1
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Gobbo A, Chen F, Zacchini S, Gou S, Marchetti F. Enhanced DNA damage and anti-proliferative activity of a novel ruthenium complex with a chlorambucil-decorated ligand. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 260:112703. [PMID: 39182331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Triphenylphosphine substitution reactions of [RuCl(PPh3)2(tpm)]Cl, 1, featuring tris(pyrazolyl)methane (tpm) as ligand, with the chlorambucil-decorated pyridine ligand PyCA, 3-aminopyridine (PyNH2) and 4-pyridinemethanol (PyOH) afforded the corresponding pyridine complexes 2-4 in high yields. PyCA was preliminarily obtained via esterification of 4-pyridinemethanol with chlorambucil. The new compounds PyCA and 2-3 were characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, the structure of 3 was ascertained by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The in vitro anti-proliferative activity of 2-4 and PyCA was determined against a panel of cancer cell lines, outlining 2 as the most performing compound. Targeted studies were subsequently undertaken using 2 to elucidate mechanistic aspects, including the assessment of ruthenium cellular uptake, cell cycle arrest, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), western blotting and DNA damage (comet test). Overall, data highlight that the anticancer activity provided by 2 primarily affects the mitochondria pathway with a potential additional contribution from DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gobbo
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry, and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Feihong Chen
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- University of Bologna, Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Via P. Gobetti 85, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China.
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry, and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
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2
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Myeza N, Slabber C, Munro OQ, Sookai S, Zacharias SC, Martins-Furness C, Harmse L. An 8-aminoquinoline-naphthyl copper complex causes apoptotic cell death by modulating the expression of apoptotic regulatory proteins in breast cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176764. [PMID: 38908670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers globally and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Despite the combination of chemotherapy with targeted therapy, including monoclonal antibodies and kinase inhibitors, drug resistance and treatment failure remain a common occurrence. Copper, complexed to various organic ligands, has gained attention as potential chemotherapeutic agents due to its perceived decreased toxicity to normal cells. The cytotoxic efficacy and the mechanism of cell death of an 8-aminoquinoline-naphthyl copper complex (Cu8AqN) in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines was investigated. The complex inhibited the growth of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 values of 2.54 ± 0.69 μM and 3.31 ± 0.06 μM, respectively. Nuclear fragmentation, annexin V binding, and increased caspase-3/7 activity indicated apoptotic cell death. The loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, an increase in caspase-9 activity, the absence of active caspase-8 and a decrease of tumour necrosis factor receptor 1(TNFR1) expression supported activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Increased ROS formation and increased expression of haem oxygenase-1 (HMOX-1) indicated activation of cellular stress pathways. Expression of p21 protein in the nuclei was increased indicating cell cycle arrest, whilst the expression of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs); cIAP1, XIAP and survivin were decreased, creating a pro-apoptotic environment. Phosphorylated p53 species; phospho-p53(S15), phospho-p53(S46), and phospho-p53(S392) accumulated in MCF-7 cells indicating the potential of Cu8AqN to restore p53 function in the cells. In combination, the data indicates that Cu8AqN is a useful lead molecule worthy of further exploration as a potential anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonzuzo Myeza
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Cathy Slabber
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smut Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2017, South Africa
| | - Orde Q Munro
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smut Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2017, South Africa; School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sheldon Sookai
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smut Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2017, South Africa
| | - Savannah C Zacharias
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, King Edward Drive, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Carla Martins-Furness
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Leonie Harmse
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa.
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3
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Das U, Basu U, Paira P. Recent trends in the design and delivery strategies of ruthenium complexes for breast cancer therapy. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39219354 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01482k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
As the most frequent and deadly type of cancer in women, breast cancer has a high propensity to spread to the brain, bones, lymph nodes, and lungs. The discovery of cisplatin marked the beginning of the development of anticancer metal-based medications, although the drug's severe side effects have limited its usage in clinical settings. The remarkable antimetastatic and anticancer activity of different ruthenium complexes such as NAMI-A, KP1019, KP1339, etc. reported in the 1980s has bolstered the discovery of ruthenium complexes with various types of ligands for anticancer applications. The review meticulously elucidates the cytotoxic and antimetastatic potential of reported ruthenium complexes against breast cancer cells. Notably, arene-based and cyclometalated ruthenium complexes emerge as standout candidates, showcasing remarkable potency with notably low IC50 values. These findings underscore the promising therapeutic avenues offered by ruthenium-based compounds, particularly in addressing the challenges posed by conventional treatments in refractory or aggressive breast cancer subtypes. Moreover, the review comprehensively integrates a spectrum of ruthenium complexes, spanning traditional metal complexes to nano-based formulations and light-activated variants, underscoring the versatility and adaptability of ruthenium chemistry in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Uttara Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B Bypass Road, Goa - 403726, India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
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4
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Salaroglio IC, Stefanova D, Teixeira RG, Oliveira NFB, Ahmed A, Fusi F, Tzankova V, Yordanov Y, Machuqueiro M, Saponara S, Valente A, Riganti C. A novel combinatory treatment against a CDDP-resistant non-small cell lung cancer based on a Ruthenium(II)-cyclopentadienyl compound. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107353. [PMID: 39159730 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic approach to many solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is mainly based on the use of platinum-containing anticancer agents and is often characterized by acquired or intrinsic resistance to the drug. Therefore, the search for safer and more effective drugs is still an open challenge. Two organometallic ruthenium(II)-cyclopentadienyl compounds [Ru(η5-C5H4CHO)(Me2bipy)(PPh3)]+ (RT150) and [Ru(η5-C5H4CH2OH)(Me2bipy)(PPh3)][CF3SO3] (RT151) were tested against a panel of cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cell lines and xenografts. They were more effective than cisplatin in inducing oxidative stress and DNA damage, affecting the cell cycle and causing apoptosis. Importantly, they were found to be inhibitors of drug efflux transporters. Due to this property, the compounds significantly increased the retention and cytotoxicity of cisplatin within NSCLC cells. Notably, they did not display high toxicity in vitro against non-transformed cells (red blood cells, fibroblasts, bronchial epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and endothelial cells). Both compounds induced vasorelaxation and reduced endothelial cell migration, suggesting potential anti-angiogenic properties. RT151 confirmed its efficacy against NSCLC xenografts resistant to cisplatin. Either alone or combined with low doses of cisplatin, RT151 showed a good biodistribution profile in the liver, kidney, spleen, lung, and tumor. Hematochemical analysis and post-mortem organ pathology confirmed the safety of the compound in vivo, also when combined with cisplatin. To sum up, we have confirmed the effectiveness of a novel class of drugs against cisplatin-resistant NSCLC. Additionally, the compounds have a good biocompatibility and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris C Salaroglio
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, piazza Nizza 44, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Denitsa Stefanova
- Medical University of Sofia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, 2 Dunav Str., Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Ricardo G Teixeira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Nuno F B Oliveira
- BioISI - Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Amer Ahmed
- University of Siena, Department of Life Sciences, via Aldo Moro, 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Fabio Fusi
- University of Siena, Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Virginia Tzankova
- Medical University of Sofia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, 2 Dunav Str., Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Yordan Yordanov
- Medical University of Sofia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, 2 Dunav Str., Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Miguel Machuqueiro
- BioISI - Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Simona Saponara
- University of Siena, Department of Life Sciences, via Aldo Moro, 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Andreia Valente
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal.
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, piazza Nizza 44, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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5
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Prabaharan R, Arunachalam A, Rengan R. Analysis of antiproliferative activity of new half-sandwich arene Ru(II) thiophene based aroylhydrazone complexes. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39069794 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Efforts in researching the efficient anti-tumor properties of three novel arene ruthenium(II) complexes incorporating thiophene-based aroylhydrazone ligands have been undertaken. The complexes' elemental composition was [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(L)Cl]. They were comprehensively characterized through elemental and spectroscopic analyses (FT-IR, UV-vis, NMR, and HR-MS). Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed a pseudo-octahedral geometry with bidentate coordination of the ligands in a representative complex. The in vitro assessment of the complexes' cancer cell growth inhibition was conducted using the MTT assay against A549 (human lung carcinoma), HeLa (human cervical carcinoma), HuH-7 (hepatocellular carcinoma), and NIH-3T3 (mouse fibroblast non-cancerous cell line). Results indicated significant cytotoxicity across all cancer cell lines, with IC50 concentrations of complex 2 being 6.8 μM for A549, 11.6 μM for HeLa, and 9.4 μM for HuH-7, compared to cisplatin with IC50 values of 18.9 μM, 17.68 μM, and 24 μM respectively. Notably, complex 2 demonstrated particularly promising cytotoxicity against all tested cancerous cell lines. Fluorescent staining analysis such as acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO-EB) and HOECHST 33342 revealed cell death mechanisms involving membrane disintegration and nuclear condensation following treatment with complex 2. Further studies were conducted to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels using the dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was assessed using the JC-1 dye assay. These studies demonstrated that complex 2 increased ROS levels, decreased membrane potential, and promoted mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated cell death pathways. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis, utilizing dual staining of Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI), was employed to quantitatively study apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Prabaharan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, India.
| | - Abirami Arunachalam
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, India.
| | - Ramesh Rengan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, India.
