1
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Canto e Castro L, Gomes A, Serrano M, Pereira AHG, Ribeiro R, Napoleão P, Domingues I, Silva C, Fanczal J, Afonso Â, Lopes A, Toader I, de Sousa MJR, de Sousa JGR, de Sousa G, Mota MM, Silva‐Santos B, Veldhoen M, Ribeiro RM. Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Portugal and antibody maintenance 12 months after infection. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:149-160. [PMID: 34695227 PMCID: PMC8646574 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Portugal has experienced three distinct SARS-CoV-2 infection waves. We previously documented the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunity, measured by specific antibodies, in September 2020, 6 months after the initial moderate wave. Here, we show the seroprevalence changes 6 months later, up to the second week of March 2021, shortly following the third wave, which was one of the most severe in the world, and 2 months following the start of the vaccination campaign. A longitudinal epidemiological study was conducted, with a stratified quota sample of the Portuguese population. Serological testing was performed, including ELISA determination of antibody class and titers. The proportion of seropositives, which was 2.2% in September 2020, rose sharply to 17.3% (95% CI: 15.8-18.8%) in March 2021. Importantly, circulating IgG and IgA antibody levels were very stable 6 months after the initial determination and up to a year after initial infection, indicating long-lasting infection immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, vaccinated people had higher IgG levels from 3 weeks post-vaccination when compared with previously infected people at the same time post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Canto e Castro
- Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Estatística e Aplicações e Fundação Francisco Manuel dos SantosUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Andreia Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Marta Serrano
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | | | - Rita Ribeiro
- Centro de Medicina Laboratorial Germano de SousaLisbonPortugal
| | - Patrícia Napoleão
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Inês Domingues
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Cláudia Silva
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Júlia Fanczal
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Ângela Afonso
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Andreia Lopes
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Ionela Toader
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | | | | | | | - Maria M. Mota
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Bruno Silva‐Santos
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
- Laboratório de Biomatemática, Instituto de Saúde AmbientalFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
- Theoretical Biology and BiophysicsLos Alamos National LaboratoryNew MexicoUSA
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Lista MJ, Matos PM, Maguire TJA, Poulton K, Ortiz-Zapater E, Page R, Sertkaya H, Ortega-Prieto AM, Scourfield E, O’Byrne AM, Bouton C, Dickenson RE, Ficarelli M, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Howard M, Betancor G, Galao RP, Pickering S, Signell AW, Wilson H, Cliff P, Kia Ik MT, Patel A, MacMahon E, Cunningham E, Doores K, Agromayor M, Martin-Serrano J, Perucha E, Mischo HE, Shankar-Hari M, Batra R, Edgeworth J, Zuckerman M, Malim MH, Neil S, Martinez-Nunez RT. Resilient SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics workflows including viral heat inactivation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256813. [PMID: 34525109 PMCID: PMC8443028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a worldwide need for reagents to perform SARS-CoV-2 detection. Some laboratories have implemented kit-free protocols, but many others do not have the capacity to develop these and/or perform manual processing. We provide multiple workflows for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection in clinical samples by comparing several commercially available RNA extraction methods: QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAgen), RNAdvance Blood/Viral (Beckman) and Mag-Bind Viral DNA/RNA 96 Kit (Omega Bio-tek). We also compared One-step RT-qPCR reagents: TaqMan Fast Virus 1-Step Master Mix (FastVirus, ThermoFisher Scientific), qPCRBIO Probe 1-Step Go Lo-ROX (PCR Biosystems) and Luna® Universal Probe One-Step RT-qPCR Kit (Luna, NEB). We used primer-probes that detect viral N (EUA CDC) and RdRP. RNA extraction methods provided similar results, with Beckman performing better with our primer-probe combinations. Luna proved most sensitive although overall the three reagents did not show significant differences. N detection was more reliable than that of RdRP, particularly in samples with low viral titres. Importantly, we demonstrated that heat treatment of nasopharyngeal swabs at 70°C for 10 or 30 min, or 90°C for 10 or 30 min (both original variant and B 1.1.7) inactivated SARS-CoV-2 employing plaque assays, and had minimal impact on the sensitivity of the qPCR in clinical samples. These findings make SARS-CoV-2 testing portable in settings that do not have CL-3 facilities. In summary, we provide several testing pipelines that can be easily implemented in other laboratories and have made all our protocols and SOPs freely available at https://osf.io/uebvj/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Lista
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro M. Matos
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. A. Maguire
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Poulton
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Page
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- King’s Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helin Sertkaya
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M. Ortega-Prieto
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Scourfield
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aoife M. O’Byrne
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Centre for Rheumatic Diseases (CRD–EULAR Centre of Excellence), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clement Bouton
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E. Dickenson
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mattia Ficarelli
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Howard
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gilberto Betancor
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Pedro Galao
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian W. Signell
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Wilson
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope Cliff
