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Ala C, Joshi RP, Gupta P, Goswami SG, Ramalingam S, Kondapalli Venkata Gowri CS, Sankaranarayanan M. A critical review of therapeutic interventions in sickle cell disease: Progress and challenges. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400381. [PMID: 39031925 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that occurs due to the point mutation in the β-globin gene, which results in the formation of sickle hemoglobin (HbS) in the red blood cells (RBCs). When HbS is exposed to an oxygen-depleted environment, it polymerizes, resulting in hemolysis, vaso-occlusion pain, and impaired blood flow. Still, there is no affordable cure for this inherited disease. Approved medications held promise but were met with challenges due to limited patient tolerance and undesired side effects, thereby inhibiting their ability to enhance the quality of life across various individuals with SCD. Progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of SCD during the past few decades, leading to the discovery of novel targets and therapies. However, there is a compelling need for research to discover medications with improved efficacy and reduced side effects. Also, more clinical investigations on various drug combinations with different mechanisms of action are needed. This review comprehensively presents therapeutic approaches for SCD, including those currently available or under investigation. It covers fundamental aspects of the disease, such as epidemiology and pathophysiology, and provides detailed discussions on various disease-modifying agents. Additionally, expert insights are offered on the future development of pharmacotherapy for SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandu Ala
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Renuka Parshuram Joshi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pragya Gupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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Singh A, Debnath R, Chawla V, Chawla PA. Heterocyclic compounds as xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the management of hyperuricemia: synthetic strategies, structure-activity relationship and molecular docking studies (2018-2024). RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1849-1876. [PMID: 38911168 PMCID: PMC11187568 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is characterized by higher-than-normal levels of uric acid in the bloodstream. This condition can increase the likelihood of developing gout, a form of arthritis triggered by the deposition of urate crystals in the joints, leading to inflammation and pain. An essential part of purine metabolism is played by the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO), which transforms xanthine and hypoxanthine into uric acid. Despite its vital role, diseases such as gout have been associated with elevated uric acid levels, which are linked to increased XO activity. To manage hyperuricemia, this study focuses on potential nitrogen based heterocyclic compounds that may serve as XO inhibitors which may lower uric acid levels and prevent hyperuricemia. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are a class of medications used to treat conditions like gout by reducing the production of uric acid. The present study demonstrates numerous compounds, particularly nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds including their synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and molecular docking studies. This paper also contains drugs undergoing clinical studies and the xanthine oxidase inhibitors that have been approved by the FDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy Ghal Kalan, G.T Road Moga Punjab 142001 India
| | - Rabin Debnath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy Ghal Kalan, G.T Road Moga Punjab 142001 India
| | - Viney Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences Faridkot 151203 Punjab India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences Faridkot 151203 Punjab India
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Gulati HK, Khanna A, Kumar N, Sharma A, Rupali, Jyoti, Singh J, Bhagat K, Bedi PMS. Triazole derivatives as potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Design, enzyme inhibition potential, and docking studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300296. [PMID: 38196114 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Considerable ingenuity has been shown in the recent years in the discovery of novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors that fall outside the purine scaffold. The triazole nucleus has been the cornerstone for the development of many enzyme inhibitors for the clinical management of several diseases, where hyperuricemia is one of them. Here, we give a critical overview of significant research on triazole-based XO inhibitors, with respect to their design, synthesis, inhibition potential, toxicity, and docking studies, done till now. Based on these literature findings, we can expect a burst of modifications on triazole-based scaffolds in the near future by targeting XO, which will treat hyperuricemics, that is, painful conditions like gout that at present are hard to deal with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmandeep Kaur Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Dasmesh College of Pharmacy, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Aanchal Khanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rupali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jatindervir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Zhang MQ, Sun KX, Guo