1
|
Martins-Gomes C, Steck J, Keller J, Bunzel M, Santos JA, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant, Anti-Acetylcholinesterase, and Anti-α-Glucosidase Activity of Thymus carnosus Extracts: A Three-Year Study on the Impact of Annual Variation and Geographic Location. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030668. [PMID: 36978915 PMCID: PMC10045533 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymus carnosus Boiss. is a near-threatened species, and, as for many species, its potential for medicinal purposes may be lost if measures towards plant protection are not taken. A way of preserving these species is to increase knowledge about their medicinal properties and economic potential. Thus, with the objective of studying the potentiality of introducing T. carnosus as a crop, the stability of the phytochemical profile of T. carnosus was studied during a period of three years by comparing the phytochemical profile of extracts obtained from plants harvested in two different edaphoclimatic locations, as well as by comparing the respective bioactivities, namely, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiaging, and neuroprotective activities. It was reported, for the first time, the effect of annual variation and geographic location in the phytochemical composition of aqueous decoction and hydroethanolic extracts of T. carnosus. In addition, the presence of two salvianolic acid B/E isomers in T. carnosus extracts is here described for the first time. Despite the variations in phytochemical composition, according to harvesting location or year, T. carnosus extracts maintain high antioxidant activity, assessed by their capacity to scavenge ABTS•+, •OH , NO•, O2•- radicals, as well as to prevent β-carotene bleaching. All extracts presented significant potential to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), tyrosinase, and α-glucosidase, denoting neuroprotective, anti-aging, and anti-diabetic potential. In conclusion, the vegetative stage and location of harvest are key factors to obtain the maximum potential of this species, namely, a phytochemical profile with health benefit bioactivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jan Steck
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Judith Keller
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - João A Santos
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Technology, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M Nunes
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Amélia M Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, ECVA, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clemente-Villalba J, Burló F, Hernández F, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA. Valorization of Wild Edible Plants as Food Ingredients and Their Economic Value. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051012. [PMID: 36900530 PMCID: PMC10001278 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Wild Edible Plants (WEPs) are plants that grow without human help, by simply using the available resources. These types of plants are undervalued, because there is a lack of knowledge about their bioactive composition and nutritional/functional potential. (2) Scope and Approach: The main aim of this review is to fully identify the potential uses and importance of WEPs in certain regions based on (i) their sustainability, because they grow with their own resources, (ii) their content of bioactive compounds and consequently nutritional and functional value, (iii) their socio-economic relevance, and (iv) their ability to be useful in the agri-food industry in the short term. (3) Results: This review found evidence that a consumption of between 100 and 200 g of some of these WEPs can cover up to 50% of the recommended daily intake of proteins and fiber, being also a natural source of macro- and micro-minerals. Regarding their bioactive composition, most of these plants contain phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which determine their antioxidant capacity. (4) Conclusions: These reported results clearly demonstrate the high potential of the WEPs from a nutritional, economic and social point of view; although further studies are needed to gather deeper scientific information about their potential role in the socio-economic sustainability of specific groups of farmers worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Clemente-Villalba
- Research Group “Food Quality and Safety”, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University, 03312 Orihuela, Spain
| | - Francisco Burló
- Research Group “Food Quality and Safety”, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University, 03312 Orihuela, Spain
| | - Francisca Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Fruticultura y Técnicas de Producción, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University, 03312 Orihuela, Spain
| | - Ángel A. Carbonell-Barrachina
- Research Group “Food Quality and Safety”, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University, 03312 Orihuela, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-674-97-54
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Thymus pulegioides Essential Oil. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122472. [PMID: 36552681 PMCID: PMC9774620 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was designed to analyze and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the essential oils of Thymus pulegioides L. grown in Western Romania. Thymus pulegioides L. essential oil (TPEO) was extracted by steam distillation (0.71% v/w) using a Craveiro-type apparatus. GC-MS investigation of the TPEO identified 39 different compounds, representing 98.46% of total oil. Findings revealed that thymol (22.89%) is the main compound of TPEO, followed by para-cymene (14.57%), thymol methyl ether (11.19%), isothymol methyl ether (10.45%), and beta-bisabolene (9.53%). The oil exhibits good antibacterial effects; C. parapsilosis, C. albicans, S. pyogenes, and S. aureus were the most sensitive strains. The antioxidant activity of TPEO was evaluated by peroxide and thiobarbituric acid value, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), [2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium] (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, and beta-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching testing. The antioxidative data recorded reveal, for the first time, that TPEO inhibits primary and secondary oxidation products, in some particular conditions, better than butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) with significant statistical difference (p < 0.05). Moreover, TPEO antioxidant capabilities in DPPH and ABTS assays outperformed alpha-tocopherol (p < 0.001) and delta-tocopherol (p < 0.001). Molecular docking analysis revealed that one potential target correlated with the TPEO antimicrobial activity was d-alanine-d-alanine ligase (DDl). The best scoring ligand, linalyl anthranilate, shared highly similar binding patterns with the DDl native inhibitor. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis also showed that the main constituents of TPEO are good candidates for xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase inhibition, making the essential oil a valuable source for protein-targeted antioxidant compounds. Consequently, TPEO may represent a new potential source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents with applicability in the food and pharmaceutic industries.