- Viapath pathology laboratories at St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Tan Kia Ik
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amita Patel
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eithne MacMahon
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Cunningham
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Doores
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Agromayor
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Martin-Serrano
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Esperanza Perucha
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Centre for Rheumatic Diseases (CRD–EULAR Centre of Excellence), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah E. Mischo
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Edgeworth
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Zuckerman
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- South London Specialist Virology Centre, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H. Malim
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Neil
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rocio Teresa Martinez-Nunez
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Lista MJ, Matos PM, Maguire TJA, Poulton K, Ortiz-Zapater E, Page R, Sertkaya H, Ortega-Prieto AM, O’Byrne AM, Bouton C, Dickenson RE, Ficarelli M, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Howard M, Betancor G, Galao RP, Pickering S, Signell AW, Wilson H, Cliff P, Ik MTK, Patel A, MacMahon E, Cunningham E, Doores K, Agromayor M, Martin-Serrano J, Perucha E, Mischo HE, Shankar-Hari M, Batra R, Edgeworth J, Zuckerman M, Malim MH, Neil S, Martinez-Nunez RT. Resilient SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics workflows including viral heat inactivation. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2020.04.22.20074351. [PMID: 33851184 PMCID: PMC8043481 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.22.20074351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a worldwide need for reagents to perform SARS-CoV-2 detection. Some laboratories have implemented kit-free protocols, but many others do not have the capacity to develop these and/or perform manual processing. We provide multiple workflows for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection in clinical samples by comparing several commercially available RNA extraction methods: QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAgen), RNAdvance Blood/Viral (Beckman) and Mag-Bind Viral DNA/RNA 96 Kit (Omega Bio-tek). We also compared One-step RT-qPCR reagents: TaqMan Fast Virus 1-Step Master Mix (FastVirus, ThermoFisher Scientific), qPCRBIO Probe 1-Step Go Lo-ROX (PCR Biosystems) and Luna ® Universal Probe One-Step RT-qPCR Kit (Luna, NEB). We used primer-probes that detect viral N (EUA CDC) and RdRP (PHE guidelines). All RNA extraction methods provided similar results. FastVirus and Luna proved most sensitive. N detection was more reliable than that of RdRP, particularly in samples with low viral titres. Importantly, we demonstrate that treatment of nasopharyngeal swabs with 70 degrees for 10 or 30 min, or 90 degrees for 10 or 30 min (both original variant and B 1.1.7) inactivates SARS-CoV-2 employing plaque assays, and that it has minimal impact on the sensitivity of the qPCR in clinical samples. These findings make SARS-CoV-2 testing portable to settings that do not have CL-3 facilities. In summary, we provide several testing pipelines that can be easily implemented in other laboratories and have made all our protocols and SOPs freely available at https://osf.io/uebvj/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Lista
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
- All these authors contributed equally to the completion of this work
| | - Pedro M. Matos
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
- All these authors contributed equally to the completion of this work
| | - Thomas J. A. Maguire
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
- All these authors contributed equally to the completion of this work
| | - Kate Poulton
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
- All these authors contributed equally to the completion of this work
| | - Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Robert Page
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Helin Sertkaya
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ana M. Ortega-Prieto
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Aoife M. O’Byrne
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI). Centre for Rheumatic Diseases (CRD – EULAR Centre of Excellence). Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Clement Bouton
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ruth E Dickenson
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mattia Ficarelli
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mark Howard
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gilberto Betancor
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Rui Pedro Galao
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Adrian W Signell
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Harry Wilson
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Mark Tan Kia Ik
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, St Thomas’ Hospital (London, UK)
| | - Amita Patel
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, St Thomas’ Hospital (London, UK)
| | - Eithne MacMahon
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, St Thomas’ Hospital (London, UK)
| | - Emma Cunningham
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, St Thomas’ Hospital (London, UK)
| | - Katie Doores
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Monica Agromayor
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Juan Martin-Serrano
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Esperanza Perucha
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI). Centre for Rheumatic Diseases (CRD – EULAR Centre of Excellence). Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Hannah E. Mischo
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, St Thomas’ Hospital (London, UK)
| | - Jonathan Edgeworth
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, St Thomas’ Hospital (London, UK)
| | - Mark Zuckerman
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Virology. King’s College Hospital (London, UK)
| | - Michael H. Malim
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Stuart Neil
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Rocio Teresa Martinez-Nunez
- King’s College London Diagnostics Team at Guy’s Campus (London, UK)
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences. Guy’s Campus, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
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