X, Chen YY, Feng CY, Chen JS, Barreira JCM, Prieto MA, Sun JY, Zhang JD, Li NY, Liu C. The antihyperuricemia activity of Astragali Radix through regulating the expression of uric acid transporters via PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116770. [PMID: 37308029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Astragali Radix (AR) is the dry root of the leguminous plants Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Beg. var. mongholicus (Beg) Hsiao, and Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge., being used as a medicinal and edible resource. AR is used in traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions to treat hyperuricemia, but this particular effect is rarely reported, and the associated mechanism of action is still need to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY To research the uric acid (UA)-lowering activity and mechanism of AR and the representative compounds through the constructed hyperuricemia mouse and cellular models. MATERIALS AND METHODS In our study, the chemical profile of AR was analysed by UHPLC-QE-MS, as well as the mechanism of action of AR and the representative compounds on hyperuricemia was studied through the constructed hyperuricemia mouse and cellular models. RESULTS The main compounds in AR were terpenoids, flavonoids and alkaloids. Mice group treated with the highest AR dosage showed significantly lower (p < 0.0001) serum uric acid (208 ± 9 μmol/L) than the control group (317 ± 11 μmol/L). Furthermore, UA increased in a dose-dependence manner in urine and faeces. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen standards, as well as xanthine oxidase in mice liver, decreased (p < 0.05) in all cases, indicating that AR could relieve acute hyperuricemia. UA reabsorption protein (URAT1 and GLUT9) was down-regulated in AR administration groups, while the secretory protein (ABCG2) was up-regulated, indicating that AR could promote the excretion of UA by regulating UA transporters via PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. CONCLUSION This study validated the activity, and revealed the mechanism of AR in reducing UA, which provided experimental and clinical basis for the treatment of hyperuricemia with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Ke-Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Xu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Cai-Yun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Jia-Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Joao C M Barreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Prieto
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Jin-Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
| | - Jian-Dong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, 250014, PR China.
| | - Ning-Yang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
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Sui Y, Xu D, Sun X. Identification of anti-hyperuricemic components from Coix seed. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Xanthine oxidase inhibitory potentials of flavonoid aglycones of Tribulus terrestris: in vivo, in silico and in vitro studies. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Despite the ongoing safety-driven spate of flavonoid xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition investigations, there is a lack of flavonoid-based uricostatic antihyperuricemic agents in clinical medicine. The poor pharmacokinetic profiles of glycosides (the natural form of existence of most flavonoids) relative to their aglycones could be largely responsible for this paradox. This investigation was aimed at providing both functional and molecular bases for the possible discovery of XOD inhibitory (or uricostatic) anti-hyperuricemic flavonoid aglycones from the leaves of a flavonoid-rich medicinal plant, Tribulus terrestris. To this end, the flavonoid aglycone fraction of T. terrestris leaf extract (FATT) was evaluated in vivo for antihyperuricemic activity in ethanol-induced hyperuricemic mice, monitoring serum and liver uric acid levels. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were carried out on the three major flavonoid aglycones of T. terrestris (isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol) against an inhibitor conformation XOD model. The three flavonoids were also subjected to in vitro XOD activity assay, comparing their IC50 to that of allopurinol, a standard uricostatic antihyperuricemic drug.
Results
FATT significantly lowered serum uric acid (p < 0.0001) and liver uric acid (p < 0.05) levels of the experimental animals, implying anti-hyperuricemic activity with uricostatic action mechanism allusions. Molecular docking studies revealed high binding affinity values (− 7.8, − 8.1, − 8.2 kcal/mol) for the aglycones (isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol, respectively). Radius of gyration and RMSD analyses of the molecular dynamics simulation trajectories of the three aglycone–XOD complexes revealed substantial stability, the highest stability being demonstrated by the kaempferol–XOD complex. In vitro XOD activity assay showed kaempferol (IC50: 8.2 ± 0.9 μg/ml), quercetin (IC50: 20.4 ± 1.3 μg/ml) and isorhamnetin (IC50: 22.2 ± 2.1 μg/ml) to be more potent than allopurinol (IC50: 30.1 ± 3.0 μg/ml).
Conclusion
This work provides a scientific basis for the use of T. terrestris in the treatment of hyperuricemia-related (e.g. kidney stone and gout) disorders. It also provides the molecular basis for a focussed screening of the flavonoid aglycones chemical space for the possible discovery of flavonoid-based uricostatic anti-hyperuricemic drugs or drug templates.