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6
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La Force H, Freindorf M, Kraka E. Ligand Characterization and DNA Intercalation of Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes: A Local Vibrational Mode Study. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5925-5940. [PMID: 38990174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
We investigated in this work ruthenium-ligand bonding across the RuN framework in 12 Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes in the gas phase and solution for both singlet and triplet states, in addition to their affinity for DNA binding through π-π stacking interactions with DNA nucleobases. As a tool to assess the intrinsic strength of the ruthenium-ligand bonds, we determined local vibrational force constants via our local vibrational mode analysis software. We introduced a novel local force constant that directly accounts for the intrinsic strength of the π-π stacking interaction between DNA and the intercalated Ru(II) complex. According to our findings, [Ru(phen)2(dppz)]2+ and [Ru(phen)2(11-CN-dppz)]2+ provide an intriguing trade-off between photoinduced complex excitation and the strength of the subsequent π-π stacking interaction with DNA. [Ru(phen)2(dppz)]2+ displays a small singlet-triplet splitting and a strong π-π stacking interaction in its singlet state, suggesting a favorable photoexcitation but potentially weaker interaction with DNA in the excited state. Conversely, [Ru(phen)2(11-CN-dppz)]2+ exhibits a larger singlet-triplet splitting and a stronger π-π stacking interaction with DNA in its triplet state, indicating a less favorable photoinduced transition but a stronger interaction with DNA postexcitation. We hope our study will inspire future experimental and computational work aimed at the design of novel Ru-polypyridyl drug candidates and that our new quantitative measure of π-π stacking interactions in DNA will find a general application in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter La Force
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Marek Freindorf
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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7
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Bertoncini B, Xiao Z, Zacchini S, Biancalana L, Gasser G, Marchetti F. Aminocarbyne-Alkyne Coupling in Diruthenium Complexes: Exploring the Anticancer Potential of the Resulting Vinyliminium Complexes and Comparison with Diiron Homologues. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12485-12497. [PMID: 38912873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
New diruthenium complexes based on the scaffold Ru2Cp2(CO)2 (Cp = η5-C5H5) and containing a bridging vinyliminium ligand, [2a-d]CF3SO3, were synthesized through regioselective coupling of alkynes with an aminocarbyne precursor (85-90% yields). The reaction involving phenylacetylene proceeded with the formation of a diruthenacyclobutene byproduct, [4]CF3SO3 (10% yield). Complexes [2a-d]+ undergo partial alkyne extrusion in contact with alumina or CDCl3. All products were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction in two cases. Complexes [2a-d]+ revealed an outstanding stability in DMEM cell culture medium at 37 °C (<1% degradation over 72 h). These complexes exhibited cytotoxicity in human colon colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells in the low micromolar range, with lower IC50 values than those obtained with the homologous diiron complexes previously reported. Evaluation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) production and O2 consumption rate (OCR) highlighted the higher potential of Ru2 complexes, compared to the Fe2 counterparts, to impact mitochondrial activity, with the heterometallic Ru2-ferrocenyl complex [2d]+ showing the best performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Bertoncini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Zhimei Xiao
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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8
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Kokkosi A, Garofallidou E, Zacharopoulos N, Tsoureas N, Diamanti K, Thomaidis NS, Cheilari A, Machalia C, Emmanouilidou E, Philippopoulos AI. Ruthenium p-Cymene Complexes Incorporating Substituted Pyridine-Quinoline-Based Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxic Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:3215. [PMID: 38999167 PMCID: PMC11243419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Organometallic complexes of the formula [Ru(N^N)(p-cymene)Cl][X] (N^N = bidentate polypyridyl ligands, p-cymene = 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-benzene, X = counter anion), are currently studied as possible candidates for the potential treatment of cancer. Searching for new organometallic compounds with good to moderate cytotoxic activities, a series of mononuclear water-soluble ruthenium(II)-arene complexes incorporating substituted pyridine-quinoline ligands, with pending -CH2OH, -CO2H and -CO2Me groups in the 4-position of quinoline ring, were synthesized, for the first time, to study their possible effect to modulate the activity of the ruthenium p-cymene complexes. These include the [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(pqhyme)Cl][X] (X = Cl- (1-Cl), PF6- (1-PF6), pqhyme = 4-hydroxymethyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinoline), [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(pqca)Cl][Cl] ((2-Cl), pqca = 4-carboxy-2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinoline), and [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(pqcame)Cl][X] (X = Cl- (3-Cl), PF6- (3-PF6), pqcame = 4-carboxymethyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinoline) complexes, respectively. Identification of the complexes was based on multinuclear NMR and ATR-IR spectroscopic methods, elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, UV-Vis spectroscopic, and ESI-HRMS techniques. The solid-state structures of 1-PF6 and 3-PF6 have been elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealing a three-legged piano stool geometry. This is the first time that the in vitro cytotoxic activities of these complexes are studied. These were conducted in HEK293T (human embryonic kidney cells) and HeLa cells (cervical cancer cells) via the MTT assay. The results show poor in vitro anticancer activities for the HeLa cancer cell lines and 3-Cl proved to be the most potent (IC50 > 80 μΜ). In both cell lines, the cytotoxicity of the ligand precursor pqhyme is significantly higher than that of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Kokkosi
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Elpida Garofallidou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Zacharopoulos
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsoureas
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Diamanti
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Antigoni Cheilari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Machalia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Emmanouilidou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios I Philippopoulos
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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9
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Novotný J, Munzarová M, Marek R. Mechanisms of Ligand Hyperfine Coupling in Transition-Metal Complexes: σ and π Transmission Pathways. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8580-8592. [PMID: 38690843 PMCID: PMC11094796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Theoretical interpretation of hyperfine interactions was pioneered in the 1950s-1960s by the seminal works of McConnell, Karplus, and others for organic radicals and by Watson and Freeman for transition-metal (TM) complexes. In this work, we investigate a series of octahedral Ru(III) complexes with aromatic ligands to understand the mechanism of transmission of the spin density from the d-orbital of the metal to the s-orbitals of the ligand atoms. Spin densities and spin populations underlying ligand hyperfine couplings are analyzed in terms of π-conjugative or σ-hyperconjugative delocalization vs spin polarization based on symmetry considerations and restricted open-shell vs unrestricted wave function analysis. The transmission of spin density is shown to be most efficient in the case of symmetry-allowed π-conjugative delocalization, but when the π-conjugation is partially or fully symmetry-forbidden, it can be surpassed by σ-hyperconjugative delocalization. Despite a lower spin population of the ligand in σ-hyperconjugative transmission, the hyperfine couplings can be larger because of the direct involvement of the ligand s-orbitals in this delocalization pathway. We demonstrate a quantitative correlation between the hyperfine couplings of aromatic ligand atoms and the characteristics of the metal-ligand bond modulated by the trans substituent, a hyperfine trans effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Novotný
- CEITEC
− Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno CZ-62500, Czechia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice
5, Brno CZ-62500, Czechia
| | - Markéta Munzarová
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice
5, Brno CZ-62500, Czechia
| | - Radek Marek
- CEITEC
− Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno CZ-62500, Czechia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice
5, Brno CZ-62500, Czechia
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10
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Oszajca M, Flejszar M, Szura A, Dróżdż P, Brindell M, Kurpiewska K. Exploring the coordination chemistry of ruthenium complexes with lysozymes: structural and in-solution studies. Front Chem 2024; 12:1371637. [PMID: 38638879 PMCID: PMC11024358 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1371637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive structural analysis of the adducts formed upon the reaction of two Ru(III) complexes [HIsq][trans-RuIIICl4(dmso)(Isq)] (1) and [H2Ind][trans-RuIIICl4(dmso)(HInd)] (2) (where HInd-indazole, Isq-isoquinoline, analogs of NAMI-A) and two Ru(II) complexes, cis-[RuCl2(dmso)4] (c) and trans-[RuCl2(dmso)4] (t), with hen-egg white lysozyme (HEWL). Additionally, the crystal structure of an adduct of human lysozyme (HL) with ruthenium complex, [H2Ind][trans-RuCl4(dmso)(HInd)] was solved. X-ray crystallographic data analysis revealed that all studied Ru complexes, regardless of coordination surroundings and metal center charge, coordinate to the same amino acids (His15, Arg14, and Asp101) of HEWL, losing most of their original ligands. In the case of the 2-HL adduct, two distinct metalation sites: (i) Arg107, Arg113 and (ii) Gln127, Gln129, were identified. Crystallographic data were supported by studies of the interaction of 1 and 2 with HEWL in an aqueous solution. Hydrolytic stability studies revealed that both complexes 1 and 2 liberate the N-heterocyclic ligand under crystallization-like conditions (pH 4.5) as well as under physiological pH conditions, and this process is not significantly affected by the presence of HEWL. A comparative examination of nine crystal structures of Ru complexes with lysozyme, obtained through soaking and co-crystallization experiments, together with in-solution studies of the interaction between 1 and 2 with HEWL, indicates that the hydrolytic release of the N-heterocyclic ligand is one of the critical factors in the interaction between Ru complexes and lysozyme. This understanding is crucial in shedding light on the tendency of Ru complexes to target diverse metalation sites during the formation and in the final forms of the adducts with proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oszajca
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Flejszar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Szura
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Patrycja Dróżdż
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Brindell
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kurpiewska
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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11
