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Dupont J, Leal BC, Lozano P, Monteiro AL, Migowski P, Scholten JD. Ionic Liquids in Metal, Photo-, Electro-, and (Bio) Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5227-5420. [PMID: 38661578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them advantageous for catalysis, such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and the ability to enhance the activity and stability of (bio)catalysts. ILs can improve the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of bio(transformations) by acting as activators of enzymes, selectively dissolving substrates and products, and reducing toxicity. They can also be recycled and reused multiple times without losing their effectiveness. ILs based on imidazolium cation are preferred for structural organization aspects, with a semiorganized layer surrounding the catalyst. ILs act as a container, providing a confined space that allows modulation of electronic and geometric effects, miscibility of reactants and products, and residence time of species. ILs can stabilize ionic and radical species and control the catalytic activity of dynamic processes. Supported IL phase (SILP) derivatives and polymeric ILs (PILs) are good options for molecular engineering of greener catalytic processes. The major factors governing metal, photo-, electro-, and biocatalysts in ILs are discussed in detail based on the vast literature available over the past two and a half decades. Catalytic reactions, ranging from hydrogenation and cross-coupling to oxidations, promoted by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in both single and multiphase conditions, are extensively reviewed and discussed considering the knowledge accumulated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairton Dupont
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Migowski
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Jackson D Scholten
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
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Hemmeter D, Merlinsky LS, Baraldo LM, Maier F, Williams FJ, Steinrück HP. Exploring the interfacial behavior of ruthenium complexes in ionic liquids: implications for supported ionic liquid phase catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7602-7610. [PMID: 38363127 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00247d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The interaction of metal complexes with ionic liquids, with a particular focus on the stability and surface concentration of the metal centers, is crucial in applications involving catalysts based on supported ionic liquids. In this study, we synthesized the complexes [Ru(tpy)(bpy)Cl][PF6] and [Ru(tpy)(dcb)Cl][PF6] (tpy = 2,2',2''-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dcb = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) and we prepared solutions using the ionic liquids (ILs) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [C2C1Im][OAc] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C4C1Im][PF6]. The chemical environment of the Ru(II) metal center and the interfacial behavior of the complexes in the different IL solutions were determined using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). In [C4C1Im][PF6], [Ru(tpy)(bpy)Cl][PF6] maintains its chemical structure, while in [C2C1Im][OAc], partial changes in the chemical environment of the Ru center are indicated by XPS, likely due to ligand exchange. The presence of carboxylic acid functional groups in the bipyridyl ligand seems to inhibit this ligand exchange. The investigated complexes do not exhibit surface activity but are depleted from the IL/gas interface. These findings hold significance for the design of new supported ionic liquid phase catalysts based on Ru complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hemmeter
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Luciano Sanchez Merlinsky
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis M Baraldo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Federico J Williams
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen, Germany.
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Messori A, Martelli G, Piazzi A, Basile F, De Maron J, Fasolini A, Mazzoni R. Molecular Ruthenium Cyclopentadienone Bifunctional Catalysts for the Conversion of Sugar Platforms to Hydrogen. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300357. [PMID: 37572103 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular ruthenium cyclopentadienone complexes were employed for the first time as pre-catalysts in the homogeneously catalysed Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) of glucose. Shvo's complex resulted the best pre-catalyst (loading 2 mol %) with H2 yields up to 28.9 % at 150 °C. Studies of the final mixture allowed to identify the catalyst's resting state as a mononuclear dicarbonyl complex in the extracted organic fraction. In situ NMR experiments and HPLC analyses on the aqueous fraction gave awareness of the presence of sorbitol, fructose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural as final fate or intermediates in the transformations under APR conditions. These results were summarized in a proposed mechanism, with particular emphasis on the steps where hydrogen was obtained as the product. Benzoquinone positively affected the catalyst activation when employed as an equimolar additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Messori
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Martelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Piazzi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Basile
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jacopo De Maron