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Maiti BK. Cross‐talk Between (Hydrogen)Sulfite and Metalloproteins: Impact on Human Health. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104342. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Maiti
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Sikkim, Ravangla Campus Barfung Block, Ravangla Sub Division South Sikkim 737139 India
- Department of Chemistry Cluster University of Jammu Canal Road Jammu 180001
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Rahimi N, Modabberi S, Faghir-Ghanesefat H, Shayan M, Farzad Maroufi S, Asgari Dafe E, Reza Dehpour A. The Possible Role of Nitric Oxide signaling and NMDA Receptors in Allopurinol effect on Maximal Electroshock- and Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Seizures in Mice. Neurosci Lett 2022; 778:136620. [PMID: 35395326 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Allopurinol, a uric-acid-lowering medication, has shown its efficacy in several studies suggesting that allopurinol can be prescribed as adjunctive cure meant for intractable epilepsy. The exact mechanism of allopurinol is still unknown. This study evaluates allopurinol's effect on seizure threshold, seizure incidence, and mortality rate in mice models. Moreover, the possible involvement of nitric oxide (NO) pathway and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are investigated. To evaluate the effect of allopurinol on seizure, we used the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure along with maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizure. To assess the underlying mechanism behind the allopurinol activity, we used nitric oxide synthase (NOS) substrate (L-arginine), NOS inhibitors (L-NAME, aminoguanidine, 7-nitroindazole), and NMDA receptor antagonist (MK-801). Intraperitoneal allopurinol administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg in mice showed a significant (p<0.001) anti-convulsant activity in the PTZ-induced seizure. Even though pre-treatment with L-Arginine (60 mg/kg) potentiates allopurinol's anti-convulsant effect in the PTZ-induced seizure, pre-treatment with L-NAME (10 mg/kg), aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg), and 7-nitroindazole (30 mg/kg) reversed the anti-convulsant effect of allopurinol in the PTZ-induced seizure. In addition, pre-treatment with MK-801 also decreased the anti-convulsant effect of allopurinol in the PTZ-induced seizure. While allopurinol at a dose of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg did not induce protection against seizure incidence in the MES-induced seizure, it revealed a remarkable effect in reducing the mortality rate in the MES-induced seizure. Allopurinol increases the seizure threshold in PTZ-induced seizure and enhances the survival rate in MES-induced seizure. Allopurinol exerts its anti-convulsant effect, possibly through targeting NO pathway and NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Rahimi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Modabberi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedyeh Faghir-Ghanesefat
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Farzad Maroufi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Asgari Dafe
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yagiz G, Noma SAA, Altundas A, Al-Khafaji K, Taskin-Tok T, Ates B. Synthesis, inhibition properties against xanthine oxidase and molecular docking studies of dimethyl N-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylate and (N-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diyl)dimethanol derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2021; 108:104654. [PMID: 33493930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on synthesis various dimethyl N-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylate and (N-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diyl)dimethanol derivatives under the conditions of green chemistry without the use of solvent and catalysts. Their inhibition properties were also investigated on xanthine oxidase (XO) activity. All dimethanol and dicarboxylate derivatives exhibited significant inhibition activities with IC50 values ranging from 0.71 to 2.25 μM. Especially, (1-(3-bromobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diyl)dimethanol (5c) and dimethyl 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylate (6 g) compounds were found to be the most promising derivatives on the XO enzyme inhibition with IC50 values 0.71 and 0.73 μM, respectively. Moreover, the double docking procedure was to evaluate compound modes of inhibition and their interactions with the protein (XO) at atomic level. Surprisingly, the docking results showed a good correlation with IC50 [correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.7455)]. Also, the docking results exhibited that the 5c, 6f and 6 g have lowest docking scores -4.790, -4.755, and -4.730, respectively. These data were in agreement with the IC50 values. These results give promising beginning stages to assist in the improvement of novel and powerful inhibitor against XO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güler Yagiz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Samir Abbas Ali Noma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Aliye Altundas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Khattab Al-Khafaji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Tugba Taskin-Tok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey; Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Burhan Ates
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey.
