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Leone L, Guarnieri L, Martinelli J, Sisti M, Penoni A, Botta M, Tei L. Rigid and Compact Binuclear Bis-hydrated Gd-complexes as High Relaxivity MRI Agents. Chemistry 2021; 27:11811-11817. [PMID: 34114699 PMCID: PMC8456821 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first binuclear Gd‐complex of the 12‐membered pyridine‐based polyaminocarboxylate macrocyclic ligand PCTA was synthesized by C−C connection of the pyridine units through two different synthetic procedures. A dimeric AAZTA‐ligand was also synthesized with the aim to compare the relaxometric results or the two ditopic Gd‐complexes. Thus, the 1H relaxometric study on [Gd2PCTA2(H2O)4] and on [Gd2AAZTA2(H2O)4]2− highlighted the remarkable rigidity and compactness of the two binuclear complexes, which results in molar relaxivities (per Gd), at 1.5 T and 298 K of ca. 12–12.6 mM−1 s−1 with an increase of ca. 80 % at 1.5 T and 298 K (+70 % at 310 K) with respect to the corresponding mononuclear complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Leone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, viale T. Michel 11, 50121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Luca Guarnieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, viale T. Michel 11, 50121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Jonathan Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, viale T. Michel 11, 50121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Massimo Sisti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, Como, 22100, Italy
| | - Andrea Penoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, Como, 22100, Italy
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, viale T. Michel 11, 50121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, viale T. Michel 11, 50121, Alessandria, Italy
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2
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Martinelli J, Tei L, Geninatti Crich S, Alberti D, Djanashvili K. Towards Enhanced MRI Performance of Tumor-Specific Dimeric Phenylboronic Contrast Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061730. [PMID: 33808910 PMCID: PMC8003780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that phenylboronic acid (PBA) can target tumor tissues by binding to sialic acid, a substrate overexpressed by cancer cells. This capability has previously been explored in the design of targeting diagnostic probes such as Gd- and 68Ga-DOTA-EN-PBA, two contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), respectively, whose potential has already been demonstrated through in vivo experiments. In addition to its high resolution, the intrinsic low sensitivity of MRI stimulates the search for more effective contrast agents, which, in the case of small-molecular probes, basically narrows down to either increased tumbling time of the entire molecule or elevated local concentration of the paramagnetic ions, both strategies resulting in enhanced relaxivity, and consequently, a higher MRI contrast. The latter strategy can be achieved by the design of multimeric GdIII complexes. Based on the monomeric PBA-containing probes described recently, herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of the dimeric analogues (GdIII-DOTA-EN)2-PBA and (GdIII-DOTA-EN)2F2PBA. The presence of two Gd ions in one molecule clearly contributes to the improved biological performance, as demonstrated by the relaxometric study and cell-binding investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Martinelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands;
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Simonetta Geninatti Crich
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (S.G.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Diego Alberti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (S.G.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Kristina Djanashvili
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-15-278-9052
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3
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Perry HL, Yoon IC, Chabloz NG, Molisso S, Stasiuk GJ, Botnar RM, Wilton-Ely JDET. Metallostar Assemblies Based on Dithiocarbamates for Use as MRI Contrast Agents. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10813-10823. [PMID: 32677827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two different octadentate gadolinium chelates based on DO3A and DOTAGA chelates (hydration number q = 1) have been used to prepare a series of bi-, tri-, and tetrametallic d-f mixed-metal complexes. The piperazine-based dithiocarbamate linker ensures that rotation of the gadolinium chelates is restricted, leading to enhanced relaxivity (r1) values, which increase with the overall mass and number of gadolinium units. The r1 value (at 10 MHz, 25 °C) per gadolinium unit rises from 5.0 mM-1 s-1 for the Gd-DO3A-NH2 monogadolinium chelate to 9.2 mM-1 s-1 in a trigadolinium complex with a ruthenium(III) core. Using a 1.5 T clinical scanner operating at 63.87 MHz (25 °C), an 86% increase in the relaxivity per gadolinium unit is observed for this multimetallic compound compared to clinically approved Dotarem. The gadolinium complexes based on the DOTAGA chelate also performed well at 63.87 MHz, with a relaxivity value of 9.5 mM-1 s-1 per gadolinium unit being observed for the trigadolinium d-f mixed-metal complex with a ruthenium(III) core. The versatility of dithiocarbamate coordination chemistry thus provides access to a wide range of d-f hybrids with potential for use as high-performance MRI contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Perry
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Il-Chul Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Nicolas G Chabloz
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Susannah Molisso
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Graeme J Stasiuk
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - René M Botnar
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - James D E T Wilton-Ely