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Sasaki H, Nakagawa I, Furuta T, Yokoyama S, Morisaki Y, Saito Y, Nakase H. Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter (MCU) is Involved in an Ischemic Postconditioning Effect Against Ischemic Reperfusion Brain Injury in Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:32. [PMID: 38568450 PMCID: PMC10991049 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The phenomenon of ischemic postconditioning (PostC) is known to be neuroprotective against ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury. One of the key processes in PostC is the opening of the mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium (mito-KATP) channel and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, triggering the release of calcium ions from mitochondria through low-conductance opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is known as a highly sensitive transporter for the uptake of Ca2+ present on the inner mitochondrial membrane. The MCU has attracted attention as a new target for treatment in diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and ischemic stroke. We considered that the MCU may be involved in PostC and trigger its mechanisms. This research used the whole-cell patch-clamp technique on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells from C57BL mice and measured changes in spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents (sEPSCs), intracellular Ca2+ concentration, mitochondrial membrane potential, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) currents under inhibition of MCU by ruthenium red 265 (Ru265) in PostC. Inhibition of MCU increased the occurrence of sEPSCs (p = 0.014), NMDAR currents (p < 0.001), intracellular Ca2+ concentration (p < 0.001), and dead cells (p < 0.001) significantly after reperfusion, reflecting removal of the neuroprotective effects in PostC. Moreover, mitochondrial depolarization in PostC with Ru265 was weakened, compared to PostC (p = 0.004). These results suggest that MCU affects mitochondrial depolarization in PostC to suppress NMDAR over-activation and prevent elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations against I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Shijo-Cho 840, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Shijo-Cho 840, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Takanori Furuta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Shijo-Cho 840, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Shohei Yokoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Shijo-Cho 840, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yudai Morisaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Shijo-Cho 840, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Shijo-Cho 840, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Shijo-Cho 840, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
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12
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Khan TA, Bhar K, Samanta R, Bhatt S, Singh M, Rani R, Kumar V, Sharma AK. A bis-quinoline ruthenium(II) arene complex with submicromolar cytotoxicity in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1579-1582. [PMID: 38224119 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A new Ru(II) arene chlorido organometallic complex [(η6-p-cymene)(L)RuCl]PF6 (named as pCYRuL) using 2-bis(quinolin-2-ylmethylene) hydrazine (L) was developed that exhibits potent anticancer activity against castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) (IC50 = 0.71 μM), and it is 45 times more effective than the standard drug cisplatin (IC50 = 31.3 μM) in a castration-resistant human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line (PC-3) but non-toxic in normal human kidney cells (HK2) as well as normal breast cells (MCF10A) and found that pCYRuL exerted anticancer activity via apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase of PC-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer A Khan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, District Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
| | - Kishalay Bhar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, District Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
| | - Rohit Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, District Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
| | - Surabhi Bhatt
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, District Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
| | - Mamta Singh
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Reshma Rani
- Jubilant Biosys, Greater Noida, UP 201310, India
| | - Vinit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Anuj K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, District Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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13
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Saha A, Mondal I, Kumari A, Sonkar AK, Mishra R, Kulshreshtha R, Patra AK. Hyphenation of lipophilic ruthenium(II)-diphosphine core with 5-fluorouracil: an effective metallodrug against glioblastoma brain cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1551-1567. [PMID: 38164612 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02941g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common highly aggressive malignant brain tumor, with a very limited chance for survival post-diagnosis and post-treatment. Despite significant advancement in GBM genomics implicated in molecularly targeted chemotherapies, the prognosis remains poor and requires new drug discovery approaches. We used fluoropyrimidine 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an antimetabolite anticancer drug conjugated or 'caged' within a lipophilic Ru(II)-diphosphine (dppe) core formulated as [RuII(dppe)2(5-FU)]PF6 (Ru-DPPE-5FU), where dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, and evaluated its in vitro cytotoxicity in depth with aggressive GBM cells (LN229). The hydrophilic nature of 5-FU limits its passage through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents its effective accumulation and efficacy for GBM tumors. Herein, we attempted to modulate the lipophilicity of 5-FU by inserting it within a well-designed lipophilic {Ru(dppe)2}-core with anticipated higher efficiency towards GBM. The physicochemical properties of [RuII(dppe)2(5-FU)]PF6 (Ru-DPPE-5FU) were studied using various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The molecular structure was determined using X-ray crystallography, showing a distorted {RuP4NO} octahedral geometry with bidentate (N, O) binding of 5-FU and its aromatization in the Ru(II)-bound form. The 31P-NMR spectra of Ru-DPPE-5FU showed four closely spaced distinct 31P-signals, indicating four unique chemical environments around P, and the strong coupling constants between them make it a second-order spectrum. The RuII/RuIII redox potential in Ru-DPPE-5FU shifted by ∼0.91 V towards the anodic region as compared to its precursor complex cis-[Ru(dppe)2Cl2] (Ru-DPPE-Cl). DFT-based theoretical calculations have been performed to correlate the experimental electronic absorption spectra and redox behaviours of the complexes. The electrostatic potential (ESP) plots indicate the delocalization of the charge density on the O-/F-atom from the 5-FU ligand towards Ru(II) upon its complexation. The antioxidant properties of all the compounds were quantified by a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The hyphenation of the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) ligand to the lipophilic {Ru(dppe)2}-core endowed lipophilicity to Ru-DPPE-5FU with higher in vitro cytotoxicity (IC50 = 2.37 μM) against the LN229 GBM cells as compared to the hydrophilic 5-FU, suggesting efficient cellular uptake. Further biological assays indicated that the complex is highly potent in inhibiting significant proliferation and spheroid formation and restricting the migratory potentials of the GBM cells. Increased caspase 3/7 activity and the presence of apoptotic bodies at the center of 3-D GBM spheroids as revealed by AO/EB dual staining indicated a deeper penetration of the lipophilic complex. The Ru-DPPE-5FU complex displayed lower cytotoxicity in HaCaT normal cells (IC50 = 7.27 μM) in comparison to LN229 cancer cells with a selectivity index (S.I.) of ≥3. Overall, the synergism and caging of 5-FU within the hydrophobic {Ru(dppe)2}-core improves the pharmacokinetic profile of Ru-DPPE-5FU as a potent anticancer agent for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Indranil Mondal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anuj Kumari
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Avinash Kumar Sonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ramranjan Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ritu Kulshreshtha
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ashis K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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14
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Mfengwana PMAH, Sone BT. Green synthesis and characterization of ruthenium oxide nanoparticles using Gunnera perpensa for potential anticancer activity against MCF7 cancer cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22638. [PMID: 38114615 PMCID: PMC10730706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of green methods for ruthenium oxide nanoparticles (RuONPs) synthesis is gaining attention due to their eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and availability. However, reports on the green synthesis and characterization of RuONPs are limited compared to other metal nanoparticles. The green synthesis and characterization of RuONPs using water extracts of Gunnera perpensa leaves as a reducing agent is reported in this study. The RuONPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-VIS). MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the RuONPs against MCF7 and Vero cell lines. X-ray diffraction analysis results revealed the presence of crystalline and amorphous forms of RuONPs, while IR spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups associated with G. perpensa leaves. SEM showed that the RuONPs consisted predominantly of hexagonal and cuboid-like structures with a considerable degree of agglomeration being observed. The cell culture results indicated a low anticancer efficacy of RuONPs against MCF7 and Vero cell lines, suggesting that RuONPs may not be a good lead for anti-cancer drugs. This study highlights the potential of using green synthesis methods to produce RuONPs and their characterization, as well as their cytotoxicity against cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polo-Ma-Abiele H Mfengwana
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Park Road, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa.
| | - Bertrand T Sone
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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Garufi A, Scarpelli F, Ricciardi L, Aiello I, D’Orazi G, Crispini A. New Copper-Based Metallodrugs with Anti-Invasive Capacity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1489. [PMID: 37892171 PMCID: PMC10604694 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While metal-based complexes are deeply investigated as anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs, fewer studies are devoted to their anti-invasive activity. Herein, two copper (Cu)(II) tropolone derivatives, [Cu(Trop)Cl] and [Cu(Trop)Sac], both containing the N,N-chelated 4,4'-bishydroxymethyl-2,2'-bipyridne ligand, were evaluated for their anticancer and anti-invasive properties. RKO (RKO-ctr) colon cancer cells and their derivatives undergoing stable small interference (si) RNA for HIPK2 protein (RKO-siHIPK2) with acquisition of pro-invasive capacity were used. The results demonstrate that while [Cu(Trop)Sac] did not show cytotoxic activity, [Cu(Trop)Cl] induced cell death in both RKO-ctr and RKO-siHIPK2 cells, indicating that structural changes on substituting the coordinated chloride ligand with saccharine (Sac) could be a key factor in suppressing mechanisms of cellular death. On the other hand, both [Cu(Trop)Sac] and [Cu(Trop)Cl] complexes counteracted RKO-siHIPK2 cell migration in the wound healing assay. The synergic effect exerted by the concomitant presence of both tropolone and saccharin ligands in [Cu(Trop)Sac] was also supported by its significant inhibition of RKO-siHIPK2 cell migration compared to the free Sac ligand. These data suggest that the two Cu(II) tropolone derivatives are also interesting candidates to be further tested in in vivo models as an anti-invasive tumor strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Garufi
- Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Scarpelli
- MAT-In_LAB, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Loredana Ricciardi
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology U.O.S. Cosenza, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy;
| | - Iolinda Aiello
- MAT-In_LAB, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Gabriella D’Orazi
- Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
- School of Medicine, UniCamillus International University of Health Sciences, 00100 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Crispini
- MAT-In_LAB, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (A.C.)