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Ho SL, Lin CT, Lee SS. In silico design and synthesis of N-arylalkanyl 2-naphthamides as a new class of non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:789-801. [PMID: 33398913 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-arylalkanyl 2-naphthamides (Xa~e), which were predicted from virtual molecular docking on a built xanthine oxidase template as potential inhibitors, were synthesized. Their inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase was assayed. Among these prepared, compounds Xb (IC50 13.6 μM), Xc (IC50 13.1 μM), and Xd (IC50 12.5 μM) showed comparable inhibitory activity to allopurinol (IC50 22.1 μM). The in vitro assay result correlated well with molecular docking scores, ΔG = -16.99, -17.66, and -17.13 Kcal/mol, respectively. On the potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice model, oral administration of Xc-Ac (40 mg/ Kg), the per-O-acetylated Xc, could reduce the blood uric acid level by 60% in comparison to the normal control group and is statistically significant (p < .01) while compared with the hyperuricemic mice group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheau Ling Ho
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ting Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shoei-Sheng Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Al-Shehri SS. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and innate immune response. Biochimie 2020; 181:52-64. [PMID: 33278558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens and is characterized by its fast but nonspecific response. One important mechanism of this system is the production of the biocidal reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which are widely distributed within biological systems, including phagocytes and secretions. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are short-lived intermediates that are biochemically synthesized by various enzymatic reactions in aerobic organisms and are regulated by antioxidants. The physiological levels of reactive species play important roles in cellular signaling and proliferation. However, higher concentrations and prolonged exposure can fight infections by damaging important microbial biomolecules. One feature of the reactive species generation system is the interaction between its components to produce more biocidal agents. For example, the phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex generates superoxide, which functions as a precursor for antimicrobial hydrogen peroxide synthesis. Peroxide is then used by myeloperoxidase in the same cells to generate hypochlorous acid, a highly microbicidal agent. Studies on animal models and microorganisms have shown that deficiency of these antimicrobial agents is associated with severe recurrent infections and immunocompromised diseases, such as chronic granulomatous disease. There is accumulating evidence that reactive species have important positive aspects on human health and immunity; however, some important promising features of this system remain obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S Al-Shehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Juárez-Gómez J, Ramírez-Silva MT, Guzmán-Hernández DS, Romero-Romo M, Palomar-Pardavé M. Novel electrochemical method to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of infusions and beverages, based on in situ formation of free superoxide radicals. Food Chem 2020; 332:127409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Al-Shehri SS, Duley JA, Bansal N. Xanthine oxidase-lactoperoxidase system and innate immunity: Biochemical actions and physiological roles. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101524. [PMID: 32334145 PMCID: PMC7183230 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system in mammals is the first-line defense that plays an important protective role against a wide spectrum of pathogens, especially during early life before the adaptive immune system develops. The enzymes xanthine oxidase (XO) and lactoperoxidase (LPO) are widely distributed in mammalian tissues and secretions, and have a variety of biological functions including in innate immunity, provoking much interest for both in vitro and in vivo applications. The enzymes are characterized by their generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, including hydrogen peroxide, hypothiocyanite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite. XO is a major generator of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide that subsequently trigger a cascade of oxidative radical pathways, including those produced by LPO, which have bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects against pathogens including opportunistic bacteria. In addition to their role in host microbial defense, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play important physiological roles as second messenger cell signaling molecules, including cellular proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. There are several indications that the reactive species generated by peroxide have positive effects on human health, particularly in neonates; however, some important in vivo aspects of this system remain obscure. The primary dependence of the system on hydrogen peroxide has led us to propose it is particularly relevant to neonate mammals during milk feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S Al-Shehri
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - John A Duley
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4102, Australia
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4102, Australia; School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4102, Australia
