1
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Li TY, Zheng SJ, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Two-Coordinate Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Coinage Metal Complexes: Molecular Design, Photophysical Characters, and Device Application. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4332-4392. [PMID: 38546341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the first green light emission from a fluorescent thin-film organic light emitting diode (OLED) in the mid-1980s, a global consumer market for OLED displays has flourished over the past few decades. This growth can primarily be attributed to the development of noble metal phosphorescent emitters that facilitated remarkable gains in electrical conversion efficiency, a broadened color gamut, and vibrant image quality for OLED displays. Despite these achievements, the limited abundance of noble metals in the Earth's crust has spurred ongoing efforts to discover cost-effective electroluminescent materials. One particularly promising avenue is the exploration of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), a mechanism with the potential to fully harness excitons in OLEDs. Recently, investigations have unveiled TADF in a series of two-coordinate coinage metal (Cu, Ag, and Au) complexes. These organometallic TADF materials exhibit distinctive behavior in comparison to their organic counterparts. They offer benefits such as tunable emissive colors, short TADF emission lifetimes, high luminescent quantum yields, and reasonable stability. Impressively, both vacuum-deposited and solution-processed OLEDs incorporating these materials have achieved outstanding performance. This review encompasses various facets on two-coordinate TADF coinage metal complexes, including molecular design, photophysical characterizations, elucidation of structure-property relationships, and OLED applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu-Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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2
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Housecroft CE, Constable EC. TADF: Enabling luminescent copper(i) coordination compounds for light-emitting electrochemical cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:4456-4482. [PMID: 35433007 PMCID: PMC8944257 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc04028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a surge of interest in the emissive behaviour of copper(i) coordination compounds, both neutral compounds that may have applications in organic light-emitting doides (OLEDs) and copper-based ionic transition metal complexes (Cu-iTMCs) with potential use in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). One of the most exciting features of copper(i) coordination compounds is their possibility to exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in which the energy separation of the excited singlet (S1) and excited triplet (T1) states is very small, permitting intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) to occur at room temperature without the requirement for the large spin-orbit coupling inferred by the presence of a heavy metal such as iridium. In this review, we focus mainly in Cu-iTMCs, and illustrate how the field of luminescent compounds and those exhibiting TADF has developed. Copper(i) coordination compounds that class as Cu-iTMCs include those containing four-coordinate [Cu(P^P)(N^N)]+ (P^P = large-bite angle bisphosphane, and N^N is typically a diimine), [Cu(P)2(N^N)]+ (P = monodentate phosphane ligand), [Cu(P)(tripodal-N3)]+, [Cu(P)(N^N)(N)]+ (N = monodentate N-donor ligand), [Cu(P^P)(N^S)]+ (N^S = chelating N,S-donor ligand), [Cu(P^P)(P^S)]+ (P^S = chelating P,S-donor ligand), [Cu(P^P)(NHC)]+ (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) coordination domains, dinuclear complexes with P^P and N^N ligands, three-coordinate [Cu(N^N)(NHC)]+ and two-coordinate [Cu(N)(NHC)]+ complexes. We pay particular attention to solid-state structural features, e.g. π-stacking interactions and other inter-ligand interactions, which may impact on photoluminescence quantum yields. Where emissive Cu-iTMCs have been tested in LECs, we detail the device architectures, and this emphasizes differences which make it difficult to compare LEC performances from different investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 4058-Basel Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 4058-Basel Switzerland
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3
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Rozhkov AV, Eliseeva SN, Baykov SV, Zelenkov LE, Goriachiy DO, Taydakov IV. Copper( i) ionic complexes based on imidazo[4,5- f][1,10]phenanthrolin diimine chelating ligands: crystal structures, and photo- and electroluminescence properties. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05109k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Four new luminescent diimine Cu(i) complexes have been synthesized and applied in organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Rozhkov
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 199034 Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana N. Eliseeva
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 199034 Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V. Baykov
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 199034 Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Lev E. Zelenkov
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 199034 Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry O. Goriachiy
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Science
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Ilya V. Taydakov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Science
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
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4
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Li G, Zhu D, Wang X, Su Z, Bryce MR. Dinuclear metal complexes: multifunctional properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:765-838. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00660a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dinuclear metal complexes have enabled breakthroughs in OLEDs, photocatalytic water splitting and CO2reduction, DSPEC, chemosensors, biosensors, PDT and smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Dongxia Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
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5
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Jin XX, Li T, Shi DP, Luo LJ, Su QQ, Xiang J, Xu HB, Leung CF, Zeng MH. Luminescent phosphine copper( i) complexes with various functionalized bipyridine ligands: synthesis, structures, photophysics and computational study. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05887g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A new series of luminescent phosphine copper(i) complexes with cyano- and hydroxyl-substituted 2,2′-bipyridine ligands have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Their luminescent properties have also been investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Jin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yangtze University
- Jingzhou 434020
- P. R. China
| | - Tian Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Dong-Po Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yangtze University
- Jingzhou 434020
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Juan Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yangtze University
- Jingzhou 434020
- P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yangtze University
- Jingzhou 434020
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yangtze University
- Jingzhou 434020
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bing Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Chi-Fai Leung
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies
- The Education University of Hong Kong
- Tai Po
- China
| | - Ming-Hua Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
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6
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Yang M, Chen XL, Lu CZ. Efficiently luminescent copper(i) iodide complexes with crystallization-induced emission enhancement (CIEE). Dalton Trans 2019; 48:10790-10794. [PMID: 31246197 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01910c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent Cu(i) iodide complexes featuring simple neutral diimine and phosphine ligands were prepared. The emission intensity of these complexes was significantly enhanced by crystallization. Intermolecular π-π interactions between the adjacent diimine ligands should be responsible for the crystallization-induced emission enhancement (CIEE) behaviors through consolidating the structural rigidity of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu-Lin Chen
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Can-Zhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China and Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China.
