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Ravera M, Gabano E, McGlinchey MJ, Osella D. Pt(IV) antitumor prodrugs: dogmas, paradigms, and realities. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2121-2134. [PMID: 35015025 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03886a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Platinum(II)-based drugs are widely used for the treatment of solid tumors, especially in combination protocols. Severe side effects and occurrence of resistance are the major limitations to their clinical use. To overcome these drawbacks, a plethora of Pt(IV) derivatives, acting as anticancer prodrugs, have been designed, synthesized and preclinically (often only in vitro) tested. Here, we summarize the recent progress in the development and understanding of the chemical properties and biochemical features of these Pt(IV) prodrugs, especially those containing bioactive molecules as axial ligands, acting as multi-functional agents. Even though no such prodrugs have been yet approved for clinical use, many show encouraging pharmacological profiles. Thus, a better understanding of their features is a promising approach towards improving the available Pt-based anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Ravera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Gabano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, Alessandria, Italy.
| | | | - Domenico Osella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, Alessandria, Italy.
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Xu Z, Wang Z, Deng Z, Zhu G. Recent advances in the synthesis, stability, and activation of platinum(IV) anticancer prodrugs. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
We would like to be able to design Pt(IV) prodrugs that can overcome resistance and minimize side effects. Unlike with the early exploration of Pt(II) anticancer agents where clear structure-activity relationships were defined, even after more than two decades of research on Pt(IV) prodrugs, there is no roadmap that can point us to the holy grail. Despite many excellent rational endeavors, we still have not found the "right" two axial ligands to append to the Pt(IV) derivatives of platinum(II) drugs that will "make platinum great again". So far this proved elusive, indicating that the design of Pt(IV) prodrugs is a difficult and frustrating task. Despite our better understanding of the biological processes and availability of advanced technologies, even our sophisticated rational plans often leave us disappointed and frustrated because at the end of the day, we are not able to outsmart the cancer cells or the mice, and just like Rosenberg, we might need to be rescued by serendipity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gibson
- Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
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Formation of peptide disulfide bonds through a trans-dibromido-Pt(IV) complex oxidation reaction: Kinetic and mechanistic analyses. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Xu Z, Tang WK, Zhou Q, Chen S, Siu CK, Zhu G. On the hydrolytic stability of unsymmetric platinum(iv) anticancer prodrugs containing axial halogens. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00208b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The hydrolytic stability of Pt(iv) complexes is determined by all the six ligands that coordinate to the Pt(iv) center. By appropriately choosing all the ligands during the design of Pt(iv) prodrugs, the stability of Pt(iv) prodrugs can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoufeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR 999077
- People's Republic of China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Wai Kit Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR 999077
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR 999077
- People's Republic of China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR 999077
- People's Republic of China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR 999077
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR 999077
- People's Republic of China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute
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Three Reactions, One Catalyst: A Multi‐Purpose Platinum(IV) Complex and its Silica‐Supported Homologue for Environmentally Friendly Processes. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Investigations of the Kinetics and Mechanism of Reduction of a Carboplatin Pt(IV) Prodrug by the Major Small-Molecule Reductants in Human Plasma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225660. [PMID: 31726728 PMCID: PMC6888404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of Pt(IV) anticancer prodrugs to overcome the detrimental side effects of Pt(II)-based anticancer drugs is of current interest. The kinetics and reaction mechanisms of the reductive activation of the carboplatin Pt(IV) prodrug cis,trans-[Pt(cbdca)(NH3)2Cl2] (cbdca = cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate) by the major small-molecule reductants in human plasma were analyzed in this work. The reductants included ascorbate (Asc), the thiol-containing molecules L-cysteine (Cys), DL-homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH), and the dipeptide Cys–Gly. Overall second-order kinetics were established in all cases. At the physiological pH of 7.4, the observed second-order rate constants k′ followed the order Asc << Cys–Gly ~ Hcy < GSH < Cys. This reactivity order together with the abundances of the reductants in human plasma indicated Cys as the major small-molecule reductant in vivo, followed by GSH and ascorbate, whereas Hcy is much less important. In the cases of Cys and GSH, detailed reaction mechanisms and the reactivity of the various protolytic species at physiological pH were derived. The rate constants of the rate-determining steps were evaluated, allowing the construction of reactivity-versus-pH distribution diagrams for Cys and GSH. The diagrams unraveled that species III of Cys (−SCH2CH(NH3+)COO−) and species IV of GSH (−OOCCH(NH3+)CH2CH2CONHCH(CH2S−)- CONHCH2COO−) were exclusively dominant in the reduction process. These two species are anticipated to be of pivotal importance in the reduction of other types of Pt(IV) prodrugs as well.
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Synthesis and characterisation of platinum(IV) polypyridyl complexes with halide axial ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.118964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Štarha P, Vančo J, Trávníček Z. Platinum iodido complexes: A comprehensive overview of anticancer activity and mechanisms of action. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Xu Z, Chan HM, Li C, Wang Z, Tse MK, Tong Z, Zhu G. Synthesis, Structure, and Cytotoxicity of Oxaliplatin-Based Platinum(IV) Anticancer Prodrugs Bearing One Axial Fluoride. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8227-8235. [PMID: 29943979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine plays more and more important roles in drug design and development. In recent years, fluorine-containing organic drugs have already been applied in a broad range of therapeutic areas. Herein, we report our attempt to introduce an axial fluorine ligand to Pt(IV) complexes by oxidizing oxaliplatin with electrophilic fluorinating reagents in different protic solvents. The crystal structure of one representative complex is presented. The fluorinated Pt(IV) complexes are further expanded by functionalization with different anhydrides, and their analogues bearing one different axial ligand (OAc or OH group) are also synthesized. Further investigations show that the axial fluorine atom has dramatic effects on the chemical properties of these prodrugs. These new fluorinated Pt(IV) complexes are proved to be stable in physiological conditions. For most of the fluorinated Pt(IV) complexes, a higher reduction potential indicates its greater tendency to be reduced by ascorbate. Introducing an axial fluorine ligand in Pt(IV) complexes does not lead to the increase of their lipophilicity. Moreover, these new fluorinated Pt(IV) complexes show better cytotoxicity than nonfluorinated analogues which may derive from their higher cellular accumulation in cancer cells. Therefore, the good stability and high cytotoxicity of these fluorinated Pt(IV) prodrugs indicate their great potential as a building block for further functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoufeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , People's Republic of China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ho Ming Chan
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , People's Republic of China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , People's Republic of China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Kit Tse
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Tong
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , People's Republic of China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , People's Republic of China
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Kenny RG, Chuah SW, Crawford A, Marmion CJ. Platinum(IV) Prodrugs - A Step Closer to Ehrlich's Vision? Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reece G. Kenny
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; 123 St. Stephen's Green 2 Dublin Ireland
| | - Su Wen Chuah
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; 123 St. Stephen's Green 2 Dublin Ireland
| | - Alanna Crawford
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; 123 St. Stephen's Green 2 Dublin Ireland
| | - Celine J. Marmion
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; 123 St. Stephen's Green 2 Dublin Ireland
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