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel indolinedione–coumarin hybrids as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Thiazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors: design, synthesis, in vitro evaluation, and molecular modeling studies. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Malik N, Dhiman P, Khatkar A. Mechanistic approach towards interaction of newly synthesized Hesperidin derivatives against xanthine oxidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:864-876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Zhou DD, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Wang YZ, Yang FQ, Wang SP, Wang YT. Cupric ion functionalized polydopamine coated magnetic microspheres as solid-phase adsorbent for the extraction of purines in plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1120:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of 3-oxo-6-aryl-2,3-dihydropyridazine-4-carbohydrazide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1818-1823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Luna G, Dolzhenko AV, Mancera RL. Inhibitors of Xanthine Oxidase: Scaffold Diversity and Structure-Based Drug Design. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:714-743. [PMID: 30740924 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of purines and their conversion into uric acid. XO is thus the target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. For more than 50 years the only XO inhibitor drug available on the market was the purine analogue allopurinol. In the last decade there has been a resurgence in the search for new inhibitors of XO, as the activity of XO and hyperuricemia have also been associated with a variety of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. In recent years the non-purine inhibitor febuxostat was approved in Europe and the USA for the treatment of hyperuricemia. This drug was followed by another XO inhibitor called topiroxostat. This review discusses the molecular structures and activities of the multiple classes of inhibitors that have been developed since the discovery of allopurinol, with a brief review of the molecular interactions between inhibitors and XO active site residues for the most important molecules. The challenges ahead for the discovery of new inhibitors of XO with novel chemical structures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Luna
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Anton V Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
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Singh JV, Mal G, Kaur G, Gupta MK, Singh A, Nepali K, Singh H, Sharma S, S Bedi PM. Benzoflavone derivatives as potent antihyperuricemic agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:128-147. [PMID: 30931089 PMCID: PMC6399681 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00512e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two series of benzoflavone derivatives were rationally designed, synthesized and evaluated for their xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory potential. Among both series, eight compounds (NF-2, NF-4, NF-9, NF-12, NF-16, NF-25, NF-28, and NF-32) were found to exert significant XO inhibition with IC50 values lower than 10 μM. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed that the most potent benzoflavone derivatives (NF-4 and NF-28) are mixed type inhibitors of the XO enzyme. Molecular modeling studies were also performed to investigate the binding interactions of these molecules (NF-4 and NF-28) with the amino acid residues present in the active site of the enzyme. Docking results confirmed that their favorable binding conformations in the active site of XO can completely block the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Benzoflavone derivatives exhibiting potent XO enzyme inhibition also showed promising results in a hyperuricemic mice model when tested in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder V Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab 143005 , India . ; ;
| | - Gurbachan Mal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab 143005 , India . ; ;
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab 143005 , India . ; ;
| | - Manish K Gupta
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre , The Energy and Resources Institute , TERI Gram , Gual Pahari , Gurugram , Haryana 122001 , India
| | - Amritpal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab 143005 , India . ; ;
| | - Kunal Nepali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab 143005 , India . ; ;
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab 143005 , India . ; ;
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab 143005 , India . ; ;
| | - Preet Mohinder S Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab 143005 , India . ; ;
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21
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Haque MR, Ghosh S, Rahman MM, Siddiquee TA, Nesterov VN, Richmond MG, Hogarth G, Kabir SE. Mixed-valence dimolybdenum complexes containing hard oxo and soft carbonyl ligands: synthesis, structure, and electrochemistry of Mo 2(O)(CO) 2(μ-κ 2-S(CH 2) nS) 2(κ 2-diphosphine). Dalton Trans 2018; 47:10102-10112. [PMID: 29999052 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02231c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-valence dimolybdenum complexes Mo2(O)(CO)2{μ-κ2-S(CH2)nS}2(κ2-Ph2P(CH2)mPPh2) (n = 2, 3; m = 1, 2) (1-4) have been synthesized from one-pot reactions of fac-Mo(CO)3(NCMe)3 and dithiols, HS(CH2)nSH, in the presence of diphosphines. The dimolybdenum framework is supported by two thiolate bridges, with one molybdenum carrying a terminal oxo ligand and the second two carbonyls. The dppm (m = 1) products exist as a pair of diastereomers differing in the relative orientation of the two carbonyls (cis and trans) at the Mo(CO)2(dppm) center, while dppe (m = 2) complexes are found solely as the trans isomers. Small amounts of Mo(CO){κ3-S(CH2CH2S)2}(κ2-dppe) (5) also result from the reaction using HS(CH2)2SH and dppe. The bonding in isomers of 1-4 has been computationally explored by DFT calculations, trans diastereomers being computed to be more stable than the corresponding pair of cis diastereomers for all. The calculations confirm the existence of Mo[triple bond, length as m-dash]O and Mo-Mo bond orders and suggest that the new dimeric compounds are best viewed as Mo(v)-Mo(i) mixed-valence systems. The electrochemical properties of 1 have been investigated by CV and show a reversible one-electron reduction associated with the Mo(v) centre, while two closely spaced irreversible oxidation waves are tentatively assigned to oxidation of the Mo(i) centre of the two isomers as supported by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rezaul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.
