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Yadav A, Yadav R, Sharma V, Dutta U. A comprehensive guide to assess gut mycobiome and its role in pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024; 43:112-128. [PMID: 38409485 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-023-01510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune mediated chronic inflammatory disorder of gastrointestinal tract, which has underlying multifactorial pathogenic determinants such as environmental factors, susceptibility genes, gut microbial dysbiosis and a dysregulated immune response. Human gut is a frequent inhabitant of complex microbial ecosystem encompassing bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and other microorganisms that have an undisputable role in maintaining balanced homeostasis. All of these microbes interact with immune system and affect human gut physiology either directly or indirectly with interaction of each other. Intestinal fungi represent a smaller but crucial component of the human gut microbiome. Besides interaction with bacteriome and virome, it helps in balancing homoeostasis between pathophysiological and physiological processes, which is often dysregulated in patients with IBD. Understanding of gut mycobiome and its clinical implications are still in in its infancy as opposed to bacterial component of gut microbiome, which is more often focused. Modulation of gut mycobiome represents a novel and promising strategy in the management of patients with IBD. Emerging mycobiome-based therapies such as diet interventions, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics (both fungal and bacterial strains) and antifungals exhibit substantial effects in calibrating the gut mycobiome and restoring dysbalanced immune homeostasis by restoring the core gut mycobiome. In this review, we summarized compositional and functional diversity of the gut mycobiome in healthy individuals and patients with IBD, gut mycobiome dysbiosis in patients with IBD, host immune-fungal interactions and therapeutic role of modulation of intestinal fungi in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Yadav
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Renu Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Usha Dutta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India.
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2
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Miao Y, Ding T, Liu Y, Zhou X, Du J. The Yeast and Hypha Phases of Candida krusei Induce the Apoptosis of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells via Distinct Signaling Pathways. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3222. [PMID: 37893947 PMCID: PMC10603689 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Candida spp. is a significant cause of bovine mastitis globally. We previously found that C. krusei was the main pathogen causing mycotic mastitis in dairy cows in Yinchuan, Ningxia, China. However, whether the infection of this pathogen could induce apoptosis in BMECs remained unclear. In this report, we explored the apoptosis and underlying mechanism of BMECs induced by C. krusei yeast and hypha phases using a pathogen/host cell co-culture model. Our results revealed that both the yeast and hypha phases of C. krusei could induce BMEC apoptosis; however, the yeast phase induced more cell apoptosis than the hypha phase, as assessed via electronic microscopy and flow cytometry assays. This finding was further corroborated via the measurement of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the TUNEL test. Infection by both the yeast and hypha phases of C. krusei greatly induced the expression of proteins associated with cell death pathways and important components of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, including TLR2 and TLR4 receptors, as determined via a Western blotting assay. BMECs mainly underwent apoptosis after infection by the C. krusei yeast phase through a mitochondrial pathway. Meanwhile, BMEC apoptosis induced by the C. krusei hypha phase was regulated by a death ligand/receptor pathway. In addition, C. krusei-induced BMEC apoptosis was regulated by both the TLR2/ERK and JNK/ERK signaling pathways. These data suggest that the yeast phase and hypha phase of C. krusei induce BMEC apoptosis through distinct cell signaling pathways. This study represents a unique perspective on the molecular processes underlying BMEC apoptosis in response to C. krusei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Miao
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Tao Ding
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xuezhang Zhou
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jun Du
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Rebai Y, Wagner L, Gnaien M, Hammer ML, Kapitan M, Niemiec MJ, Mami W, Mosbah A, Messadi E, Mardassi H, Vylkova S, Jacobsen ID, Znaidi S. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Antagonizes Candida albicans Growth and Protects Intestinal Cells from C. albicans-Mediated Damage. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1929. [PMID: 37630490 PMCID: PMC10457924 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a pathobiont of the gastrointestinal tract. It can contribute to the diversity of the gut microbiome without causing harmful effects. When the immune system is compromised, C. albicans can damage intestinal cells and cause invasive disease. We hypothesize that a therapeutic approach against C. albicans infections can rely on the antimicrobial properties of probiotic bacteria. We investigated the impact of the probiotic strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) on C. albicans growth and its ability to cause damage to intestinal cells. In co-culture kinetic assays, C. albicans abundance gradually decreased over time compared with C. albicans abundance in the absence of EcN. Quantification of C. albicans survival suggests that EcN exerts a fungicidal activity. Cell-free supernatants (CFS) collected from C. albicans-EcN co-culture mildly altered C. albicans growth, suggesting the involvement of an EcN-released compound. Using a model of co-culture in the presence of human intestinal epithelial cells, we further show that EcN prevents C. albicans from damaging enterocytes both distantly and through direct contact. Consistently, both C. albicans's filamentous growth and microcolony formation were altered by EcN. Taken together, our study proposes that probiotic-strain EcN can be exploited for future therapeutic approaches against C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Rebai
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique (LR16IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (Y.R.)
