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Comerford I, McColl SR. Atypical chemokine receptors in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01025-5. [PMID: 38714818 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Leukocyte migration is a fundamental component of innate and adaptive immune responses as it governs the recruitment and localization of these motile cells, which is crucial for immune cell priming, effector functions, memory responses and immune regulation. This complex cellular trafficking system is controlled to a large extent via highly regulated production of secreted chemokines and the restricted expression of their membrane-tethered G-protein-coupled receptors. The activity of chemokines and their receptors is also regulated by a subfamily of molecules known as atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs), which are chemokine receptor-like molecules that do not couple to the classical signalling pathways that promote cell migration in response to chemokine ligation. There has been a great deal of progress in understanding the biology of these receptors and their functions in the immune system in the past decade. Here, we describe the contribution of the various ACKRs to innate and adaptive immune responses, focussing specifically on recent progress. This includes recent findings that have defined the role for ACKRs in sculpting extracellular chemokine gradients, findings that broaden the spectrum of chemokine ligands recognized by these receptors, candidate new additions to ACKR family, and our increasing understanding of the role of these receptors in shaping the migration of innate and adaptive immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Comerford
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Shaun R McColl
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Samus M, Rot A. Atypical chemokine receptors in cancer. Cytokine 2024; 176:156504. [PMID: 38266462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) are a group of seven-transmembrane spanning serpentine receptors that are structurally homologous to classical G-protein-coupled receptors and bind cognate chemokines with high affinities but do not signal via G-proteins or mediate cell migration. However, ACKRs efficiently modify the availability and function of chemokines in defined microanatomical environments, can signal via intracellular effectors other than G-proteins, and play complex roles in physiology and disease, including in cancer. In this review, we summarize the findings on the diverse contributions of individual ACKRs to cancer development, progression, and tumor-host interactions. We discuss how changes in ACKR expression within tumor affect cancer growth, tumor vascularization, leukocyte infiltration, and metastasis formation, ultimately resulting in differential disease outcomes. Across many studies, ACKR3 expression was shown to support tumor growth and dissemination, whereas ACKR1, ACKR2, and ACKR4 in tumors were more likely to contribute to tumor suppression. With few notable exceptions, the insights on molecular and cellular mechanisms of ACKRs activities in cancer remain sparse, and the intricacies of their involvement are not fully appreciated. This is particularly true for ACKR1, ACKR2 and ACKR4. A better understanding of how ACKR expression and functions impact cancer should pave the way for their future targeting by new and effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Samus
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Antal Rot
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80336, Germany.
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Yu T, Schuette F, Christofi M, Forrester JV, Graham GJ, Kuffova L. The atypical chemokine receptor-2 fine-tunes the immune response in herpes stromal keratitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1054260. [PMID: 36518752 PMCID: PMC9742518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is a blinding corneal disease caused by herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a common pathogen infecting most of the world's population. Inflammation in HSK is chemokine-dependent, particularly CXCL10 and less so the CC chemokines. The atypical chemokine receptor-2 (ACKR2) is a decoy receptor predominantly for pro-inflammatory CC chemokines, which regulates the inflammatory response by scavenging inflammatory chemokines thereby modulating leukocyte infiltration. Deletion of ACKR2 exacerbates and delays the resolution of the inflammatory response in most models. ACKR2 also regulates lymphangiogenesis and mammary duct development through the recruitment of tissue-remodeling macrophages. Here, we demonstrate a dose-dependent upregulation of ACKR2 during corneal HSV-1 infection. At an HSV inoculum dose of 5.4 x 105 pfu, but not at higher dose, ACKR2 deficient mice showed prolonged clinical signs of HSK, increased infiltration of leukocytes and persistent corneal neovascularization. Viral clearance and T cell activation were similar in ACKR2-/- and wild type mice, despite a transient diminished expression of CD40 and CD86 in dendritic cells. The data suggest that ACKR2 fine-tunes the inflammatory response and the level of neovascularization in the HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yu
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Fabian Schuette
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Christofi
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - John V. Forrester
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Ocular Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gerard J. Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Kuffova
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Eye Clinic, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Vacchini A, Maffioli E, Di Silvestre D, Cancellieri C, Milanesi S, Nonnis S, Badanai S, Mauri P, Negri A, Locati M, Tedeschi G, Borroni EM. Phosphoproteomic mapping of CCR5 and ACKR2 signaling properties. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1060555. [PMID: 36483536 PMCID: PMC9723398 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1060555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