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22
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Liu X, Li Y, Li Z, Wei X, Ma Y, Cheng P, Jiao R, Fang J, Xing Y, Tang J, Wang M, Li T. A novel IgG1 monoclonal antibody against xanthine oxidase alleviates inflammation induced by potassium oxonate in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:537-547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Computational exploration of reactive fragment for mechanism-based inhibition of xanthine oxidase. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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24
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Saswati, Roy S, Dash SP, Acharyya R, Kaminsky W, Ugone V, Garribba E, Harris C, Lowe JM, Dinda R. Chemistry of oxidomolybdenum(IV) and -(VI) complexes with ONS donor ligands: Synthesis, computational evaluation and oxo-transfer reactions. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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25
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Muzychka OV, Kobzar OL, Popova AV, Frasinyuk MS, Vovk AI. Carboxylated aurone derivatives as potent inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3606-3613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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26
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Kaur M, Kaur A, Mankotia S, Singh H, Singh A, Singh JV, Gupta MK, Sharma S, Nepali K, Bedi PMS. Synthesis, screening and docking of fused pyrano[3,2- d ]pyrimidine derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 131:14-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Zafar H, Hayat M, Saied S, Khan M, Salar U, Malik R, Choudhary MI, Khan KM. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of nicotino/isonicotinohydrazides: A systematic approach from in vitro , in silico to in vivo studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2351-2371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Ali MR, Kumar S, Afzal O, Shalmali N, Ali W, Sharma M, Bawa S. 2-Benzamido-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Potential Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors and Free Radical Scavengers. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [PMID: 28133790 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The new chemical entities febuxostat and topiroxostat have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, opening new avenues for exploiting different heterocycles other than purines as xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors. A different series of substituted 2-benzamido-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives (5a-r) was synthesized and characterized by the collective use of IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, and mass spectroscopy, for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. In vitro studies of the synthesized derivatives revealed that the presence of a fluoro group at the para position in 5b (IC50 = 0.57 μm) and a chloro group in 5c (IC50 = 0.91 μm) signifies excellent XO inhibitory activity among the series, along with their DPPH free radial scavenging activity. In vivo serum uric acid inhibition studies established that 5b and 5c displayed 62 and 53% uric acid inhibition, respectively. Studies on enzyme kinetics indicated that 5b acts as a mixed type inhibitor. In silico prediction by various softwares also helped in the recognition of potent XO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rahmat Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishtha Shalmali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Wazid Ali
- Hamdard Institute of Medical Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manju Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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29
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Maia LB, Moura I, Moura JJ. EPR Spectroscopy on Mononuclear Molybdenum-Containing Enzymes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN METALLOPROTEIN AND METALLOENZYME RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59100-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Bayle EA. Modeling the transition state structure to probe a reaction mechanism on the oxidation of quinoline by quinoline 2-oxidoreductase. Chem Cent J 2016; 10:70. [PMID: 27942266 PMCID: PMC5123400 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quinoline 2-oxidoreductase (Qor) is a member of molybdenum hydroxylase which catalyzes the oxidation of quinoline (2, 3 benzopyridine) to 1-hydro-2-oxoquinoline. Qor has biological and medicinal significances. Qor is known to metabolize drugs produced from quinoline for the treatment of malaria, arthritis, and lupus for many years. However, the mechanistic action by which Qor oxidizes quinoline has not been investigated either experimentally or theoretically. Purpose of the study The present study was intended to determine the interaction site of quinoline, predict the transition state structure, and probe a plausible mechanistic route for the oxidative hydroxylation of quinoline in the reductive half-reaction active site of Qor. Results Density functional theory calculations have been carried out in order to understand the events taking place during the oxidative hydroxylation of quinoline in the reductive half-reaction active site of Qor. The most electropositivity and the lowest percentage contribution to the HOMO are shown at C2 of quinoline compared to the other carbon atoms. The transition state structure of quinoline bound to the active site has been confirmed by one imaginary negative frequency of −104.500/s and −1.2365899E+06 transition state energies. The Muliken atomic charges, the bond distances, and the bond order profiles were determined to characterize the transition state structure and the reaction mechanism. Conclusion The results have shown that C2 is the preferred locus of interaction of quinoline to interact with the active site of Qor. The transition state structure of quinoline bound to the active site has been confirmed by one imaginary negative frequency. Moreover, the presence of partial negative charges on hydrogen at the transitions state suggested hydride transfer. Similarly, results obtained from total energy, iconicity and molecular orbital analyses supported a concerted reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyew A Bayle
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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31
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Ojha R, Singh J, Ojha A, Singh H, Sharma S, Nepali K. An updated patent review: xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout (2011-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:311-345. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1261111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Ojha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Jagjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Rayat-Bahara group of Institutes, Hoshiarpur, India