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7
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Wang Q, Gao YJ, Zhang TT, Han J, Cui G. QM/MM studies on luminescence mechanism of dinuclear copper iodide complexes with thermally activated delayed fluorescence. RSC Adv 2019; 9:20786-20795. [PMID: 35515523 PMCID: PMC9065726 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02256b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The QM/MM method is employed to investigate the photophysical mechanism of two dinuclear copper iodide complexes with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The S1-T1 energy differences (ΔE ST) in these two complexes are small enough so that repopulating the S1 state from T1 becomes energetically allowed. Both forward and reverse intersystem crossing (ISC and rISC) processes are much faster than the corresponding radiative fluorescence and phosphorescence processes [k ISC (108 s-1) > k F r (106 s-1), k rISC (105 s-1) > k P r (103 s-1)]. The faster rISC process than the phosphorescence emission enables TADF. Moreover, the diphosphine ligands are found to play an important role in regulating the electronic structures and thereto the radiative and nonradiative rate constants. The present work rationalizes experimental phenomena and helps understand the intrinsic luminescence properties. The obtained insights could be useful for tuning the luminescence performance of dicopper-based luminescence materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University Linfen 041000 P. R. China
| | - Juan Han
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
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8
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Chakkaradhari G, Eskelinen T, Degbe C, Belyaev A, Melnikov AS, Grachova EV, Tunik SP, Hirva P, Koshevoy IO. Oligophosphine-thiocyanate Copper(I) and Silver(I) Complexes and Their Borane Derivatives Showing Delayed Fluorescence. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3646-3660. [PMID: 30793896 PMCID: PMC6727211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
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The series of chelating phosphine
ligands, which contain bidentate P2 (bis[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether, DPEphos; 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene,
Xantphos; 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene, dppb), tridentate P3 (bis(2-diphenylphosphinophenyl)phenylphosphine),
and tetradentate P4 (tris(2-diphenylphosphino)phenylphosphine)
ligands, was used for the preparation of the corresponding dinuclear
[M(μ2-SCN)P2]2 (M = Cu, 1, 3, 5; M = Ag, 2, 4, 6) and mononuclear
[CuNCS(P3/P4)] (7, 9) and
[AgSCN(P3/P4)] (8, 10) complexes.
The reactions of P4 with silver
salts in a 1:2 molar ratio produce tetranuclear clusters [Ag2(μ3-SCN)(t-SCN)(P4)]2 (11) and [Ag2(μ3-SCN)(P4)]22+ (12). Complexes 7–11 bearing terminally coordinated SCN ligands were efficiently
converted into derivatives 13–17 with
the weakly coordinating –SCN:B(C6F5)3 isothiocyanatoborate ligand. Compounds 1 and 5–17 exhibit thermally
activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) behavior in the solid state.