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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Vorobiev V, Babič A, Crowe LA, Van De Looij Y, Lenglet S, Thomas A, Helm L, Vallée JP, Allémann E. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution study of self-assembled Gd-micelles demonstrating blood-pool contrast enhancement for MRI. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118496. [PMID: 31279053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) requires the use of contrast agents (CAs) to enable accurate diagnosis. There are currently no CAs on the market with appropriate pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, namely long persistence in the blood, that can be easily used for MRA. We have recently synthesized amphiphilic building blocks loaded with gadolinium (Gd), which self-assemble into Gd-micelles in aqueous media, and have evaluated their potential as a blood-pool contrast agent (BPCA) in vivo. To assess the short and long term PK of Gd-micelles, the blood and organs of the mice were analyzed at t = 30 min, 1, 2, 3 h, 7, 14 and 21 days. Gd-DOTA was used as a control because it is the gold-standard CA for MRA despite its rapid clearance from the blood compartment. Gd-micelles circulated in the blood for more than 3 h postinjection whereas Gd-DOTA was eliminated less than half an hour postinjection. No side effects were observed in the mice up to the end of the study at 21 days and no accumulation of Gd was observed in the brain or bones. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) parameters and the results of this in vivo study indicate the true BCPA properties of Gd-micelles and warrant further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vorobiev
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Babič
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L A Crowe
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y Van De Looij
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Lenglet
- Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Unit, University Center for Legal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Thomas
- Unit of Toxicology, CURML, Lausanne University Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Helm
- Group of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J-P Vallée
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Allémann
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Leone L, Ferrauto G, Cossi M, Botta M, Tei L. Optimizing the Relaxivity of MRI Probes at High Magnetic Field Strengths With Binuclear Gd III Complexes. Front Chem 2018; 6:158. [PMID: 29868561 PMCID: PMC5962812 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The key criteria to optimize the relaxivity of a Gd(III) contrast agent at high fields (defined as the region ≥ 1.5 T) can be summarized as follows: (i) the occurrence of a rotational correlation time τR in the range of ca. 0.2–0.5 ns; (ii) the rate of water exchange is not critical, but a τM < 100 ns is preferred; (iii) a relevant contribution from water molecules in the second sphere of hydration. In addition, the use of macrocycle-based systems ensures the formation of thermodynamically and kinetically stable Gd(III) complexes. Binuclear Gd(III) complexes could potentially meet these requirements. Their efficiency depends primarily on the degree of flexibility of the linker connecting the two monomeric units, the absence of local motions and the presence of contribution from the second sphere water molecules. With the aim to maximize relaxivity (per Gd) over a wide range of magnetic field strengths, two binuclear Gd(III) chelates derived from the well-known macrocyclic systems DOTA-monopropionamide and HPDO3A (Gd2L1 and Gd2L2, respectively) were synthesized through a multistep synthesis. Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) experiments carried out on Eu2L2 at different pH showed the occurrence of a CEST effect at acidic pH that disappears at neutral pH, associated with the deprotonation of the hydroxyl groups. Then, a complete 1H and 17O NMR relaxometric study was carried out in order to evaluate the parameters that govern the relaxivity associated with these complexes. The relaxivities of Gd2L1 and Gd2L2 (20 MHz, 298 K) are 8.7 and 9.5 mM−1 s−1, respectively, +77% and +106% higher than the relaxivity values of the corresponding mononuclear GdDOTAMAP-En and GdHPDO3A complexes. A significant contribution of second sphere water molecules was accounted for the strong relaxivity enhancement of Gd2L2. MR phantom images of the dinuclear complexes compared to GdHPDO3A, recorded at 7 T, confirmed the superiority of Gd2L2. Finally, ab initio (DFT) calculations were performed to obtain information about the solution structure of the dinuclear complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Leone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferrauto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Alessandria, Italy
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Alessandria, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Alessandria, Italy
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6
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Binuclear gadolinium(III) complex based on DTPA and 1,3-bis(4-aminophenyl)adamantane as a high-relaxivity MRI contrast agent. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Mousavi B, Chauvin A, Moriggi L, Helm L. Carbazole as Linker for Dinuclear Gadolinium‐Based MRI Contrast Agents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibimaryam Mousavi
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénieries Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology fort Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology 430070 Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Anne‐Sophie Chauvin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénieries Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Loïck Moriggi
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénieries Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Lothar Helm
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénieries Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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8