| | - Anu Ojha
- Department of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, India
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Kunal Nepali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
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32
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Paul T, Rodehutskors PM, Schmidt J, Burzlaff N. Oxygen Atom Transfer Catalysis with Homogenous and Polymer-Supported N,N- and N,N,O-Heteroscorpionate Dioxidomolybdenum(VI) Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Paul
- Inorganic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Philipp M. Rodehutskors
- Inorganic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jochen Schmidt
- Inorganic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nicolai Burzlaff
- Inorganic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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33
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Ali MR, Kumar S, Afzal O, Shalmali N, Sharma M, Bawa S. Development of 2-(Substituted Benzylamino)-4-Methyl-1, 3-Thiazole-5-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors and Free Radical Scavengers. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:508-16. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Rahmat Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Nishtha Shalmali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Manju Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
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34
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Qi D, You J, Wang X, Zhang Y. Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of 2-(Benzylthio)-5-[1-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-3-Phenyl-1H-Pyrazol-5-Yl]-1,3,4-Oxadiazoles Derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14474176305729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic route for the preparation of 2-(benzylthio)-5-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazoles derivatives from ethyl 3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate has been developed. The configurations of the intermediate 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione and 3-bromobenzylthio substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of these compounds was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Qi
- School of Science and Technology, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Jinzong You
- School of Science and Technology, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Xuejie Wang
- School of Science and Technology, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- School of Science and Technology, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
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35
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Lin S, Zhang G, Liao Y, Pan J. Inhibition of chrysin on xanthine oxidase activity and its inhibition mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:274-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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36
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Heinze K. Bioinspired functional analogs of the active site of molybdenum enzymes: Intermediates and mechanisms. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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37
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Sun ZG, Zhou XJ, Zhu ML, Ding WZ, Li Z, Zhu HL. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Aryl-2H-pyrazole Derivatives as Potent Non-purine Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:603-7. [PMID: 26040271 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of aryl-2H-pyrazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase in vitro as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Among them, 2 aryl-2H-pyrazole derivatives showed significant inhibitory activities against xanthine oxidase. Compound 19 emerged as the most potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor (IC50=9.8 µM) in comparison with allopurinol (IC50=9.5 µM). The docking study revealed that compound 19 might have strong interactions with the active site of xanthine oxidase. This compound is thus a new candidate for further development for the treatment of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University
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38
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Screening of a library of 4-aryl/heteroaryl-4H-fused pyrans for xanthine oxidase inhibition: synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Nitrite reduction by molybdoenzymes: a new class of nitric oxide-forming nitrite reductases. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:403-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Maia LB, Pereira V, Mira L, Moura JJG. Nitrite reductase activity of rat and human xanthine oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase: evaluation of their contribution to NO formation in vivo. Biochemistry 2015; 54:685-710. [PMID: 25537183 DOI: 10.1021/bi500987w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite is presently considered a NO "storage form" that can be made available, through its one-electron reduction, to maintain NO formation under hypoxia/anoxia. The molybdoenzymes xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase (XO/XD) and aldehyde oxidase (AO) are two of the most promising mammalian nitrite reductases, and in this work, we characterized NO formation by rat and human XO/XD and AO. This is the first characterization of human enzymes, and our results support the employment of rat liver enzymes as suitable models of the human counterparts. A comprehensive kinetic characterization of the effect of pH on XO and AO-catalyzed nitrite reduction showed that the enzyme's specificity constant for nitrite increase 8-fold, while the Km(NO2(-)) decrease 6-fold, when the pH decreases from 7.4 to 6.3. These results demonstrate that the ability of XO/AO to trigger NO formation would be greatly enhanced under the acidic conditions characteristic of ischemia. The dioxygen inhibition was quantified, and the Ki(O2) values found (24.3-48.8 μM) suggest that in vivo NO formation would be fine-tuned by dioxygen availability. The potential in vivo relative physiological relevance of XO/XD/AO-dependent pathways of NO formation was evaluated using HepG2 and HMEC cell lines subjected to hypoxia. NO formation by the cells was found to be pH-, nitrite-, and dioxygen-dependent, and the relative contribution of XO/XD plus AO was found to be as high as 50%. Collectively, our results supported the possibility that XO/XD and AO can contribute to NO generation under hypoxia inside a living human cell. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of XO/AO-catalyzed nitrite reduction was revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B Maia