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16
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Althobaiti F, Sahyon HA, Shanab MMAH, Aldhahrani A, Helal MA, Khireldin A, Shoair AGF, Almalki ASA, Fathy AM. A comparative study of novel ruthenium(III) and iron(III) complexes containing uracil; docking and biological studies. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 247:112308. [PMID: 37441923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Structural and biological studies were conducted on the novel complexes [Fe(U)2(H2O)2]Cl3 (FeU) and [Ru(U)2(H2O)2]Cl3 (RuU) (U = 5,6-Diamino-1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione) to develop an anticancer drug candidate. The two complexes have been synthesized and characterized. Based on our findings, these complexes have octahedral geometry. The DNA-binding study proved that both complexes coordinated with CT-DNA. The docking study confirmed the potency of both complexes in downregulating the topoisomerase I protein through their high binding affinity. Biological studies have established that both complexes can act as potent anticancer agents against three cancer cell lines. RuU or FeU complexes induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells by increasing caspase9 protein and inhibiting proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) activity. In addition, both complexes down-regulate topoisomerase I expression in breast cancer cells. Therefore, the RuU and FeU complexes' anticancer activities were mediated via both apoptosis induction and topoisomerase I down-regulation. In conclusion, both complexes have dual anticancer activity pathways that may be responsible for the selective cytotoxicity of the complexes. This makes them more suitable for the development of novel cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayez Althobaiti
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Heba A Sahyon
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Mai M A H Shanab
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Humanities Studies (Girls section), Hawtat Bani Tamim 11149, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box:13, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Adil Aldhahrani
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Marihan A Helal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Awad Khireldin
- Air transport management, Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT), Singapore.
| | - Abdel Ghany F Shoair
- Department of Science and Technology, University College-Ranyah, postcode 21975, Taif University, Saudi Arabia; High Altitude Research Center, Taif University, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Ahmed M Fathy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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17
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Thilak
Babu L, Paira P. CuAAC "Click"-Derived Luminescent 2-(2-(4-(4-(Pyridin-2-yl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)butoxy)phenyl)benzo[ d]thiazole-Based Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I) Complexes as Anticancer Agents. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32382-32395. [PMID: 37720792 PMCID: PMC10500652 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the cytoselective behavior of the complexes, we intended to develop a CuAAC "click"-derived synthetic protocol for the preparation of 2-(2-(4-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)butoxy)phenyl)benzo[d]thiazole-based Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I) complexes, and their cytotoxicity against three different cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HeLa, and U87MG) in consort with one normal cell line (HEK-293) was evaluated. In our detailed investigations, the significant cytotoxic nature of the Ru(II) complex 7a compared to Ir(III) and Re(I) complexes (7b and 7c, respectively) was observed. Complex 7a was capable of MCF-7 cell apoptosis via the inhibition of both S- and G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest in association with a substantial quantity of ROS production and DNA intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Thilak
Babu
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute
of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute
of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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18
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Dorairaj DP, Haribabu J, Dharmasivam M, Malekshah RE, Mohamed Subarkhan MK, Echeverria C, Karvembu R. Ru(II)- p-Cymene Complexes of Furoylthiourea Ligands for Anticancer Applications against Breast Cancer Cells. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:11761-11774. [PMID: 37459067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Half-sandwich Ru(II) complexes containing nitro-substituted furoylthiourea ligands, bearing the general formula [(η6-p-cymene)RuCl2(L)] (1-6) and [(η6-p-cymene)RuCl(L)(PPh3)]+ (7--12), have been synthesized and characterized. In contrast to the spectroscopic data which revealed monodentate coordination of the ligands to the Ru(II) ion via a "S" atom, single crystal X-ray structures revealed an unusual bidentate N, S coordination with the metal center forming a four-membered ring. Interaction studies by absorption, emission, and viscosity measurements revealed intercalation of the Ru(II) complexes with calf thymus (CT) DNA. The complexes showed good interactions with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as well. Further, their cytotoxicity was explored exclusively against breast cancer cells, namely, MCF-7, T47-D, and MDA-MB-231, wherein all of the complexes were found to display more pronounced activity than their ligand counterparts. Complexes 7-12 bearing triphenylphosphine displayed significant cytotoxicity, among which complex 12 showed IC50 values of 0.6 ± 0.9, 0.1 ± 0.8, and 0.1 ± 0.2 μM against MCF-7, T47-D, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively. The most active complexes were tested for their mode of cell death through staining assays, which confirmed apoptosis. The upregulation of apoptotic inducing and downregulation of apoptotic suppressing proteins as inferred from the western blot analysis also corroborated the apoptotic mode of cell death. The active complexes effectively generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MDA-MB-231 cells as analyzed from the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. Finally, in vivo studies of the highly active complexes (6 and 12) were performed on the mice model. Histological analyses revealed that treatment with these complexes at high doses of up to 8 mg/kg did not induce any visible damage to the tested organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jebiti Haribabu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Atacama, Los Carreras 1579, 1532502 Copiapo, Chile
| | - Mahendiran Dharmasivam
- Department of Chemistry, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Rahime Eshaghi Malekshah
- Medical Biomaterial Research Centre (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Mohamed Kasim Mohamed Subarkhan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Cesar Echeverria
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Atacama, Los Carreras 1579, 1532502 Copiapo, Chile
| | - Ramasamy Karvembu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
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19
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Bashir M, Mantoo IA, Arjmand F, Tabassum S, Yousuf I. An overview of advancement of organoruthenium(II) complexes as prospective anticancer agents. Coord Chem Rev 2023; 487:215169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
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20
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Pilon A, Avecilla F, Mohai M, Enyedy ÉA, Rácz B, Spengler G, Garcia MH, Valente A. First iron(II) organometallic compound acting as ABCB1 inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115466. [PMID: 37187089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Five new iron (II) complexes bearing imidazole-based (Imi-R) ligands with the general formula [Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)(PPh3)(Imi-R)][CF3SO3] were synthesized and fully characterized by several spectroscopic and analytical techniques. All compounds crystallize in centrosymmetric space groups in a typical "piano stool" distribution. Given the growing importance of finding alternatives to overcome different forms of multidrug resistance, all compounds were tested against cancer cell lines with different ABCB1 efflux pump expression, namely, the doxorubicin-sensitive (Colo205) and doxorubicin-resistant (Colo320) human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. Compound 3 bearing 1-benzylimidazole was the most active in both cell lines with IC50 values of 1.26 ± 0.11 and 2.21 ± 0.26 μM, respectively, being also slightly selective against the cancer cells (vs. MRC5 normal human embryonic fibroblast cell lines). This compound, together with compound 2 bearing 1H-1,3-benzodiazole, were found to display very potent ABCB1 inhibitory effect. Compound 3 also showed the ability to induce cell apoptosis. Iron cellular accumulation studies by ICP-MS and ICP-OES methods revealed that the compounds' cytotoxicity is not related to the extent of iron accumulation. Yet, it is worth mentioning that, from the compounds tested, 3 was the only one where iron accumulation was greater in the resistant cell line than in the sensitive one, validating the possible role of ABCB1 inhibition in its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhan Pilon
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Avecilla
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo NanoToxGen, Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología (CICA), Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Campus de A Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Miklós Mohai
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint Rácz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - M Helena Garcia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Valente
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
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21
