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Poirot A, Vanucci-Bacqué C, Delavaux-Nicot B, Meslien C, Saffon-Merceron N, Serpentini CL, Bedos-Belval F, Benoist E, Fery-Forgues S. Using a diphenyl-bi-(1,2,4-triazole) tricarbonylrhenium(I) complex with intramolecular π-π stacking interaction for efficient solid-state luminescence enhancement. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:5453-5465. [PMID: 36880588 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03573a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Since intramolecular π-π stacking interactions can modify the geometry, crystal packing mode, or even the electronic properties of transition metal complexes, they are also likely to influence the solid-state luminescence properties. Following this concept, a new tricarbonylrhenium(I) complex (Re-BPTA) was designed, based on a simple symmetrical 5,5'-dimethyl-4,4'-diphenyl-3,3'-bi-(1,2,4-triazole) organic ligand. The complex was prepared in good yield using a three-step procedure. The crystallographic study revealed that both phenyl rings are located on the same side of the molecule, and twisted by 71° and 62°, respectively, with respect to the bi-(1,2,4-triazole) unit. They overlap significantly, although they are slipped parallel to each other to minimize the intramolecular interaction energy. The π-π stacking interaction was also revealed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, in good agreement with the results of theoretical calculations. In organic solutions, a peculiar electrochemical signature was observed compared to closely-related pyridyl-triazole (pyta)-based complexes. With regard to the optical properties, the stiffness of the Re-BPTA complex led to the stabilization of the 3MLCT state, and thus to an enhancement of the red phosphorescence emission compared to the more flexible pyta complexes. However, an increased sensitivity to quenching by oxygen appeared. In the microcrystalline phase, the Re-BPTA complex showed strong photoluminescence (PL) emission in the green-yellow wavelength range (λPL = 548 nm, ΦPL = 0.52, 〈τPL〉 = 713 ns), and thus a dramatic solid-state luminescence enhancement (SLE) effect. These attractive emission properties can be attributed to the fact that the molecule undergoes little distortion between the ground state and the triplet excited state, as well as to a favorable intermolecular arrangement that minimizes detrimental interactions in the crystal lattice. The aggregation-induced phosphorescence emission (AIPE) effect was clear, with a 7-fold increase in emission intensity at 546 nm, although the aggregates formed in aqueous medium were much less emissive than the native microcrystalline powder. In this work, the rigidity of the Re-BPTA complex is reinforced by the intramolecular π-π stacking interaction of the phenyl rings. This original concept provides a rhenium tricarbonyl compound with very good SLE properties, and could be used more widely to successfully develop this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Poirot
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Corinne Vanucci-Bacqué
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Béatrice Delavaux-Nicot
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS (UPR 8241), Université de Toulouse (UPS, INPT), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Clarisse Meslien
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Service Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, ICT- UAR 2599, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Charles-Louis Serpentini
- Laboratoire IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Florence Bedos-Belval
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Eric Benoist
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Suzanne Fery-Forgues
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
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Luminescent fac-[ReX(CO) 3(phenyl-pyta)] (X = Cl, Br, I) complexes: influence of the halide ligand on the electronic properties in solution and in the solid state. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023; 22:169-184. [PMID: 36178667 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tricarbonylrhenium(I) complexes that incorporate a chloride ligand are promising photoluminescent materials, but those incorporating a bromide or iodide ligand have received very little attention regarding their solid-state properties. In this work, three rhenium(I) complexes differing only by the nature of their halide ligand (X = Cl, Br, and I) were compared. They are based on a fac-[ReX(CO)3(N^N)] framework where the N^N bidentate ligand is a 3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole unit functionalized by an appended phenyl group. DFT calculations showed that the character of the lowest energy transitions progressively changes from Re → N^N ligand (MLCT) to X → N^N ligand (XLCT) when increasing the size of the halogen atom. Regarding the electrochemical behavior, the chloride and bromide complexes 1-Cl and 1-Br were similar, while the iodide complex 1-I exhibited a strikingly different electrochemical signature in oxidation. From a spectroscopic viewpoint, all three complexes emitted weak red-orange phosphorescence in dichloromethane solution. However, in the solid state, marked differences appeared. Not only was 1-Cl a good emitter of yellow light, but it had strong solid-state luminescence enhancement (SLE) properties. In comparison, 1-Br and 1-I were less emissive and they showed better mechanoresponsive luminescence (MRL) properties, probably related to a loose molecular arrangement in the crystal packing and to the opening of vibrational non-radiative deactivation pathways. This study highlights for the first time how the nature of the halide ligand in this type of complex allows fine tuning of the solid-state optical properties, for potential applications either in bio-imaging or in the field of MRL-active materials.