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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41
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Molybdenum and tungsten-dependent formate dehydrogenases. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 20:287-309. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Li J, Ryde U. Comparison of the Active-Site Design of Molybdenum Oxo-Transfer Enzymes by Quantum Mechanical Calculations. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:11913-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5010837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jilai Li
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical
Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and
Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ulf Ryde
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical
Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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43
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Virdi HS, Sharma S, Mehndiratta S, Bedi PMS, Nepali K. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2,4-diarylpyrano[3,2-c]chromen-5(4H)-one as a new class of non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:1-7. [PMID: 25268805 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.961446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Keeping in view the recent success of molecular hybridization technique in drug design, 2,4-diarylpyrano[3,2-c]chromen-5(4H)-ones as conjugates of coumarins and chalcones have been designed and synthesized in the present study. The catalytic efficiency of various Lewis acids for the synthesis of designed conjugates under neat conditions was investigated, and SiO2 (200-400 mesh)-ZnCl2 was optimized as the best catalyst among the tested ones. The conjugates were evaluated for in-vitro xanthine oxidase activity. The results of the in-vitro assay were quite promising as some conjugates were endowed with remarkable inhibitory potential against the enzyme. HV-8, 11 and 12 were found to be high-potent inhibitors with HV-11 (the most potent inhibitor) possessing an IC50 value of 2.21 µM. The most active conjugate HV-11 was evaluated for the type of inhibition and was found to be a mixed type inhibitor. The compliance of some selected conjugates to the Lipinski rule was also calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet S Virdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar, Punjab , India and
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44
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Singh H, Sharma S, Ojha R, Gupta MK, Nepali K, Bedi P. Synthesis and evaluation of naphthoflavones as a new class of non purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4192-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Guan Q, Cheng Z, Ma X, Wang L, Feng D, Cui Y, Bao K, Wu L, Zhang W. Synthesis and bioevaluation of 2-phenyl-4-methyl-1,3-selenazole-5-carboxylic acids as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:508-16. [PMID: 25113879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-phenyl-4-methyl-1,3-selenazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives (8a-f, 9a-m) were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase in vitro. Structure-activity relationship analyses have also been presented. Most of the target compounds exhibited potency levels in the nanomolar range. Compound 9e emerged as the most potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor (IC50 = 5.5 nM) in comparison to febuxostat (IC50 = 18.6 nM). Steady-state kinetics measurements with the bovine milk enzyme indicated a mixed type inhibition with Ki and Ki' values of 0.9 and 2.3 nM, respectively. A molecular modeling study on compounds 9e was performed to gain an insight into its binding mode with xanthine oxidase, and to provide the basis for further structure-guided design of new non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors related with 2-phenyl-4-methyl-1,3-selenazole-5-carboxylic acid scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zengjin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoxue Ma
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Dongjie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuanhang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Weige Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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46
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Beyaztaş S, Arslan O. Purification of xanthine oxidase from bovine milk by affinity chromatography with a novel gel. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:442-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.943204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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47
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Shukla S, Kumar D, Ojha R, Gupta MK, Nepali K, Bedi PMS. 4,6-Diaryl/heteroarylpyrimidin-2(1H)-ones as a New Class of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2014; 347:486-95. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwani Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - Ritu Ojha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - Manish K. Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; ISF College of Pharmacy; Moga Punjab India
| | - Kunal Nepali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - Preet M. S. Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B. Maia
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José J. G. Moura
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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49
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Kumar A, Koch A, Borthakur R, Chakraborty M, De A, Phukan A, Bez G, Lal R. Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of monometallic molybdenum (VI) complexes derived from bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde)succinoyldihydrazone. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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Zhao X, Chen J, Ye L, Xu G. Serum Metabolomics Study of the Acute Graft Rejection in Human Renal Transplantation Based on Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2659-67. [DOI: 10.1021/pr5001048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jihong Chen
- Department
of Nephrology, the first hospital affiliated of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyushannan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department
of Nephrology, the first hospital affiliated of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyushannan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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