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Odachowski M, Neven R, Perversi G, Romano D, Slabber CA, Hadiji M, Honing M, Zhao Y, Munro OQ, Blom B. Ionic mononuclear [Fe] and heterodinuclear [Fe,Ru] bis(diphenylphosphino)alkane complexes: Synthesis, spectroscopy, DFT structures, cytotoxicity, and biomolecular interactions. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 242:112156. [PMID: 36801621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron(II) and Ru(II) half-sandwich compounds encompass some promising pre-clinical anticancer agents whose efficacy may be tuned by structural modification of the coordinated ligands. Here, we combine two such bioactive metal centres in cationic bis(diphenylphosphino)alkane-bridged heterodinuclear [Fe2+, Ru2+] complexes to delineate how ligand structural variations modulate compound cytotoxicity. Specifically, Fe(II) complexes of the type [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2(κ1-PPh2(CH2)nPPh2)]{PF6} (n = 1-5), compounds 1-5, and heterodinuclear [Fe2+, Ru2+] complexes, [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2(μ-PPh2(CH2)nPPh2))(η6-p-cymene)RuCl2]{PF6} (n = 2-5) (compounds 7-10), were synthesized and characterised. The mononuclear complexes were moderately cytotoxic against two ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780 and cisplatin resistant A2780cis) with IC50 values ranging from 2.3 ± 0.5 μM to 9.0 ± 1.4 μM. For 7-10, the cytotoxicity increased with increasing Fe⋅⋅⋅Ru distance, consistent with their DNA affinity. UV-visible spectroscopy suggested the chloride ligands in heterodinuclear 8-10 undergo stepwise substitution by water on the timescale of the DNA interaction experiments, probably affording the species [RuCl(OH2)(η6-p-cymene)(PRPh2)]2+ and [Ru(OH)(OH2)(η6-p-cymene)(PRPh2)]2+ (where PRPh2 has R = [-(CH2)5PPh2-Fe(C5H5)(CO)2]+). One interpretation of the combined DNA-interaction and kinetic data is that the mono(aqua) complex may interact with dsDNA through nucleobase coordination. Heterodinuclear 10 reacts with glutathione (GSH) to form stable mono- and bis(thiolate) adducts, 10-SG and 10-SG2, with no evidence of metal ion reduction (k1 = 1.07 ± 0.17 × 10-1 min-1 and k2 = 6.04 ± 0.59 × 10-3 min-1 at 37 °C). This work highlights the synergistic effect of the Fe2+/Ru2+ centres on both the cytotoxicity and biomolecular interactions of the present heterodinuclear complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Odachowski
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Paul Henri Spaaklaan 1, 6229 EN Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Neven
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Paul Henri Spaaklaan 1, 6229 EN Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Giuditta Perversi
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Paul Henri Spaaklaan 1, 6229 EN Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dario Romano
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cathryn A Slabber
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO WITS 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mouna Hadiji
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maarten Honing
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yuandi Zhao
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Orde Q Munro
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO WITS 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Burgert Blom
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Paul Henri Spaaklaan 1, 6229 EN Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Shutkov IA, Okulova YN, Mazur DM, Melnichuk NA, Babkov DA, Sokolova EV, Spasov AA, Milaeva ER, Nazarov AA. New Organometallic Ru(II) Compounds with Lonidamine Motif as Antitumor Agents. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051366. [PMID: 37242608 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of one molecule of organic and metal-based fragments that exhibit antitumor activity is a modern approach in the search for new promising drugs. In this work, biologically active ligands based on lonidamine (a selective inhibitor of aerobic glycolysis used in clinical practice) were introduced into the structure of an antitumor organometallic ruthenium scaffold. Resistant to ligand exchange reactions, compounds were prepared by replacing labile ligands with stable ones. Moreover, cationic complexes containing two lonidamine-based ligands were obtained. Antiproliferative activity was studied in vitro by MTT assays. It was shown that the increase in the stability in ligand exchange reactions does not influence cytotoxicity. At the same time, the introduction of the second lonidamine fragment approximately doubles the cytotoxicity of studied complexes. The ability to induce apoptosis and caspase activation in tumour cell MCF7 was studied by employing flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A Shutkov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia N Okulova
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii M Mazur
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai A Melnichuk
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Babkov
- Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, 39 Novorossiyskaya Street, 400087 Volgograd, Russia
| | - Elena V Sokolova
- Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, 39 Novorossiyskaya Street, 400087 Volgograd, Russia
| | - Alexander A Spasov
- Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, 39 Novorossiyskaya Street, 400087 Volgograd, Russia
| | - Elena R Milaeva
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Nazarov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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23
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Riccardi C, Campanella A, Montesarchio D, Del Vecchio P, Oliva R, Paduano L. Investigating the Interaction of an Anticancer Nucleolipidic Ru(III) Complex with Human Serum Proteins: A Spectroscopic Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062800. [PMID: 36985771 PMCID: PMC10055563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium(III) complexes are very promising candidates as metal-based anticancer drugs, and several studies have supported the likely role of human serum proteins in the transport and selective delivery of Ru(III)-based compounds to tumor cells. Herein, the anticancer nanosystem composed of an amphiphilic nucleolipid incorporating a Ru(III) complex, which we named DoHuRu, embedded into the biocompatible cationic lipid DOTAP, was investigated as to its interaction with two human serum proteins thought to be involved in the mechanism of action of Ru(III)-based anticancer drugs, i.e., human serum albumin (HSA) and human transferrin (hTf). This nanosystem was studied in comparison with the simple Ru(III) complex named AziRu, a low molecular weight metal complex previously designed as an analogue of NAMI-A, decorated with the same ruthenium ligands as DoHuRu but devoid of the nucleolipid scaffold and not inserted in liposomal formulations. For this study, different spectroscopic techniques, i.e., Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Circular Dichroism (CD), were exploited, showing that DoHuRu/DOTAP liposomes can interact with both serum proteins without affecting their secondary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Riccardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Campanella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Montesarchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- CINMPIS-Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale di Ricerca in Metodologie e Processi Innovativi di Sintesi, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosario Oliva
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Paduano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- CSGI-Consorzio Interuniversitario per Lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Florence, Italy
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24
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Salerno S, Barresi E, Baglini E, Poggetti V, Da Settimo F, Taliani S. Target-Based Anticancer Indole Derivatives for the Development of Anti-Glioblastoma Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062587. [PMID: 36985576 PMCID: PMC10056347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and frequent primary brain tumor, with a poor prognosis and the highest mortality rate. Currently, GBM therapy consists of surgical resection of the tumor, radiotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide. Consistently, there are poor treatment options and only modest anticancer efficacy is achieved; therefore, there is still a need for the development of new effective therapies for GBM. Indole is considered one of the most privileged scaffolds in heterocyclic chemistry, so it may serve as an effective probe for the development of new drug candidates against challenging diseases, including GBM. This review analyzes the therapeutic benefit and clinical development of novel indole-based derivatives investigated as promising anti-GBM agents. The existing indole-based compounds which are in the pre-clinical and clinical stages of development against GBM are reported, with particular reference to the most recent advances between 2013 and 2022. The main mechanisms of action underlying their anti-GBM efficacy, such as protein kinase, tubulin and p53 pathway inhibition, are also discussed. The final goal is to pave the way for medicinal chemists in the future design and development of novel effective indole-based anti-GBM agents.
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25
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Juszczak M, Das S, Kosińska A, Rybarczyk-Pirek AJ, Wzgarda-Raj K, Tokarz P, Vasudevan S, Chworos A, Woźniak K, Rudolf B. Piano-stool ruthenium(II) complexes with maleimide and phosphine or phosphite ligands: synthesis and activity against normal and cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4237-4250. [PMID: 36897334 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
In these studies, we designed and investigated cyto- and genotoxic potential of five ruthenium cyclopentadienyl complexes bearing different phosphine and phosphite ligands. All of the complexes were characterized with spectroscopic analysis (NMR, FT-IR, ESI-MS, UV-vis, fluorescence and XRD (for two compounds)). For biological studies, we used three types of cells - normal peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells, leukemic HL-60 cells and doxorubicin-resistance HL-60 cells (HL-60/DR). We compared the results obtained with those obtained for the complex with maleimide ligand CpRu(CO)2(η1-N-maleimidato) 1, which we had previously reported. We observed that the complexes CpRu(CO)(PPh3)(η1-N-maleimidato) 2a and CpRu(CO)(P(OEt)3)(η1-N-maleimidato) 3a were the most cytotoxic for HL-60 cells and non-cytotoxic for normal PBM cells. However, complex 1 was more cytotoxic for HL-60 cells than complexes 2a and 3a (IC50 = 6.39 μM vs. IC50 = 21.48 μM and IC50 = 12.25 μM, respectively). The complex CpRu(CO)(P(OPh)3)(η1-N-maleimidato) 3b is the most cytotoxic for HL-60/DR cells (IC50 = 104.35 μM). We found the genotoxic potential of complexes 2a and 3a only in HL-60 cells. These complexes also induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Docking studies showed that complexes 2a and CpRu(CO)(P(Fu)3)(η1-N-maleimidato) 2b have a small ability to degrade DNA, but they may cause a defect in DNA damage repair mechanisms leading to cell death. This hypothesis is corroborated with the results obtained in the plasmid relaxation assay in which ruthenium complexes bearing phosphine and phosphite ligands induce DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Juszczak
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Molecular Genetics, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Sujoy Das
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Aneta Kosińska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka J Rybarczyk-Pirek
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kinga Wzgarda-Raj
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Tokarz
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Molecular Genetics, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Saranya Vasudevan
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Chworos
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Woźniak
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Molecular Genetics, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Bogna Rudolf
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland.
