccine to prevent and/or cure HIV remains a global health priority. Given their central role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses, dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines are being increasingly explored as immunotherapeutic strategies to enhance HIV-specific T cells in infected individuals and, thus, promote immune responses that may help facilitate a functional cure. HIV-1-based lentiviral (LV) vectors have inherent advantages as DC vaccine vectors due to their ability to transduce non-dividing cells and integrate into the target cell genomic DNA, allowing for expression of encoded antigens over the lifespan of the cell. Moreover, LV vectors may express additional immunostimulatory and immunoregulatory proteins that enhance DC function and direct antigen-specific T cells responses. Recent basic and clinical research efforts have broadened our understanding of LV vectors as DC-based vaccines. In this review, we provide an overview of the pre-clinical and clinical LV vector vaccine studies for treating HIV to date. We also discuss advances in LV vector designs that have enhanced DC transduction efficiency, target cell specificity, and immunogenicity, and address potential safety concerns regarding LV vector-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Norton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Elizabeth A Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
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13
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Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns Induced Crosstalk between Dendritic Cells, T Helper Cells, and Natural Killer Helper Cells Can Improve Dendritic Cell Vaccination. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5740373. [PMID: 26980946 PMCID: PMC4766350 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5740373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A coordinated cellular interplay is of crucial importance in both host defense against pathogens and malignantly transformed cells. The various interactions of Dendritic Cells (DC), Natural Killer (NK) cells, and T helper (Th) cells can be influenced by a variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and will lead to enhanced CD8+ effector T cell responses. Specific Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) triggering during maturation enables DC to enhance Th1 as well as NK helper cell responses. This effect is correlated with the amount of IL-12p70 released by DC. Activated NK cells are able to amplify the proinflammatory cytokine profile of DC via the release of IFN-γ. The knowledge on how PAMP recognition can modulate the DC is of importance for the design and definition of appropriate therapeutic cancer vaccines. In this review we will discuss the potential role of specific PAMP-matured DC in optimizing therapeutic DC-based vaccines, as some of these DC are efficiently activating Th1, NK cells, and cytotoxic T cells. Moreover, to optimize these vaccines, also the inhibitory effects of tumor-derived suppressive factors, for example, on the NK-DC crosstalk, should be taken into account. Finally, the suppressive role of the tumor microenvironment in vaccination efficacy and some proposals to overcome this by using combination therapies will be described.
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14
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Van Lint S, Renmans D, Broos K, Goethals L, Maenhout S, Benteyn D, Goyvaerts C, Du Four S, Van der Jeught K, Bialkowski L, Flamand V, Heirman C, Thielemans K, Breckpot K. Intratumoral Delivery of TriMix mRNA Results in T-cell Activation by Cross-Presenting Dendritic Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 4:146-56. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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