1
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Liu Q, Liu M, Wang W. Recent progress of the synthesis methods of homo-trisubstituted pyrimidines compounds. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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2
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Andreev MV, Akishkina IA, Bogdanov VS, Aysin RR, Dolgushin FM, Burlakov VV. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Pathways in the Reactions of Five-Membered Zircona- and Hafnacyclocumulenes with Acetonitrile. Structures and Mechanisms of Formation of the Obtained Complexes. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V. Andreev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Iuliia A. Akishkina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, sq. Miusskaya 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav S. Bogdanov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rinat R. Aysin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor M. Dolgushin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Burlakov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Andreev MV, Bogdanov VS, Frolov MA, Smol'yakov AF, Burlakov VV. A Seven‐Membered Zirconacyclocumulene Complex as a source of Cyclobutadiene: Trapping of Cyclobutadiene by the Diels‐Alder Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V. Andreev
- Division of Organometallic Compounds A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Vavilov Street 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Vyacheslav S. Bogdanov
- Division of Organometallic Compounds A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Vavilov Street 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Frolov
- Division of Organometallic Compounds A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Vavilov Street 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander F. Smol'yakov
- Division of Organometallic Compounds A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Vavilov Street 28 119991 Moscow Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6 117198 Moscow Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Burlakov
- Division of Organometallic Compounds A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Vavilov Street 28 119991 Moscow Russia
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4
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Andreev MV, Bogdanov VS, Aysin RR, Smol’yakov AF, Dolgushin FM, Burlakov VV. Vinyl-Acetamidination of In Situ-Generated Acetylenic Complexes of Zirconocenes: Thermal Isomerization of Obtained Zirconabicycles. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V. Andreev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav S. Bogdanov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Rinat R. Aysin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander F. Smol’yakov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Fedor M. Dolgushin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prosp. 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Burlakov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
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5
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Rosenthal U. Take a "Snapshot" of New Syntheses, Reactions, and Characterizations from Unusual Unsaturated Ring Strained Group 4 Metallacycles. Chemistry 2021; 27:17751-17760. [PMID: 34463390 PMCID: PMC9293241 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently published syntheses, reactions and characterizations of unusual unsaturated ring strained Group 4 metallocene metallacycles like metalla‐cyclocumulenes, ‐cycloallenes and ‐cycloalkynes with different ring size are updated for the last three years. There exist for some of these metallacycles, depending on the ring size, 7‐, 5‐ and 4‐membered compounds. The new results for these metallacycles are summarized here and considered in addition to the former published results. Additionally, several compounds of this type were now characterized by new reactions. For a better understanding of these compounds, some spectroscopical methods as well as theoretical calculations were published. Despite of these all‐C‐metallacycles, only in some cases the syntheses and reactions for the corresponding hetero‐metallacycles were published too. Examples for these metallaheterocyclic compounds will not be considered in this article. All these unusual ring strained compounds have a great potential for a lot of interesting synthetic applications in the future. Additionally, they are very interesting from the theoretical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29 A, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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6
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Huh DN, Cheng Y, Frye CW, Egger DT, Tonks IA. Multicomponent syntheses of 5- and 6-membered aromatic heterocycles using group 4-8 transition metal catalysts. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9574-9590. [PMID: 34349931 PMCID: PMC8293814 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03037j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this Perspective, we discuss recent syntheses of 5- and 6-membered aromatic heterocycles via multicomponent reactions (MCRs) that are catalyzed by group 4-8 transition metals. These MCRs can be categorized based on the substrate components used to generate the cyclized product, as well as on common mechanistic features between the catalyst systems. These particular groupings are intended to highlight mechanistic and strategic similarities between otherwise disparate transition metals and to encourage future work exploring related systems with otherwise-overlooked elements. Importantly, in many cases these early- to mid-transition metal catalysts have been shown to be as effective for heterocycle syntheses as the later (and more commonly implemented) group 9-11 metals.
