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Mydy LS, Chigumba DN, Kersten RD. Plant Copper Metalloenzymes As Prospects for New Metabolism Involving Aromatic Compounds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:692108. [PMID: 34925392 PMCID: PMC8672867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.692108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an important transition metal cofactor in plant metabolism, which enables diverse biocatalysis in aerobic environments. Multiple classes of plant metalloenzymes evolved and underwent genetic expansions during the evolution of terrestrial plants and, to date, several representatives of these copper enzyme classes have characterized mechanisms. In this review, we give an updated overview of chemistry, structure, mechanism, function and phylogenetic distribution of plant copper metalloenzymes with an emphasis on biosynthesis of aromatic compounds such as phenylpropanoids (lignin, lignan, flavonoids) and cyclic peptides with macrocyclizations via aromatic amino acids. We also review a recent addition to plant copper enzymology in a copper-dependent peptide cyclase called the BURP domain. Given growing plant genetic resources, a large pool of copper biocatalysts remains to be characterized from plants as plant genomes contain on average more than 70 copper enzyme genes. A major challenge in characterization of copper biocatalysts from plant genomes is the identification of endogenous substrates and catalyzed reactions. We highlight some recent and future trends in filling these knowledge gaps in plant metabolism and the potential for genomic discovery of copper-based enzymology from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roland D. Kersten
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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2
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Adelson CN, Johnston EM, Hilmer KM, Watts H, Dey SG, Brown DE, Broderick JB, Shepard EM, Dooley DM, Solomon EI. Characterization of the Preprocessed Copper Site Equilibrium in Amine Oxidase and Assignment of the Reactive Copper Site in Topaquinone Biogenesis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8877-8890. [PMID: 31060358 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper-dependent amine oxidases produce their redox active cofactor, 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ), via the CuII-catalyzed oxygenation of an active site tyrosine. This study addresses possible mechanisms for this biogenesis process by presenting the geometric and electronic structure characterization of the CuII-bound, prebiogenesis (preprocessed) active site of the enzyme Arthrobacter globiformis amine oxidase (AGAO). CuII-loading into the preprocessed AGAO active site is slow ( kobs = 0.13 h-1), and is preceded by CuII binding in a separate kinetically favored site that is distinct from the active site. Preprocessed active site CuII is in a thermal equilibrium between two species, an entropically favored form with tyrosine protonated and unbound from the CuII site, and an enthalpically favored form with tyrosine bound deprotonated to the CuII active site. It is shown that the CuII-tyrosinate bound form is directly active in biogenesis. The electronic structure determined for the reactive form of the preprocessed CuII active site is inconsistent with a biogenesis pathway that proceeds through a CuI-tyrosyl radical intermediate, but consistent with a pathway that overcomes the spin forbidden reaction of 3O2 with the bound singlet substrate via a three-electron concerted charge-transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Adelson
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Esther M Johnston
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Kimberly M Hilmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana 59717 , United States
| | - Hope Watts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana 59717 , United States
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Doreen E Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana 59717 , United States
| | - Joan B Broderick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana 59717 , United States
| | - Eric M Shepard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana 59717 , United States
| | - David M Dooley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana 59717 , United States.,University of Rhode Island , Kingston , Rhode Island 02881 , United States
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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Entzminger PD, Cawker NC, Graveson AN, Erickson AN, Valente EJ, Urnezius E. Double Oxidative Dehalogenation of 2,5-Bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)-3,6-difluoro-1,4-hydroquinone leading to Formation of New Copper Quinonoid Complexes. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Solomon EI, Heppner DE, Johnston EM, Ginsbach JW, Cirera J, Qayyum M, Kieber-Emmons MT, Kjaergaard CH, Hadt RG, Tian L. Copper active sites in biology. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3659-853. [PMID: 24588098 PMCID: PMC4040215 DOI: 10.1021/cr400327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1129] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Heppner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | - Jake W. Ginsbach
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Jordi Cirera
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Munzarin Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | | | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
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Largeron M. Amine oxidases of the quinoproteins family: Their implication in the metabolic oxidation of xenobiotics. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2011; 69:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Largeron M, Fleury MB, Strolin Benedetti M. A small molecule that mimics the metabolic activity of copper-containing amine oxidases (CuAOs) toward physiological mono- and polyamines. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3796-800. [DOI: 10.1039/c004501b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Potential anticancer application of polyamine oxidation products formed by amine oxidase: a new therapeutic approach. Amino Acids 2009; 38:353-68. [PMID: 20012114 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The polyamines spermine, spermidine and putrescine are ubiquitous cell components. These molecules are substrates of a class of enzymes that includes monoamine oxidases, diamine oxidases, polyamine oxidases and copper-containing amine oxidases. Amine oxidases are important because they contribute to regulate levels of mono- and polyamines. In tumors, polyamines and amine oxidases are increased as compared to normal tissues. Cytotoxicity induced by bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO) and spermine is attributed to H(2)O(2) and aldehydes produced by the reaction. This study demonstrated that multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells (colon adenocarcinoma and melanoma) are significantly more sensitive than the corresponding wild-type (WT) ones to H(2)O(2) and aldehydes, the products of BSAO-catalyzed oxidation of spermine. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed major ultrastructural alterations of the mitochondria. These were more pronounced in MDR than in WT cells. Increasing the incubation temperature from 37 to 42 degrees Celsius enhances cytotoxicity in cells exposed to spermine metabolites. The combination BSAO/spermine prevents tumor growth, particularly well if the enzyme has been conjugated to a biocompatible hydrogel polymers. Since both wild-type and MDR cancer cells after pre-treatment with MDL 72527, a lysosomotropic compound, are sensitized to subsequent exposure to BSAO/spermine, it is conceivable that combined treatment with a lysosomotropic compound and BSAO/spermine would be effective against tumor cells. It is of interest to search for such novel compounds, which might be promising for application in a therapeutic setting.