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26
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Kljun J, Rebernik M, Balsa LM, Kladnik J, Rapuš U, Trobec T, Sepčić K, Frangež R, León IE, Turel I. Exploring pta Alternatives in the Development of Ruthenium-Arene Anticancer Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062499. [PMID: 36985471 PMCID: PMC10058425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoruthenium pyrithione (1-hydroxypyridine-2-thione) complexes have been shown in our recent studies to be a promising family of compounds for development of new anticancer drugs. The complex [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(pyrithionato)(pta)]PF6 contains phosphine ligand pta (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) as a functionality that improves the stability of the complex and its aqueous solubility. Here, we report our efforts to find pta alternatives and discover new structural elements to improve the biological properties of ruthenium anticancer drugs. The pta ligand was replaced by a selection of phosphine, phosphite, and arsine ligands to identify new functionalities, leading to improvement in inhibitory potency towards enzyme glutathione S-transferase. In addition, cytotoxicity in breast, bone, and colon cancers was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mihaela Rebernik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucía M Balsa
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N°1465, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Rapuš
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Trobec
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ignacio E León
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N°1465, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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27
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Raza A, Archer SA, Thomas JA, MacNeil S, Haycock JW. Selectively inhibiting malignant melanoma migration and invasion in an engineered skin model using actin-targeting dinuclear Ru II-complexes. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:65-73. [PMID: 36755639 PMCID: PMC9890726 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the poor prognosis of metastatic cancers, there is a clinical need for agents with anti-metastatic activity. Here we report on the anti-metastatic effect of a previously reported Ru(ii) complex [{(phen)2Ru}2(tpphz)]4+, 14+, that has recently been shown to disrupt actin fiber assembly. In this study, we investigated the anti-migratory effect of +14+ and a close structural analogue+, 24+, on two highly invasive, metastatic human melanoma cell lines. Laser scanning confocal imaging was used to investigate the structure of actin filament and adhesion molecule vinculin and results show disassembly of central actin filaments and focal adhesions. The effect of both compounds on actin filaments was also found to be reversible. As these results revealed that the complexes were cytostatic and produced a significant inhibitory effect on the migration of both melanoma cell lines but not human dermal fibroblasts their effect on 3D-spheroids and a tissue-engineered living skin model were also investigated. These experiments demonstrated that the compounds inhibited the growth and invasiveness of the melanoma-based spheroidal tumor model and both complexes were found to penetrate the epidermis of the skin tissue model and inhibit the invasion of melanoma cells. Taken together, the cytostatic and antimigratory effects of the complexes results in an antimetastatic effect that totally prevent invasion of malignant melanoma into skin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahtasham Raza
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield Mappin St Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Stuart A. Archer
- Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUK+44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Jim A. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUK+44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield Mappin St Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - John W. Haycock
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of SheffieldMappin StSheffield S1 3JDUK
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28
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Wu CY, Chen HJ, Wu YC, Tsai SW, Liu YH, Bhattacharya U, Lin D, Tai HC, Kong KV. Highly Efficient Singlet Oxygen Generation by BODIPY-Ruthenium(II) Complexes for Promoting Neurite Outgrowth and Suppressing Tau Protein Aggregation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1102-1112. [PMID: 36622931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) has been recently identified as a key molecule against toxic Aβ aggregation, which is associated with the currently incurable Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, limited research has studied its efficiency against tau protein aggregation, the other major hallmark of AD. Herein, we designed and synthesized boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-ruthenium conjugates and isolated three isomers. Under visible-light irradiation, the ε isomer can be photoactivated and efficiently generate singlet oxygen. Particularly, the complex demonstrated successful results in attenuating tauopathy─an appreciable decrease to 43 ± 2% at 100 nM. The photosensitizer was further found to remarkably promote neurite outgrowth and significantly increased the length and number of neurites in nerve cells. As a result of effective photoinduced singlet oxygen generation and proactive neurite outgrowth, the hybrid design has great potential for therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Duo Lin
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Digital Fujian Internet-of-Things Laboratory of Environment Monitoring, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Hwan-Ching Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kien Voon Kong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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29
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Cao K, Zhu Y, Hou Z, Liu M, Yang Y, Hu H, Dai Y, Wang Y, Yuan S, Huang G, Mei J, Sadler PJ, Liu Y. α-Synuclein as a Target for Metallo-Anti-Neurodegenerative Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215360. [PMID: 36345707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The unique thermodynamic and kinetic coordination chemistry of ruthenium allows it to modulate key adverse aggregation and membrane interactions of α-synuclein (α-syn) associated with Parkinson's disease. We show that the low-toxic RuIII complex trans-[ImH][RuCl4 (Me2 SO)(Im)] (NAMI-A) has dual inhibitory effects on both aggregation and membrane interactions of α-syn with submicromolar affinity, and disassembles pre-formed fibrils. NAMI-A abolishes the cytotoxicity of α-syn towards neuronal cells and mitigates neurodegeneration and motor impairments in a rat model of Parkinson's. Multinuclear NMR and MS analyses show that NAMI-A binds to residues involved in protein aggregation and membrane binding. NMR studies reveal the key steps in pro-drug activation and the effect of activated NAMI-A species on protein folding. Our findings provide a new basis for designing ruthenium complexes which could mitigate α-syn-induced Parkinson's pathology differently from organic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhuanghao Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Manman Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongze Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Siming Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guangming Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiaming Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yangzhong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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30
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Synthesis and structures of diorganotin(IV) Schiff base complexes [R2Sn(L)Cl2] and their proliferative responses on breast cancer cells. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Dichloro[N-[(η6-phenyl)methyl]-4-(1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)vinyl)benzamide](1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo [3.3.1.13,7]decane-κP7)ruthenium. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bexarotene-tethered RuII(arene) compounds with 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.1]decane (PTA) were prepared as an analog of RAPTA antitumor complexes in order to evaluate their in vitro antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines.
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32
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Pradhan AK, Shyam A, Dutta A, Mondal P. Quantum Chemical Investigation on Hydrolysis of Orally Active Organometallic Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II) Anticancer Drugs and Their Interaction with Histidine. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9516-9527. [PMID: 36378950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Influence of the metal center on hydrolysis of organometallic anticancer complexes containing an N-phenyl-2-pyridinecarbothioamide (PCA) ligand, [M(η6-p-cymene)(N-phenyl-2-pyridinecarbothioamide)Cl]+ (M = RuII, 1A, and OsII, 2A), as well as their N-fluorophenyl derivatives [M(η6-p-cymene)(N-fluorophenyl-2-pyridinecarbothioamide)Cl]+ (M = RuII, 1B, and OsII, 2B) have been investigated using the DFT method in aqueous medium. The activation energy barriers for the hydrolysis of 1A (21.5 kcal/mol) and 1B (20.7 kcal/mol) are found to be significantly lower than those of their corresponding osmium analogs 2A (28.6 kcal/mol) and 2B (27.5 kcal/mol). DFT evaluated results reveal the inertness of Os(II)-PCA complex toward the hydrolysis that rationalizes the experimental observations. However, the incorporation of fluoride substituent slightly decreases the activation energy for the hydrolysis of Ru(II)- and Os(II)-PCA. In addition, the interaction of hydrolyzed Ru(II)-PCAs (1AH and 1BH) and Os(II)-PCAs (2AH and 2BH) complexes with the histidine (Hist) have also been investigated. The aquated 1BH and 2BH show an enhanced propensity toward the interaction with histidine, and their activation Gibbs free energies are calculated to be 15.9 and 18.9 kcal/mol, respectively. ONIOM (QM/MM) study of the resulting aquated complexes inside histone protein shows the maximum stability of the 2BH complex having a binding energy of -43.6 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhijit Shyam
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India.,Department of Chemistry, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Adarsha Mahavidyalaya (PDUAM), Eraligool, Karimganj-788723, Assam, India
| | - Abhijit Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Patharkandi College, Karimganj-788724, Assam, India
| | - Paritosh Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India
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Lu Y, Zhu D, Le Q, Wang Y, Wang W. Ruthenium-based antitumor drugs and delivery systems from monotherapy to combination therapy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16339-16375. [PMID: 36341705 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02994d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium complex is an important compound group for antitumor drug research and development. NAMI-A, KP1019, TLD1433 and other ruthenium complexes have entered clinical research. In recent years, the research on ruthenium antitumor drugs has not been limited to single chemotherapy drugs; other applications of ruthenium complexes have emerged such as in combination therapy. During the development of ruthenium complexes, drug delivery forms of ruthenium antitumor drugs have also evolved from single-molecule drugs to nanodrug delivery systems. The review summarizes the following aspects: (1) ruthenium complexes from monotherapy to combination therapy, including the development of single-molecule compounds, carrier nanomedicine, and self-assembly of carrier-free nanomedicine; (2) ruthenium complexes in the process of ADME in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion; (3) the applications of ruthenium complexes in combination therapy, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), immunotherapy, and their combined application; (4) the future prospects of ruthenium-based antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Quynh Le
- Center for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Akhter S, Arjmand F, Pettinari C, Tabassum S. Ru(II)( ƞ6- p-cymene) Conjugates Loaded onto Graphene Oxide: An Effective pH-Responsive Anticancer Drug Delivery System. Molecules 2022; 27:7592. [PMID: 36364418 PMCID: PMC9655566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide-based nanodrug delivery systems are considered one of the most promising platforms to deliver therapeutic drugs at the target site. In this study, Ru(II)(ƞ6-p-cymene) complexes containing the benzothiazole ligand were covalently anchored on graphene oxide using the ultrasonication method. The nanoconjugates GO-NCD-1 and GO-NCD-2 were characterized by FT-IR, UV-visible, 1H NMR, TGA, SEM, and TEM techniques, which confirmed the successful loading of both the complexes (NCD 1 and NCD 2) on the carrier with average particle diameter sizes of 17 ± 6.9 nm and 25 ± 6.5 nm. In vitro DNA binding studies of the nanoconjugates were carried out by employing various biophysical methods to investigate the binding interaction with the therapeutic target biomolecule and to quantify the intrinsic binding constant values useful to understand their binding affinity. Our results suggest (i) high Kb and Ksv values of the graphene-loaded conjugates (ii) effective cleavage of plasmid DNA at a lower concentration of 7.5 µM and 10 µM via an oxidative pathway, and (iii) fast release of NCD 2 at an acidic pH that could have a good impact on the controlled delivery of drug. It was found that 90% of the drug was released in an acidic pH (5.8 pH) environment in 48 h, therefore suggesting pH-responsive behavior of the drug delivery system. Molecular docking, DFT studies, and cytotoxicity activity against three cancer cell lines by SRB assay were also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suffora Akhter
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Farukh Arjmand
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Claudio Pettinari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Sartaj Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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A split β-lactamase sensor for the detection of DNA modification by cisplatin and ruthenium-based chemotherapeutic drugs. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111986. [PMID: 36084568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a split-enzyme sensor approach for the sequence-specific detection of metal-based drug adducts of DNA. Split β-lactamase reporters were constructed using domain A of the High Mobility Group Box 1 protein (HMGB1a) in conjunction with zinc finger DNA-binding domains. As a proof of concept, the sensors were characterized with the well-known drug cisplatin, which forms 1,2-intrastrand crosslinks with DNA that are recognized by HMGB1a. After promising results with cisplatin, five ruthenium-based drugs were studied, four of which produced significant signal over background. These results highlight the utility of our approach for rapid screening of novel metal-based chemotherapeutic drug candidates and provide evidence that HMGB1a likely binds to DNA adducts formed by NAMI-A (imidazolium trans-tetrachlorodimethylsulfoxideimidazoleruthenate(III)), KP1019 (indazolium trans-tetrachlorodiindazoleruthenate(III)), KP418 (imidazolium trans-tetrachlorodiimidazoleruthenate(III)), and RAPTA-C (dichloro(η6-p-cymene)(1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane)ruthenium(II)). These results thus imply a potential biologically relevant mode of action for the ruthenium-based drugs investigated herein.