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Moreno S, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, de la Mata FJ, Gómez R, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. New anionic carbosilane dendrons functionalized with a DO3A ligand at the focal point for the prevention of HIV-1 infection. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:54-64. [PMID: 28827122 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel third-generation polyanionic carbosilane dendrons with sulfonate or carboxylate end-groups and functionalized with a DO3A ligand at the focal point, and their corresponding copper complexes, have been prepared as antiviral compounds to prevent HIV-1 infection. The topology enables the compound to have an excellent chelating agent, DO3A, while keeping anionic peripheral groups for a therapeutic action. In this study, the cytotoxicity and anti-HIV-1 abilities of carboxylate- (5) or sulfonate-terminated (6) dendrons containing DO3A and their copper complexes (7 or 8) were evaluated. All compounds showed low cytotoxicity and demonstrated potent and broad-spectrum anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro. We also assessed the mode of antiviral action on the inhibition of HIV-1 through a panel of different in vitro antiviral assays. Our results show that copper-free dendron 6 protects the epithelial monolayer from short-term cell disruption. Copper-free dendrons 5 and 6 exert anti-HIV-1 activity at an early stage of the HIV-1 lifecycle by binding to the envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1 and by interacting with the CD4 cell receptor and blocking the binding of gp120 to CD4, and consequently HIV-1 entry. These findings show that copper-free dendrons 5 and 6 have a high potency against HIV-1 infection, confirming their non-specific ability and suggesting that these compounds deserve further study as potential candidate microbicides to prevent HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moreno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Sección Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM Biobank, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ma Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Sección Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM Biobank, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Imberti C, Terry SYA, Cullinane C, Clarke F, Cornish GH, Ramakrishnan NK, Roselt P, Cope AP, Hicks RJ, Blower PJ, Ma MT. Enhancing PET Signal at Target Tissue in Vivo: Dendritic and Multimeric Tris(hydroxypyridinone) Conjugates for Molecular Imaging of α vβ 3 Integrin Expression with Gallium-68. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:481-495. [PMID: 27966893 PMCID: PMC5314429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tris(hydroxypyridinone) chelators conjugated to peptides can rapidly complex the positron-emitting isotope gallium-68 (68Ga) under mild conditions, and the resulting radiotracers can delineate peptide receptor expression at sites of diseased tissue in vivo. We have synthesized a dendritic bifunctional chelator containing nine 1,6-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one groups (SCN-HP9) that can coordinate up to three Ga3+ ions. This derivative has been conjugated to a trimeric peptide (RGD3) containing three peptide groups that target the αvβ3 integrin receptor. The resulting dendritic compound, HP9-RGD3, can be radiolabeled in 97% radiochemical yield at a 3-fold higher specific activity than its homologues HP3-RGD and HP3-RGD3 that contain only a single metal binding site. PET scanning and biodistribution studies show that [68Ga(HP9-RGD3)] demonstrates higher receptor-mediated tumor uptake in animals bearing U87MG tumors that overexpress αvβ3 integrin than [68Ga(HP3-RGD)] and [68Ga(HP3-RGD3)]. However, concomitant nontarget organ retention of [68Ga(HP9-RGD3)] results in low tumor to nontarget organ contrast in PET images. On the other hand, the trimeric peptide homologue containing a single tris(hydroxypyridinone) chelator, [68Ga(HP3-RGD3)], clears nontarget organs and exhibits receptor-mediated uptake in mice bearing tumors and in mice with induced rheumatoid arthritis. PET imaging with [68Ga(HP3-RGD3)] enables clear delineation of αvβ3 integrin receptor expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Imberti
- King’s College
London, Division of Imaging
Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Fourth
Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Y. A. Terry
- King’s College
London, Division of Imaging
Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Fourth
Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona Clarke
- King’s College
London, Academic Department of Rheumatology,
Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Faculty
of Life Sciences and Medicine, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina H. Cornish
- King’s College
London, Academic Department of Rheumatology,
Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Faculty
of Life Sciences and Medicine, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Nisha K. Ramakrishnan
- King’s College
London, Division of Imaging
Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Fourth
Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Roselt
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew P. Cope
- King’s College
London, Academic Department of Rheumatology,
Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Faculty
of Life Sciences and Medicine, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney J. Hicks
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Philip J. Blower
- King’s College
London, Division of Imaging
Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Fourth
Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle T. Ma
- King’s College
London, Division of Imaging
Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Fourth
Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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10
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Fontes A, Karimi S, Helm L, Ferreira PM, André JP. PEGylated DOTA‐AHA‐Based Gd
III
Chelates: A Relaxometric Study. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Fontes
- Centro de Química, Campus de Gualtar, Universidade do Minho, 4710‐057 Braga, Portugal http://www.quimica.uminho.pt/
| | - Shima Karimi
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland http://www.gcib.epfl.ch/helm
| | - Lothar Helm
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland http://www.gcib.epfl.ch/helm
| | - Paula M. Ferreira
- Centro de Química, Campus de Gualtar, Universidade do Minho, 4710‐057 Braga, Portugal http://www.quimica.uminho.pt/
| | - João P. André
- Centro de Química, Campus de Gualtar, Universidade do Minho, 4710‐057 Braga, Portugal http://www.quimica.uminho.pt/
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