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Fasolini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Mazzoni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna viale, Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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Baschieri A, Mazzoni R, Cesari C, Zacchini S, Pecorari D, Sambri L. Ruthenium (0) Complexes with NHC Tetrazolylidene Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Messori A, Gagliardi A, Cesari C, Calcagno F, Tabanelli T, Cavani F, Mazzoni R. Advances in the homogeneous catalyzed alcohols homologation: the mild side of the Guerbet reaction. A mini-review. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Chen Q, Kang X, Zhang X, Cao Y, He L. Shvo-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of CO 2 in the Presence or Absence of Ionic Liquids for Tandem Reactions. J Org Chem 2022; 88:5044-5051. [PMID: 36511368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been widely used in transition metal-catalyzed processes, but the precise behavior of ILs and catalysts in these reactions is unknown. Herein, the role of ILs and the interaction pattern between Shvo's catalyst and ILs have been revealed with characterization by 1H NMR and crystallography based on the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2. ILs promote the dissociation of Shvo's catalyst and enhance the rate of production of CO. The CO that is produced is subsequently used in the tandem hydroformylation-reduction of alkenes to produce valuable alcohols. In the absence of ILs, formamides can be obtained by N-formylation of most primary or secondary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation (OSSO), Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingsi Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation (OSSO), Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224007, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation (OSSO), Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lin He
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation (OSSO), Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Messori A, Fasolini A, Mazzoni R. Advances in Catalytic Routes for the Homogeneous Green Conversion of the Bio-Based Platform 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200228. [PMID: 35385607 PMCID: PMC9401906 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfufural (HMF) is an intriguing platform molecule that can be obtained from biomasses and that can lead to the production of a wide range of products, intermediates, or monomers. The presence of different moieties in HMF (hydroxy, aldehyde, furan ring) allows to carry out different transformations such as selective oxidations and hydrogenations, reductive aminations, etherifications, decarbonylations, and acetalizations. This is a great chance in a biorefinery perspective but requires the development of active and highly selective catalysts. In this view, homogeneous catalysis can lead to efficient conversion of HMF at mild reaction conditions. This Review discussed the recent achievements in homogeneous catalysts development and application to HMF transformations. The effects of metal nature, ligands, solvents, and reaction conditions were reported and critically reviewed. Current issues and future chances have been presented to drive future studies toward more efficient and scalable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Messori
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of BolognaViale Risorgimento, 440136BolognaItaly
- Center for Chemical Catalysis – C3University of BolognaViale Risorgimento, 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Andrea Fasolini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of BolognaViale Risorgimento, 440136BolognaItaly
- Center for Chemical Catalysis – C3University of BolognaViale Risorgimento, 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Rita Mazzoni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of BolognaViale Risorgimento, 440136BolognaItaly
- Center for Chemical Catalysis – C3University of BolognaViale Risorgimento, 440136BolognaItaly
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Moccia F, Rigamonti L, Messori A, Zanotti V, Mazzoni R. Bringing Homogeneous Iron Catalysts on the Heterogeneous Side: Solutions for Immobilization. Molecules 2021; 26:2728. [PMID: 34066456 PMCID: PMC8124704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Noble metal catalysts currently dominate the landscape of chemical synthesis, but cheaper and less toxic derivatives are recently emerging as more sustainable solutions. Iron is among the possible alternative metals due to its biocompatibility and exceptional versatility. Nowadays, iron catalysts work essentially in homogeneous conditions, while heterogeneous catalysts would be better performing and more desirable systems for a broad industrial application. In this review, approaches for heterogenization of iron catalysts reported in the literature within the last two decades are summarized, and utility and critical points are discussed. The immobilization on silica of bis(arylimine)pyridyl iron complexes, good catalysts in the polymerization of olefins, is the first useful heterogeneous strategy described. Microporous molecular sieves also proved to be good iron catalyst carriers, able to provide confined geometries where olefin polymerization can occur. Same immobilizing supports (e.g., MCM-41 and MCM-48) are suitable for anchoring iron-based catalysts for styrene, cyclohexene and cyclohexane oxidation. Another excellent example is the anchoring to a Merrifield resin of an FeII-anthranilic acid complex, active in the catalytic reaction of urea with alcohols and amines for the synthesis of carbamates and N-substituted ureas, respectively. A SILP (Supported Ionic Liquid Phase) catalytic system has been successfully employed for the heterogenization of a chemoselective iron catalyst active in aldehyde hydrogenation. Finally, FeIII ions supported on polyvinylpyridine grafted chitosan made a useful heterogeneous catalytic system for C-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Moccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (V.Z.)
| | - Luca Rigamonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Messori
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (V.Z.)
| | - Valerio Zanotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (V.Z.)
| | - Rita Mazzoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (V.Z.)
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Cingolani A, Zanotti V, Cesari C, Ferri M, Mazzocchetti L, Benelli T, Merighi S, Giorgini L, Mazzoni R. Synthesis of functionalized iron N-heterocyclic carbene complexes and their potential application as flame behavior modifier in cross linked epoxy resins. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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