The excited states of thiocyanate species are dominated by the ligand
to ligand SCN → π(phosphine) charge transfer transitions
mixed with a variable contribution of MLCT. The boronation of SCN
groups changes the nature of both the S1 and T1 states to (L + M)LCT d,p(M, P) → π(phosphine). The
localization of the excited states on the aromatic systems of the
phosphine ligands determines a wide range of luminescence energies
achieved for the title complexes (λem varies from
448 nm for 1 to 630 nm for 10c). The emission
of compounds 10 and 15, based on the P4 ligand, strongly depends on the
solid-state packing (λem = 505 and 625 nm for two
crystalline forms of 15), which affects structural reorganizations
accompanying the formation of electronically excited states. Copper(I) and silver(I) thiocyanate complexes containing di-, tri-,
and tetraphosphine ligands show efficient TADF in the solid state,
dominated by the ligand to ligand SCN → π(phosphine)
charge transfer, which is changed to d,p(M, P) → π(phosphine)
transitions for the isothiocyanatoborate derivatives. The wide variation
of the emission color from blue (448 nm) to red-orange (630 nm) is
attributed to the nature of the P-donor ligands and the packing effects,
influencing structural distortions in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toni Eskelinen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Eastern Finland , 80101 Joensuu , Finland
| | - Cecilia Degbe
- Department of Chemistry , University of Eastern Finland , 80101 Joensuu , Finland
| | - Andrey Belyaev
- Department of Chemistry , University of Eastern Finland , 80101 Joensuu , Finland
| | - Alexey S Melnikov
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University , Polytechnicheskaya, 29 , 195251 St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Elena V Grachova
- Institute of Chemistry , St. Petersburg State University , Universitetskiy pr. 26, Petergof , 198504 St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Sergey P Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry , St. Petersburg State University , Universitetskiy pr. 26, Petergof , 198504 St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Pipsa Hirva
- Department of Chemistry , University of Eastern Finland , 80101 Joensuu , Finland
| | - Igor O Koshevoy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Eastern Finland , 80101 Joensuu , Finland
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9
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Xiang J, Cheng SC, Jin XX, Su QQ, Zhou X, Chu WK, Leung CF, Ko CC. Polynuclear Cu(i) and Ag(i) phosphine complexes containing multi-dentate polytopic ligands: syntheses, crystal structures and photoluminescence properties. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:741-750. [PMID: 30560254 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03377c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of polynuclear metal complexes, [Cu2(L1)(PPh3)4](ClO4)2 (1), [Cu3(L2)(PPh3)6](ClO4) (2), [Cu3(L3)(PPh3)6] (3), [Ag2(L1)(PPh3)4](BF4)2 (4), [Ag4(L2)2(PPh3)6] (5) and [Ag3(L3)(PPh3)5] (6), have been obtained from the reactions of the highly conjugated bridging ligands 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (L1), 2,3-bis(2-tetrazoyl)pyrazine (H2L2) and 2,3-bis(2-tetrazoyl)imidazole (H3L3) with [Cu(MeCN)4]ClO4 and AgBF4, respectively. Their crystal structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography and their photophysical properties have been investigated in detail. Complexes 1 and 3 show photoluminescence in CH2Cl2 solution, while all the complexes exhibit obvious luminescence in the solid state; detailed photophysical studies and density functional theory calculations of these complexes have revealed that their lowest energy absorptions and emissions are predominantly derived from either metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) or intraligand (IL) excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei, P. R. China.
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10
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Shafikov MZ, Suleymanova AF, Schinabeck A, Yersin H. Dinuclear Ag(I) Complex Designed for Highly Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:702-709. [PMID: 29350932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dinuclear Ag(I) complex has been designed to show thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) of high efficiency. Strongly electron-donating terminal ligands are introduced to destabilize the d orbitals of the Ag+ ions. Consequently, the orbitals distinctly contribute to the HOMO, whereas the LUMO is localized on the bridging ligand. This ensures charge transfer character of the lowest excited singlet S1 and triplet T1 states. Accordingly, a small energy gap ΔE(S1-T1) is obtained, being essential for TADF behavior. Photophysical investigations show that at ambient temperature the complex exhibits TADF reaching a quantum yield of ΦPL = 70% with the decay time of only τ = 1.9 μs, manifesting one of the fastest TADF decays observed so far. Such an outstanding TADF efficiency is based on a small value of ΔE(S1-T1) = 480 cm-1 combined with a large transition rate of k(S1 → S0) = 2.2 × 107 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsel Z Shafikov
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Regensburg , Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Ural Federal University , Mira 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Alfiya F Suleymanova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Regensburg , Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schinabeck
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Regensburg , Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Yersin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Regensburg , Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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11
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Zhang F, Guan Y, Chen X, Wang S, Liang D, Feng Y, Chen S, Li S, Li Z, Zhang F, Lu C, Cao G, Zhai B. Syntheses, Photoluminescence, and Electroluminescence of a Series of Sublimable Bipolar Cationic Cuprous Complexes with Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:3742-3753. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Zhang
- College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Yuqiao Guan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xulin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian
Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian
Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yafei Feng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shufen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Suzhi Li
- College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyi Li
- College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Canzhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian
Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Guangxiu Cao
- College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhai
- College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
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