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36
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Munegowda MA, Manalac A, Weersink M, Cole HD, McFarland SA, Lilge L. Ru(II) CONTAINING PHOTOSENSITIZERS FOR PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY: A CRITIQUE ON REPORTING AND AN ATTEMPT TO COMPARE EFFICACY. Coord Chem Rev 2022; 470:214712. [PMID: 36686369 PMCID: PMC9850455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II)-based coordination complexes have emerged as photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in oncology as well as antimicrobial indications and have great potential. Their modular architectures that integrate multiple ligands can be exploited to tune cellular uptake and subcellular targeting, solubility, light absorption, and other photophysical properties. A wide range of Ru(II) containing compounds have been reported as PSs for PDT or as photochemotherapy (PCT) agents. Many studies employ a common scaffold that is subject to systematic variation in one or two ligands to elucidate the impact of these modifications on the photophysical and photobiological performance. Studies that probe the excited state energies and dynamics within these molecules are of fundamental interest and are used to design next-generation systems. However, a comparison of the PDT efficacy between Ru(II) containing PSs and 1st or 2nd generation PSs, already in clinical use or preclinical/clinical studies, is rare. Even comparisons between Ru(II) containing molecular structures are difficult, given the wide range of excitation wavelengths, power densities, and cell lines utilized. Despite this gap, PDT dose metrics quantifying a PS's efficacy are available to perform qualitative comparisons. Such models are independent of excitation wavelength and are based on common outcome parameters, such as the photon density absorbed by the Ru(II) compound to cause 50% cell kill (LD50) based on the previously established threshold model. In this focused photophysical review, we identified all published studies on Ru(II) containing PSs since 2005 that reported the required photophysical, light treatment, and in vitro outcome data to permit the application of the Photodynamic Threshold Model to quantify their potential efficacy. The resulting LD50 values range from less than 1013 to above 1020 [hν cm-3], indicating a wide range in PDT efficacy and required optical energy density for ultimate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Manalac
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dept Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Madrigal Weersink
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas
at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas
at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Lothar Lilge
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dept Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
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37
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Lucaciu RL, Hangan AC, Sevastre B, Oprean LS. Metallo-Drugs in Cancer Therapy: Past, Present and Future. Molecules 2022; 27:6485. [PMID: 36235023 PMCID: PMC9572156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatments which include conventional chemotherapy have not proven very successful in curing human malignancies. The failures of these treatment modalities include inherent resistance, systemic toxicity and severe side effects. Out of 50% patients administrated to chemotherapy, only 5% survive. For these reasons, the identification of new drug designs and therapeutic strategies that could target cancer cells while leaving normal cells unaffected still continues to be a challenge. Despite advances that have led to the development of new therapies, treatment options are still limited for many types of cancers. This review provides an overview of platinum, copper and ruthenium metal based anticancer drugs in clinical trials and in vitro/in vivo studies. Presumably, copper and ruthenium complexes have greater potential than Pt(II) complexes, showing reduced toxicity, a new mechanism of action, a different spectrum of activity and the possibility of non-cross-resistance. We focus the discussion towards past, present and future aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Liana Lucaciu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu-Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania or
| | - Adriana Corina Hangan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu-Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan Sevastre
- Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Madicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Luminița Simona Oprean
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu-Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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38
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Combination of light and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: Recent advances in the development of new anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Levina A, Chetcuti ARM, Lay PA. Controversial Role of Transferrin in the Transport of Ruthenium Anticancer Drugs. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091319. [PMID: 36139158 PMCID: PMC9496346 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are at the forefront of developments in metal-based anticancer drugs, but many questions remain open regarding their reactivity in biological media, including the role of transferrin (Tf) in their transport and cellular uptake. A well-known anticancer drug, KP1019 ((IndH)[RuIIICl4(Ind)2], where Ind = indazole) and a reference complex, [RuIII(nta)2]3- (nta = nitrilotriacetato(3-)) interacted differently with human apoTf, monoFeTf, or Fe2Tf. These reactions were studied by biolayer interferometry (BLI) measurements of Ru-Fe-Tf binding to recombinant human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) in conjunction with UV-vis spectroscopy and particle size analysis. Cellular Ru uptake in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells was measured under the conditions of the BLI assays. The mode of Tf binding and cellular Ru uptake were critically dependent on the nature of Ru complex, availability of Fe(III) binding sites of Tf, and the presence of proteins that competed for metal binding, particularly serum albumin. Cellular uptake of KP1019 was not Tf-mediated and occurred mostly by passive diffusion, which may also be suitable for treatments of inoperable cancers by intratumoral injections. High cellular Ru uptake from a combination of [RuIII(nta)2]3- and Fe2Tf in the absence of significant Ru-Tf binding was likely to be due to trapping of Ru(III) species into the endosome during TfR1-mediated endocytosis of Fe2Tf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (P.A.L.)
| | | | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (P.A.L.)
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40
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Bhatt S, Meena N, Kumar M, Bhuvanesh N, Kumar A, Sharma AK, Joshi H. Design and Syntheses of Ruthenium ENE (E = S, Se) Pincer Complexes: A Versatile System for Catalytic and Biological Applications. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200736. [PMID: 36065146 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This report describes synthesis of two ruthenium(II) ENE pincer complexes (E = S, C1 and E = Se, C2 ) by the reaction of bis(2-(phenylchalcogenyl)ethyl)amine ( L1 , L2 ) with RuCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 3 . The complexes were characterized with the help of 1 H and 13 C{ 1 H} NMR, FTIR, HRMS, cyclic voltammetry and elemental analysis techniques. The structure and bonding mode of ligand with ruthenium in C2 was established with the help of single crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex showed distorted octahedral geometry with two chlorine atoms trans to each other. The Ru-Se bond distances (Å) are 2.4564(3)-2.4630(3), Ru-N distance is 2.181(2), Ru-P distance is 2.2999(6), and Ru-Cl distances are 2.4078(6)-2.4314(6). The complexes showed good to excellent catalytic activity for the N -alkylation of 1,2-phenylenediamine with benzyl alcohol derivatives to synthesize 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazole derivatives. The complexes were also found to be efficient for aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohols to corresponding aldehydes which are precursors to the bisimines generated in situ during the synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazole derivatives. Complex C2 where selenium is coordinated with ruthenium was found to be more efficient as compared to sulfur coordinated ruthenium complex C1 . Since ruthenium complexes are getting increasing attention for developing new anticancer agents, the preliminary studies like binding behavior of both the complexes towards CT-DNA were studied by competitive binding with ethidium bromide (EthBr) using emission spectroscopy. In addition, the interactions of C1-C2 were also studied with bovine serum albumin (BSA) using steady state fluorescence quenching and synchronous fluorescence studies. A good stability of Ru(II) state was observed by cyclic voltammetric studies of C1-C2 . Overall these molecules are good examples of bio-organometallic systems for catalytic and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Meena
- BITS Pilani: Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Central University of Rajasthan, Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Texas A&M University College Station: Texas A&M University, Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Anil Kumar
- BITS: Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, Chemistry, INDIA
| | | | - Hemant Joshi
- Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, 305817, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, INDIA
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41
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Iacopini D, Vančo J, Di Pietro S, Bordoni V, Zacchini S, Marchetti F, Dvořák Z, Malina T, Biancalana L, Trávníček Z, Di Bussolo V. New glycoconjugation strategies for Ruthenium(II) arene complexes via phosphane ligands and assessment of their antiproliferative activity. Bioorg Chem 2022; 126:105901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Murali M, Latha J, Prakash PA, Sangeetha S, Selvakumaran B, Jaabir MSM. Characterization of [Ru(bpy)2(diamine)]2+ complexes and their DNA binding and cleavage, BSA interaction, cytotoxic, and anticancer mechanistic properties. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Culpepper JD, Lee K, Portis W, Swenson DC, Daly SR. Fluorination and hydrolytic stability of water-soluble platinum complexes with a borane-bridged diphosphoramidite ligand. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:12895-12903. [PMID: 35942906 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01482c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The high fluorophilicity of borane-containing ligands offers promise for accessing new metallodrug candidates capable of bifunctional [18F]-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, but this requires water soluble and hydrolytically stable ligands that can be fluorinated under mild conditions. Toward this goal, here we report the synthesis and characterization of water-soluble Pt(II) complexes containing a triaminoborane-bridged diphosphoramidite ligand called MeOTBDPhos that can be fluorinated using simple fluoride salts. NMR and XRD studies show that (MeOTBDPhos)PtCl2 (1) dissolves in water with cooperative H-OH addition across the bridgehead N-B bond to form 1-H2O. The B-OH bond in 1-H2O undergoes rapid displacement with fluoride (<10 min) when treated with CsF in MeCN to form 1-HF. 1-HF can also be prepared in <10 min by addition of KF to 1 in the presence Kryptofix® 222 and (HNEt3)Cl in MeCN. In addition to using fluoride salts, we show how mononuclear 1 can be fluorinated with HBF4·Et2O to form dinuclear [(MeOTBDPhos-HF)Pt(μ-Cl)]2(BF4)2 (4-HF). Comparative studies show that the B-F bond in 1-HF undergoes hydrolysis as soon as it is dissolved in water or saline, but the B-F bond persists for hours when the pH of the solution is lowered to pH ≤ 2. In contrast to 1-HF, the B-F bond in dinuclear 4-HF persists for days when dissolved in water, which may be attributed to slow, sacrificial release of fluoride from the BF4- anion. The results show how cooperative N-B reactivity on the ligand can be leveraged to rapidly fluorinate water-soluble MeOTBDPhos complexes under mild conditions and afford suggestions for how to enhance hydrolytic B-F stability, as required for use in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan D Culpepper
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
| | - Kyounghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
| | - William Portis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
| | - Dale C Swenson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
| | - Scott R Daly
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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44
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Kinetic Characterization of Cerium and Gallium Ions as Inhibitors of Cysteine Cathepsins L, K, and S. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168993. [PMID: 36012257 PMCID: PMC9409168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal ions can disrupt biological functions via multiple molecular mechanisms, including inhibition of enzymes. We investigate the interactions of human papain-like cysteine endopeptidases cathepsins L, K, and S with gallium and cerium ions, which are associated with medical applications. We compare these results with zinc and lead, which are known to inhibit thiol enzymes. We show that Ga3+, Ce3+, and Ce4+ ions inhibit all tested peptidases with inhibition constants in the low micromolar range (between 0.5 µM and 10 µM) which is comparable to Zn2+ ions, whereas inhibition constants of Pb2+ ions are one order of magnitude higher (30 µM to 150 µM). All tested ions are linear specific inhibitors of cathepsin L, but cathepsins K and S are inhibited by Ga3+, Ce3+, and Ce4+ ions via hyperbolic inhibition mechanisms. This indicates a mode of interaction different from that of Zn2+ and Pb2+ ions, which act as linear specific inhibitors of all peptidases. All ions also inhibit the degradation of insoluble elastin, which is a common target of these peptidases in various inflammatory diseases. Our results suggest that these ions and their compounds have the potential to be used as cysteine cathepsin inhibitors in vitro and possibly in vivo.