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Melis DR, Burgoyne AR, Ooms M, Gasser G. Bifunctional chelators for radiorhenium: past, present and future outlook. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:217-245. [PMID: 35434629 PMCID: PMC8942221 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00364j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRNT) is an ever-expanding field of nuclear medicine that provides a personalised approach to cancer treatment while limiting toxicity to normal tissues. It involves the radiolabelling of a biological targeting vector with an appropriate therapeutic radionuclide, often facilitated by the use of a bifunctional chelator (BFC) to stably link the two entities. The radioisotopes of rhenium, 186Re (t 1/2 = 90 h, 1.07 MeV β-, 137 keV γ (9%)) and 188Re (t 1/2 = 16.9 h, 2.12 MeV β-, 155 keV γ (15%)), are particularly attractive for radiotherapy because of their convenient and high-abundance β--particle emissions as well as their imageable γ-emissions and chemical similarity to technetium. As a transition metal element with multiple oxidation states and coordination numbers accessible for complexation, there is great opportunity available when it comes to developing novel BFCs for rhenium. The purpose of this review is to provide a recap on some of the past successes and failings, as well as show some more current efforts in the design of BFCs for 186/188Re. Future use of these radionuclides for radiotherapy depends on their cost-effective availability and this will also be discussed. Finally, bioconjugation strategies for radiolabelling biomolecules with 186/188Re will be touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana R Melis
- SCK CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre Boeretang 200 BE-2400 Mol Belgium +1 865 341 1413 +32 14 33 32 83
- Chimie ParisTech, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University F-75005 Paris France www.gassergroup.com +33 1 44 27 56 02
| | - Andrew R Burgoyne
- SCK CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre Boeretang 200 BE-2400 Mol Belgium +1 865 341 1413 +32 14 33 32 83
| | - Maarten Ooms
- SCK CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre Boeretang 200 BE-2400 Mol Belgium +1 865 341 1413 +32 14 33 32 83
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University F-75005 Paris France www.gassergroup.com +33 1 44 27 56 02
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Poirot A, Vanucci-Bacqué C, Delavaux-Nicot B, Leygue N, Saffon-Merceron N, Alary F, Bedos-Belval F, Benoist E, Fery-Forgues S. Phenyl-pyta-tricarbonylrhenium(I) complexes: combining a simplified structure and steric hindrance to modulate the photoluminescence properties. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13686-13698. [PMID: 34523629 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02161c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strongly luminescent tricarbonylrhenium(I) complexes are promising candidates in the field of optical materials. In this study, three new complexes bearing a 3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole (pyta) bidentate ligand with an appended phenyl group were obtained in very good yields owing to an optimized synthetic procedure. The first member of this series, i.e. complex 1, was compared with the previously studied complex RePBO to understand the influence of the fluorescent benzoxazole unit grafted on the phenyl ring. Then, to gauge the effect of steric hindrance on the luminescence properties, the phenyl group of complex 1 was substituted in the para position by a bulky tert-butyl group or an adamantyl moiety, affording complexes 2 and 3, respectively. The results of theoretical calculations indicated that these complexes were quite similar from an electronic point of view, as evidenced by the electrochemical study. In dichloromethane solution, under excitation in the UV range, all the complexes emitted weak phosphorescence in the red region. In the solid state, they could be excited in the blue region of the visible spectrum and they emitted strong yellow light. The photoluminescence quantum yield was markedly increased with raising the size of the substituent, passing from 0.42 for 1 to 0.59 for 3. The latter complex also exhibited clear waveguiding properties, unprecedented for rhenium complexes. From this point of view, these easy-synthesized and spectroscopically attractive complexes constitute a new generation of emitters for use in imaging applications and functional materials. However, the comparison with RePBO showed that the presence of the benzoxazole group leads to unsurpassed mechanoresponsive luminescence (MRL) properties, due to the involvement of a unique photophysical mechanism that takes place only in this type of complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Poirot
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Corinne Vanucci-Bacqué
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Béatrice Delavaux-Nicot
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS (UPR 8241), Université de Toulouse (UPS, INPT), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Nadine Leygue
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Service Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, ICT- UAR 2599, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Fabienne Alary
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), CNRS UMR 5626, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Florence Bedos-Belval
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Eric Benoist
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Suzanne Fery-Forgues
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
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Aimene Y, Eychenne R, Mallet-Ladeira S, Saffon N, Winum JY, Nocentini A, Supuran CT, Benoist E, Seridi A. Novel Re(I) tricarbonyl coordination compounds based on 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole derivatives bearing a 4-amino-substituted benzenesulfonamide arm: synthesis, crystal structure, computational studies and inhibitory activity against carbonic anhydrase I, II, and IX isoforms†. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:773-782. [PMID: 30843736 PMCID: PMC6407592 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1585835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, two bidentate 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole ligands (3a and 3b) containing a 4-substituted benzenesulfonamide pharmacophore prepared by classical click chemistry procedures, as well as their corresponding rhenium complexes, 4a and 4b of general formula [ReCl(CO)3(L)] (L = 3a or 3b) were prepared and fully characterised by spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR, MS, UV-Vis), elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, and theoretical studies using DFT and TD-DFT methods. In particular, we showed that, in the solid state, the pyridine and the triazole rings of 3b adopted an uncommon cis configuration which stems from intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Preliminary assays demonstrated a promising nanomolar inhibitory activity against carbonic anhydrase isoform IX for both ligands and complexes with a strong affinity Ki of 2.8 nM for ligand 3a. More interestingly, complex 4b exhibited a pronounced selectivity against hCA IX over the off-targets hCA I and hCA II which makes this compound a promising potential anticancer drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Aimene