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Electroactive centers in Euphorbia latex and lentil seedling amine oxidases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72:29-36. [PMID: 18175931 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of redox centers in the active site of amine oxidases from lentil seedlings and Euphorbia characias latex was investigated using a mercury film electrode. Tyrosine-derived 6-hydroxydopa quinone (TPQ) and copper ions in the active site are redox centers of these amine oxidases. The enzymes undergo two reduction processes at negative potentials related to the reduction of the TPQ cofactor to the corresponding hydroquinones and the reduction of copper ions, (Cu(II)-->Cu(I)). Copper depleted enzymes, prepared by reduction with dithionite followed by dialysis against cyanide, undergo only one reduction process. Nyquist diagrams, recorded at potentials corresponding to the reduction of cofactors as dc-offset, represent charge transfer impedance followed by a Warburg-type line at low frequencies, indicating the occurrence of a diffusion controlled process in the rate-limiting step of the reduction process.
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Di Paolo ML, Pesce C, Lunelli M, Scarpa M, Rigo A. N-alkanamines as substrates to probe the hydrophobic region of bovine serum amine oxidase active site: A kinetic and spectroscopic study. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 465:50-60. [PMID: 17548046 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic and spectroscopic studies were carried out to study the role of hydrophobic effect on the activity of bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO). Increasing the chain length of the substrates (linear aliphatic primary monoamines), the affinity for the active site increases while the catalytic constant decreases in accordance with a relative low value of dielectric constant (about 10) estimated for the microenvironment of BSAO active site using a fluorescent probe sensitive to solvent polarity. The aliphatic chain of 1-aminononane induces a shift in the pK(a) of the product Schiff base, the hydrolysis of which appears to be a rate-determining step of the reaction. Furthermore, circular dichroism studies highlighted the "flexibility" of BSAO secondary structure that can explain the wide substrate specificity of this enzyme. These results should be useful to elucidate the substrate/inhibitor preferences of CuAOs, in particular of the human enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Università di Padova, Via G. Colombo, 3-35121-Padova, Italy.
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Mura A, Padiglia A, Medda R, Pintus F, Finazzi Agrò A, Floris G. Properties of copper-free pig kidney amine oxidase: Role of topa quinone. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4317-24. [PMID: 16842785 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper removal from pig kidney amine oxidase containing Cu/topaquinone (TPQ) has been obtained using CN(-) in the presence of the poor substrate p-(dimethylamino)benzylamine. Upon removal of copper, the enzyme loses its activity while the TPQ cofactor remains in its oxidized form. The addition of copper to the apo-form fully restores the active enzyme. The CN(-) treatment in the presence of sodium dithionite or good substrates (cadaverine or benzylamine) also removes copper but the TPQ cofactor is irreversibly reduced and the addition of copper does not regenerate the active enzyme. Ni(II) and Zn(II) do not bind the apo-protein in contrast to Co(II) which is incorporated to the same extent as Cu(II). However, Co-reconstituted enzyme only shows a very low activity. These results demonstrate that copper is essential for the catalytic mechanism because it maintains the correct active site geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mura
- Department of Applied Sciences in Biosystems, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Medda R, Mura A, Longu S, Anedda R, Padiglia A, Casu M, Floris G. An unexpected formation of the spectroscopic Cu(I)-semiquinone radical by xenon-induced self-catalysis of a copper quinoprotein. Biochimie 2006; 88:827-35. [PMID: 16519984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant copper/quinone amine oxidases are homodimeric enzymes containing Cu(II) and a quinone derivative of a tyrosyl residue (2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine, TPQ) as cofactors. These enzymes catalyze the oxidative deamination of primary amines by a classical ping-pong mechanism, i.e. two distinct half-reactions, enzyme reduction by substrate followed by its re-oxidation by molecular oxygen. In the first half-reaction two forms of the reduced TPQ have been observed, the colorless Cu(II)-aminoquinol and the yellow Cu(I)-semiquinolamine radical so that this enzyme may be referred to as a "protein-radical enzyme". The interaction of xenon, in aqueous solutions, with the copper/TPQ amine oxidase from lentil (Lens esculenta) seedlings has been investigated by NMR and optical spectroscopy. NMR data indicate that xenon binds to the protein. Under 10 atm gaseous xenon and in the absence of substrates more than 60% native enzyme is converted into Cu(I)-semiquinolamine radical species, showing for the first time that both monomers in the dimer can generate the radical. Under the same experimental conditions the copper-free lentil enzyme is able to generate an intermediate absorbing at about 360 nm, which is assigned to the product Schiff base quinolaldimine which, to the best of our knowledge, has never been observed during the catalytic mechanism of plant amine oxidases. A possible role of the lysine residue responsible for the formation of Cu(I)-semiquinolamine and quinolaldimine, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Medda
- Department of Applied Sciences in Biosystems, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Cagliari, Italy
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