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7
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Roglans A, Pla-Quintana A, Solà M. Mechanistic Studies of Transition-Metal-Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions. Chem Rev 2020; 121:1894-1979. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roglans
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Pla-Quintana
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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8
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Burlakov VV, Andreev MV, Bogdanov VS, Arndt P, Baumann W, Spannenberg A, Rosenthal U, Shur VB. Protolysis of Seven-Membered Zirconacyclocumulene Complexes of Zirconocene. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Burlakov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim V. Andreev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav S. Bogdanov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Perdita Arndt
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Vladimir B. Shur
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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9
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Wang J, Wang J, Shen L, Zhao Y, Wu B, Yang XJ. Reactions of Dianionic α-Diimine-Supported Dimagnesium(I) Compound [K(THF)3]2[LMg–MgL] with Nitriles. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jijiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Juju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Lingyi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
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10
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Burlakov VV, Andreev MV, Bogdanov VS, Smol’yakov AF, Minacheva MK, Shur VB. Interaction of the Buchwald Seven-Membered Zirconacyclocumulene Complex with Carbonyl Compounds. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Burlakov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim V. Andreev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav S. Bogdanov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander F. Smol’yakov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Science, RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny Per. 36, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Mariya Kh. Minacheva
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir B. Shur
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Low CH, Rosenberg JN, Lopez MA, Agapie T. Oxidative Coupling with Zr(IV) Supported by a Noninnocent Anthracene-Based Ligand: Application to the Catalytic Cotrimerization of Alkynes and Nitriles to Pyrimidines. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11906-11910. [PMID: 30153728 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and reactivity of Zr complexes supported by a 9,10-anthracenediyl-linked bisphenoxide ligand, L. ZrIVLBn2 (1) undergoes facile photolytic reduction with concomitant formation of bibenzyl and ZrIVL(THF)3 (2), which displays a two-electron reduced anthracene moiety. Leveraging ligand-stored reducing equivalents, 2 promotes the oxidative coupling of internal and terminal alkynes to isolable zirconacyclopentadiene complexes, demonstrating the reversible utilization of anthracene as a redox reservoir. With diphenylacetylene under CO, cyclopentadienone is formed stoichiometrically. 2 is competent for the catalytic formation of pyrimidines from alkynes and nitriles. Mechanistic studies suggest that selectivity for pyrimidine originates from preferred formation of an azazirconacyclopentadiene intermediate, which reacts preferentially with nitriles over alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Heng Low
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard MC 127-72 , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Jeffrey N Rosenberg
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard MC 127-72 , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Marco A Lopez
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard MC 127-72 , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard MC 127-72 , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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12
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Mohan B, Salfeena CTF, Ashitha KT, Krishnan GV, Jesmina ARS, Varghese AM, Patil SA, Kumar BNSD, Sasidhar BS. Functionalized Pyrimidines from Alkynes and Nitriles: Application towards the Synthesis of Marine Natural Product Meridianin Analogs. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Banyangala Mohan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
| | - Chettiyan Thodi F. Salfeena
- Chemical Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-NIIST Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
| | - Kizhakkan T. Ashitha
- Chemical Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-NIIST Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
| | - Gopika V. Krishnan
- Agro-Processing and Technology DivisionCSIR –NIIST Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-NIIST Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
| | - Abdul Rasheed S. Jesmina
- Agro-Processing and Technology DivisionCSIR –NIIST Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-NIIST Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
| | - Angela M. Varghese
- Chemical Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
| | - Siddappa A. Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material SciencesJain UniversityJain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram Bangalore - 562112 India
| | - Bhaskaran Nair S. Dileep Kumar
- Agro-Processing and Technology DivisionCSIR –NIIST Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-NIIST Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
| | - Balappa S. Sasidhar
- Chemical Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-NIIST Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019 Kerala India
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13
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Fuji M, Obora Y. FeCl 3-Assisted Niobium-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Nitriles and Alkynes: Synthesis of Alkyl- and Arylpyrimidines Based on Independent Functions of NbCl 5 and FeCl 3 Lewis Acids. Org Lett 2017; 19:5569-5572. [PMID: 28968133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
NbCl5-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of nitriles with alkynes was used to synthesize pyrimidine derivatives. In this reaction, the use of individual Lewis acids, namely NbCl5 and FeCl3, is a key strategy for achieving the reaction using a catalytic amount of NbCl5. The roles of the two Lewis acids were investigated using FT-IR spectroscopy. The results showed that NbCl5 served as an efficient Lewis acid catalyst for nitrile activation, whereas FeCl3 showed stronger Lewis acidity toward pyrimidines, releasing NbCl5 into the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maito Fuji
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University , Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yasushi Obora
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University , Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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14
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Wang L, Cheng J, Deng L. A square planar iron(II) biphenyl-2,2′-diyl complex with NHC ligation: Synthesis, characterization, and its reactivity toward unsaturated organic substrates. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Burlakov VV, Spannenberg A, Bogdanov VS, Andreev MV, Arndt P, Rosenthal U. N-[1-Phenyl-2,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)pent-2-en-4-yn-1-yl]aniline. IUCRDATA 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314616015595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular structure of the title compound, C23H31NSi2, reveals an acyclic conjugated enyne unit as the main feature. The central pent-2-en-4-yl fragment is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.0492 (7) Å from the mean plane defined by the C—C=C—C[triple-bond]C unit. The dihedral angle between the phenyl rings is 84.44 (5)°.
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16
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Fang B, Zhang L, Hou G, Zi G, Fang DC, Walter MD. Experimental and Computational Studies on an Actinide Metallacyclocumulene Complex. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guohua Hou
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guofu Zi
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - De-Cai Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Marc D. Walter
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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