- Laboratoire de Chimie, physique Université du 8 Mai 1945, Guelma, Algérie
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, SPCMIB, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, SPCMIB, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Eychenne
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, SPCMIB, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, SPCMIB, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Eric Benoist
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, SPCMIB, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, SPCMIB, Toulouse, France
| | - Achour Seridi
- Laboratoire de Chimie, physique Université du 8 Mai 1945, Guelma, Algérie
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Wang J, Poirot A, Delavaux-Nicot B, Wolff M, Mallet-Ladeira S, Calupitan JP, Allain C, Benoist E, Fery-Forgues S. Optimization of aggregation-induced phosphorescence enhancement in mononuclear tricarbonyl rhenium(i) complexes: the influence of steric hindrance and isomerism. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15906-15916. [PMID: 31441474 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02786f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the remarkable performance of a mononuclear tricarbonyl rhenium(i) complex (ReL1) that exhibits rare aggregation-induced phosphorescence enhancement (AIPE) behavior, two new complexes (ReL3 and ReL4) were prepared and investigated. They incorporate a 2-pyridyl-1,2,4-triazole (pyta) ligand connected to a 2-phenylbenzoxazole (PBO) moiety. Complex ReL3 differs from ReL1 by the presence of a bulky tert-butyl substituent, and ReL4 is an isomer where the PBO group is linked to the pyta ligand by its phenyl group. Theoretical calculations were in congruence with electrochemical and spectroscopic properties in solutions. Both new compounds exhibited strong AIPE and much better solid-state emission efficiency than ReL1, with photoluminescence quantum yields up to 55% for ReL4. Crystallographic data indicate that this increase in emission efficiency is due to optimum packing that prevents quenching. This work shows that minor structural changes may have major effects upon the solid-state spectroscopic properties and it provides a rational basis for accessing AIPE-active strongly emissive rhenium(i) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France. and Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Alexandre Poirot
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Béatrice Delavaux-Nicot
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France and LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mariusz Wolff
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Crystallography, University of Silesia, 9th Szkolna St., 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Service commun RX, Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, ICT- FR2599, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Jan Patrick Calupitan
- Laboratoire PPSM, CNRS UMR 8531, ENS Paris-Saclay, 61 avenue du Président Wilson, F-91230 Cachan, France
| | - Clémence Allain
- Laboratoire PPSM, CNRS UMR 8531, ENS Paris-Saclay, 61 avenue du Président Wilson, F-91230 Cachan, France
| | - Eric Benoist
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Suzanne Fery-Forgues
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
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Wang J, Delavaux-Nicot B, Wolff M, Mallet-Ladeira S, Métivier R, Benoist E, Fery-Forgues S. The unsuspected influence of the pyridyl-triazole ligand isomerism upon the electronic properties of tricarbonyl rhenium complexes: an experimental and theoretical insight. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:8087-8099. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01120f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
How can the intimate nature of the triazole moiety govern the geometry and luminescence properties of a rhenium complex?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- SPCMIB
- CNRS UMR5068
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier
- 31062 Toulouse cedex 9
- France
| | - Béatrice Delavaux-Nicot
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination
- CNRS UPR 8241
- 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4
- France
- Université de Toulouse UPS
| | - Mariusz Wolff
- Institute of Chemistry
- Department of Crystallography
- University of Silesia
- 40-006 Katowice
- Poland
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Service commun RX
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse
- ICT- FR2599
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier
- 31062 Toulouse cedex 9
| | - Rémi Métivier
- PPSM
- ENS Cachan
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 94235 Cachan
| | - Eric Benoist
- SPCMIB
- CNRS UMR5068
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier
- 31062 Toulouse cedex 9
- France
| | - Suzanne Fery-Forgues
- SPCMIB
- CNRS UMR5068
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier
- 31062 Toulouse cedex 9
- France
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Design, Synthesis, and Reactivity of Multidentate Ligands with Rhenium(I) and Rhenium(V) Cores. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Wang JH, Wolff M, Eychenne R, Mallet-Ladeira S, Benoist E. Dirhenium(I) hexacarbonyl complexes bridged by 1,2,3-triazole ligand: Synthesis, structural and spectroscopic characterization. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Fegheh-Hassanpour Y, Arif T, Sintim HO, Al Mamari HH, Hodgson DM. Synthesis of (−)-6,7-Dideoxysqualestatin H5 by Carbonyl Ylide Cycloaddition–Rearrangement and Cross-electrophile Coupling. Org Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Younes Fegheh-Hassanpour
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tanzeel Arif
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Herman O. Sintim
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Hamad H. Al Mamari
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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