ACKR2 is an atypical chemokine receptor which is structurally uncoupled from G proteins and is unable to activate signaling pathways used by conventional chemokine receptors to promote cell migration. Nonetheless, ACKR2 regulates inflammatory and immune responses by shaping chemokine gradients in tissues via scavenging inflammatory chemokines. To investigate the signaling pathways downstream to ACKR2, a quantitative SILAC-based phosphoproteomic analysis coupled with a systems biology approach with network analysis, was carried out on a HEK293 cell model expressing either ACKR2 or its conventional counterpart CCR5. The model was stimulated with the common agonist CCL3L1 for short (3 min) and long (30 min) durations. As expected, many of the identified proteins are known to participate in conventional signal transduction pathways and in the regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics. However, our analyses revealed unique phosphorylation and network signatures, suggesting roles for ACKR2 other than its scavenger activity. In conclusion, the mapping of phosphorylation events at a holistic level indicated that conventional and atypical chemokine receptors differ in signaling properties. This provides an unprecedented level of detail in chemokine receptor signaling and identifying potential targets for the regulation of ACKR2 and CCR5 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vacchini
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
| | - Elisa Maffioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Institute of Technologies in Biomedicine, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Samantha Milanesi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
| | - Simona Nonnis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | | | | | - Armando Negri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
- CIMAINA, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Monica Borroni
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
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Gowhari Shabgah A, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mohammadi H, Ebrahimzadeh F, Oveisee M, Jahanara A, Gholizadeh Navashenaq J. The Role of Atypical Chemokine Receptor D6 (ACKR2) in Physiological and Pathological Conditions; Friend, Foe, or Both? Front Immunol 2022; 13:861931. [PMID: 35677043 PMCID: PMC9168005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines exert crucial roles in inducing immune responses through ligation to their canonical receptors. Besides these receptors, there are other atypical chemokine receptors (ACKR1–4) that can bind to a wide range of chemokines and carry out various functions in the body. ACKR2, due to its ability to bind various CC chemokines, has attracted much attention during the past few years. ACKR2 has been shown to be expressed in different cells, including trophoblasts, myeloid cells, and especially lymphoid endothelial cells. In terms of molecular functions, ACKR2 scavenges various inflammatory chemokines and affects inflammatory microenvironments. In the period of pregnancy and fetal development, ACKR2 plays a pivotal role in maintaining the fetus from inflammatory reactions and inhibiting subsequent abortion. In adults, ACKR2 is thought to be a resolving agent in the body because it scavenges chemokines. This leads to the alleviation of inflammation in different situations, including cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders, and infections. In cancer, ACKR2 exerts conflicting roles, either tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing. On the one hand, ACKR2 inhibits the recruitment of tumor-promoting cells and suppresses tumor-promoting inflammation to blockade inflammatory responses that are favorable for tumor growth. In contrast, scavenging chemokines in the tumor microenvironment might lead to disruption in NK cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment. Other than its involvement in diseases, analyzing the expression of ACKR2 in body fluids and tissues can be used as a biomarker for diseases. In conclusion, this review study has tried to shed more light on the various effects of ACKR2 on different inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maziar Oveisee
- Clinical Research Center, Pastor Educational Hospital, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Abbas Jahanara
- Clinical Research Center, Pastor Educational Hospital, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
- *Correspondence: Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, ;
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A Versatile Toolkit for Semi-Automated Production of Fluorescent Chemokines to Study CCR7 Expression and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084158. [PMID: 33923834 PMCID: PMC8072677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines guide leukocyte migration in different contexts, including homeostasis, immune surveillance and immunity. The chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 control lymphocyte and dendritic cell migration and homing to lymphoid organs. Thereby they orchestrate adaptive immunity in a chemokine receptor CCR7-dependent manner. Likewise, cancer cells that upregulate CCR7 expression are attracted by these chemokines and metastasize to lymphoid organs. In-depth investigation of CCR7 expression and chemokine-mediated signaling is pivotal to understand their role in health and disease. Appropriate fluorescent probes to track these events are increasingly in demand. Here, we present an approach to cost-effectively produce and fluorescently label CCL19 and CCL21 in a semi-automated process. We established a versatile protocol for the production of recombinant chemokines harboring a small C-terminal S6-tag for efficient and site-specific enzymatic labelling with an inorganic fluorescent dye of choice. We demonstrate that the fluorescently labeled chemokines CCL19-S6Dy649P1 and CCL21-S6Dy649P1 retain their full biological function as assessed by their abilities to mobilize intracellular calcium, to recruit β-arrestin to engaged receptors and to attract CCR7-expressing leukocytes. Moreover, we show that CCL19-S6Dy649P1 serves as powerful reagent to monitor CCR7 internalization by time-lapse confocal video microscopy and to stain CCR7-positive primary human and mouse T cell sub-populations.
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