| | - Lysett Wagner
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mayssa Gnaien
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique (LR16IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (Y.R.)
| | - Merle L. Hammer
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Kapitan
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Joanna Niemiec
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Wael Mami
- Plateforme de Physiologie et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaires (P2C), Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Amor Mosbah
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bio-Geo Resources Valorization (LR11ES31), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet (ISBST), University of Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Erij Messadi
- Plateforme de Physiologie et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaires (P2C), Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Helmi Mardassi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique (LR16IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (Y.R.)
| | - Slavena Vylkova
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sadri Znaidi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique (LR16IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (Y.R.)
- Institut Pasteur, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Département Mycologie, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 75015 Paris, France
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Gutierrez MW, van Tilburg Bernardes E, Changirwa D, McDonald B, Arrieta MC. "Molding" immunity-modulation of mucosal and systemic immunity by the intestinal mycobiome in health and disease. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:573-583. [PMID: 35474360 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are important yet understudied contributors to the microbial communities of the gastrointestinal tract. Starting at birth, the intestinal mycobiome undergoes a period of dynamic maturation under the influence of microbial, host, and extrinsic influences, with profound functional implications for immune development in early life, and regulation of immune homeostasis throughout life. Candida albicans serves as a model organism for understanding the cross-talk between fungal colonization dynamics and immunity, and exemplifies unique mechanisms of fungal-immune interactions, including fungal dimorphism, though our understanding of other intestinal fungi is growing. Given the prominent role of the gut mycobiome in promoting immune homeostasis, emerging evidence points to fungal dysbiosis as an influential contributor to immune dysregulation in a variety of inflammatory and infectious diseases. Here we review current knowledge on the factors that govern host-fungi interactions in the intestinal tract and immunological outcomes in both mucosal and systemic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie W Gutierrez
- Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Erik van Tilburg Bernardes
- Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Diana Changirwa
- Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Braedon McDonald
- Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Arrieta
- Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a life-threatening and chronic inflammatory disease of gastrointestinal tissue, with complex pathogenesis. Current research on IBD has mainly focused on bacteria; however, the role of fungi in IBD is largely unknown due to the incomplete annotation of fungi in current genomic databases. With the development of molecular techniques, the gut mycobiome has been found to have great diversity. In addition, increasing evidence has shown intestinal mycobiome plays an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of IBD. In this review, we will systemically introduce the recent knowledge about multi-dimensional fungal dysbiosis associated with IBD, the interactions between fungus and bacteria, the role of fungi in inflammation in IBD, and highlight recent advances in the potential therapeutic role of fungus in IBD, which may hold the keys to develop new predictive, therapeutic or prognostic approaches in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Wang
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Rong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education (Peking University), Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Bo Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Last A, Maurer M, S. Mosig A, S. Gresnigt M, Hube B. In vitro infection models to study fungal-host interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuab005. [PMID: 33524102 PMCID: PMC8498566 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections (mycoses) affect over a billion people per year. Approximately, two million of these infections are life-threatening, especially for patients with a compromised immune system. Fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Candida, Histoplasma and Cryptococcus are opportunistic pathogens that contribute to a substantial number of mycoses. To optimize the diagnosis and treatment of mycoses, we need to understand the complex fungal-host interplay during pathogenesis, the fungal attributes causing virulence and how the host resists infection via immunological defenses. In vitro models can be used to mimic fungal infections of various tissues and organs and the corresponding immune responses at near-physiological conditions. Furthermore, models can include fungal interactions with the host-microbiota to mimic the in vivo situation on skin and mucosal surfaces. This article reviews currently used in vitro models of fungal infections ranging from cell monolayers to microfluidic 3D organ-on-chip (OOC) platforms. We also discuss how OOC models can expand the toolbox for investigating interactions of fungi and their human hosts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Last
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michelle Maurer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Nonnenplan 2,07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander S. Mosig
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Nonnenplan 2,07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark S. Gresnigt
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 24, 07743, Jena, Germany
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