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45
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Katheria S. Ruthenium Complexes as Potential Cancer Cell Growth Inhibitors for Targeted Chemotherapy. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Milutinović MM, Caković AZ, Ćoćić D, Rais E, Schoch R, Marković BS, Arsenijević N, Volarević V, Jovanović-Stević S, Bogojeski JV, Wilhelm R. Unique enantiopure camphor-based neutral arene–ruthenium(II) complexes: DNA/BSA binding, kinetic and cytotoxic studies. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2106562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dušan Ćoćić
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Eduard Rais
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Bojana Simović Marković
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Arsenijević
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladislav Volarević
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | | | - René Wilhelm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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47
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Cervinka J, Gobbo A, Biancalana L, Markova L, Novohradsky V, Guelfi M, Zacchini S, Kasparkova J, Brabec V, Marchetti F. Ruthenium(II)-Tris-pyrazolylmethane Complexes Inhibit Cancer Cell Growth by Disrupting Mitochondrial Calcium Homeostasis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10567-10587. [PMID: 35913426 PMCID: PMC9376960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
While ruthenium arene complexes have been widely investigated
for
their medicinal potential, studies on homologous compounds containing
a tridentate tris(1-pyrazolyl)methane ligand are almost absent in
the literature. Ruthenium(II) complex 1 was obtained
by a modified reported procedure; then, the reactions with a series
of organic molecules (L) in boiling alcohol afforded novel complexes 2–9 in 77–99% yields. Products 2–9 were fully structurally characterized. They are
appreciably soluble in water, where they undergo partial chloride/water
exchange. The antiproliferative activity was determined using a panel
of human cancer cell lines and a noncancerous one, evidencing promising
potency of 1, 7, and 8 and
significant selectivity toward cancer cells. The tested compounds
effectively accumulate in cancer cells, and mitochondria represent
a significant target of biological action. Most notably, data provide
convincing evidence that the mechanism of biological action is mediated
by the inhibiting of mitochondrial calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Cervinka
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alberto Gobbo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lenka Markova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Novohradsky
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Massimo Guelfi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Biophysics, Palacky University in Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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48
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Riccardi C, Piccolo M, Ferraro MG, Graziano R, Musumeci D, Trifuoggi M, Irace C, Montesarchio D. Bioengineered lipophilic Ru(III) complexes as potential anticancer agents. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 139:213016. [PMID: 35882162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-conjugated Ru(III) complexes - designed to obtain lipophilic analogues of the low molecular weight derivative AziRu, which is a NAMI-A-like anticancer agent - have been synthesized and fully characterized. A detailed biophysical investigation, including multiple, integrated techniques, allowed determining their molecular and self-assembling properties in aqueous solutions mimicking the extracellular environment, showing that our design produced a protective effect from hydrolysis of the Ru(III) complexes. In vitro biological experiments, carried out in comparison with AziRu, demonstrated that, among the novel lipophilic Ru(III) complexes synthesized, the compounds derivatized with palmitic and stearic acid, that we named PalmiPyRu and StePyRu respectively, showed attractive features and a promising antiproliferative activity, selective on specific breast cancer phenotypes. To get a deeper insight into their interactions with potential biomacromolecular targets, their ability to bind both bovine serum albumin (BSA), an abundant serum carrier protein, and some DNA model systems, including duplex and G-quadruplex structures, has been investigated by spectroscopic techniques. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of the ruthenium amount incorporated in human MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, after incubation in parallel experiments with PalmiPyRu and AziRu, showed a markedly higher cell uptake of the lipophilic Ru(III) complex with respect to AziRu. These data confirmed that the proper lipidic tail decorating the metal complex not only favoured the formation of aggregates in the extracellular media but also improved their cell membrane penetration, thus leading to higher antiproliferative activity selective on breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Riccardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Piccolo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ferraro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Graziano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenica Musumeci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy; Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Irace
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Montesarchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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49
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Gurgul I, Janczy-Cempa E, Mazuryk O, Lekka M, Łomzik M, Suzenet F, Gros PC, Brindell M. Inhibition of Metastasis by Polypyridyl Ru(II) Complexes through Modification of Cancer Cell Adhesion - In Vitro Functional and Molecular Studies. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10459-10470. [PMID: 35895090 PMCID: PMC9376949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The effect of polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes on the ability
of cancer
cells to migrate and invade, two features important in the formation
of metastases, is evaluated. In vitro studies are
carried out on breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, as
well as melanoma cell lines A2058 and A375. Three Ru(II) complexes
comprising two 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dip) ligands and
as a third ligand 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), or its derivative
with either 4-[3-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl] (bpy-NitroIm),
or 5-(4-{4′-methyl-[2,2′-bipyridine]-4-yl}but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridine-2-carbaldehyde
semicarbazone (bpy-SC) moiety attached are examined. The low sub-toxic
doses of the studied compounds greatly affected the cancer cells by
inhibiting cell detachment, migration, invasion, transmigration, and
re-adhesion, as well as increasing cell elasticity. The molecular
studies revealed that the Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes impact the
activity of the selected integrins and upregulate the expression of
focal adhesion components such as vinculin and paxillin, leading to
an increased number of focal adhesion contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Gurgul
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Janczy-Cempa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Olga Mazuryk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Łomzik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Franck Suzenet
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Orléans, UMR-CNRS 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Małgorzata Brindell
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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50
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Polymeric Nanosystems Applied for Metal-Based Drugs and Photosensitizers Delivery: The State of the Art and Recent Advancements. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071506. [PMID: 35890401 PMCID: PMC9320085 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based approaches for targeting the delivery and controlled release of metal-based therapeutic agents have revealed significant potential as tools for enhancing the therapeutic effect of metal-based agents and minimizing their systemic toxicities. In this context, a series of polymer-based nanosized systems designed to physically load or covalently conjugate metal-based therapeutic agents have been remarkably improving their bioavailability and anticancer efficacy. Initially, the polymeric nanocarriers were applied for platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents resulting in some nanoformulations currently in clinical tests and even in medical applications. At present, these nanoassemblies have been slowly expanding for nonplatinum-containing metal-based chemotherapeutic agents. Interestingly, for metal-based photosensitizers (PS) applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT), especially for cancer treatment, strategies employing polymeric nanocarriers have been investigated for almost 30 years. In this review, we address the polymeric nanocarrier-assisted metal-based therapeutics agent delivery systems with a specific focus on non-platinum systems; we explore some biological and physicochemical aspects of the polymer–metallodrug assembly. Finally, we summarize some recent advances in polymeric nanosystems coupled with metal-based compounds that present potential for successful clinical applications as chemotherapeutic or photosensitizing agents. We hope this review can provide a fertile ground for the innovative design of polymeric nanosystems for targeting the delivery and controlled release of metal-containing therapeutic agents.
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