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodríguez-Solana R, Esteves E, Mansinhos I, Gonçalves S, Pérez-Santín E, Galego L, Romano A. Influence of elaboration process on chemical, biological, and sensory characteristics of European pennyroyal liqueurs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4076-4089. [PMID: 33349925 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mentha pulegium is an aromatic and medicinal plant used in different Mediterranean herb-based liqueurs, whose phytochemical composition depends on the elaboration technique used. The aim of this work was to investigate differences in the sensory, chemical, and biological characteristics of pennyroyal liqueurs elaborated by hydro-alcoholic (HI) and aqueous (AI) infusions, percolation (P), maceration (M), and distillation (D) techniques, and by the mixture of spirit with pennyroyal essential oil (EO). The volatile composition determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection (GC-FID), the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, the antioxidant (AC), and enzyme (α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, and acetylcholinesterase) inhibitory capacities, and the sensory analysis by napping, were evaluated in the liqueurs obtained. RESULTS Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were the main volatiles present in liqueurs. The M, P, HI, and AI liqueurs showed the highest TPC, TFC, and AC values; and pulegone, the main hepatotoxic chemotype, was found in concentrations that gave rise to concern. The D and EO liqueurs stand out for their acceptable pulegone content and greater tyrosinase inhibition. Similar liqueur classifications were achieved by sensory analyses, and physico-chemical and biological analyses using multiple factor and principal component analyses, respectively. CONCLUSION These results are an important contribution to the identification of the most appropriate elaboration conditions for herbal liqueurs with the healthiest chemical composition and functional properties. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Rodríguez-Solana
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Esteves
- CCMAR - Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Departamento de Engenharia Alimentar, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Inês Mansinhos
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Gonçalves
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Ludovina Galego
- Departamento de Engenharia Alimentar, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Anabela Romano
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miguel MG, da Silva CI, Farah L, Castro Braga F, Figueiredo AC. Effect of Essential Oils on the Release of TNF-α and CCL2 by LPS-Stimulated THP‑1 Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E50. [PMID: 33379375 PMCID: PMC7824467 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants and their constituents have been used to treat diverse ailments since time immemorial. Many plants are used in diverse external and internal formulations (infusions, alcoholic extracts, essential oils (EOs), etc.) in the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases, such as those affecting the respiratory tract or causing gastrointestinal or joint problems, among others. To support the traditional uses of plant extracts, EOs have been assessed for their alleged anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of EOs on the release of cytokines and chemokines has been much less reported. Considering their traditional use and commercial relevance in Portugal and Angola, this study evaluated the effect of EOs on the in vitro inhibition of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1 cells). Twenty EOs extracted from eighteen species from seven families, namely from Amaranthaceae (Dysphania ambrosioides), Apiaceae (Foeniculum vulgare), Asteraceae (Brachylaena huillensis, Solidago virgaurea), Euphorbiaceae (Spirostachys africana), Lamiaceae (Lavandula luisieri, Mentha cervina, Origanum majorana, Satureja montana, Thymbra capitata, Thymus mastichina, Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis subsp. zygis), Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus viminalis) and Pinaceae (Pinus pinaster) were assayed for the release of CCL2 and TNF-α by LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. B. huillensis, S. africana, S. montana, Th. mastichina and Th. vulgaris EOs showed toxicity to THP-1 cells, at the lowest concentration tested (10 μg/mL), using the tetrazolium dye assay. The most active EOs in reducing TNF-α release by LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells were those of T. capitata (51% inhibition at 20 μg/mL) and L. luisieri (15-23% inhibition at 30 μg/mL and 78-83% inhibition at 90 μg/mL). L. luisieri EO induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of CCL2 release by LPS‑stimulated THP-1 cells (23%, 54% and 82% inhibition at 10, 30 and 90 μg/mL, respectively). These EOs are potentially useful in the management of inflammatory diseases mediated by CCL2 and TNF‑α, such as atherosclerosis and arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Graça Miguel
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Carina Isabel da Silva
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Luana Farah
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; (L.F.); (F.C.B.)
| | - Fernão Castro Braga
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; (L.F.); (F.C.B.)
| | - Ana Cristina Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Afonso AF, Pereira OR, Cardoso SM. Health-Promoting Effects of Thymus Phenolic-Rich Extracts: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antitumoral Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090814. [PMID: 32882987 PMCID: PMC7555682 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus genus comprises numerous species that are particularly abundant in the West Mediterranean region. A growing body of evidence suggests that many of these species are a rich source of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acids and luteolin glycosides, able to render them potential applications in a range of industrial fields. This review collects the most relevant studies focused on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer of phenolic-rich extracts from Thymus plants, highlighting correlations made by the authors with respect to the main phenolic players in such activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F. Afonso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Public Health Laboratory of Bragança, Local Health Unit, Rua Eng. Adelino Amaro da Costa, 5300-146 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Olívia R. Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - Susana M. Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-234-370-360; Fax: +351-234-370-084
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aruwa CE, Amoo S, Kudanga T. Phenolic compound profile and biological activities of Southern African Opuntia ficus-indica fruit pulp and peels. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
8
|
Taghouti M, Martins-Gomes C, Schäfer J, Félix LM, Santos JA, Bunzel M, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Thymus pulegioides L. as a rich source of antioxidant, anti-proliferative and neuroprotective phenolic compounds. Food Funct 2018; 9:3617-3629. [PMID: 29956711 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00456k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The potential of Thymus pulegioides L. as an alternative and valuable source of functional ingredients has been assessed. For this purpose, the phenolic constituent profiles and the antioxidant, anti-proliferative, neuroprotective, anti-aging and anti-diabetic activities of both T. pulegioides aqueous decoctions (AD) and hydro-ethanolic extracts (HE) were studied and compared for the first time. Rosmarinic acid was the main phenolic compound, accounting for 35.2% or 47.8% of total identified phenols in AD or HE, respectively (58.5 and 151.9 mg g-1 extract). Furthermore, large amounts of luteolin-O-hexuronide (AD: 39.9 ± 2.5 mg g-1, HE: 60.8 ± 7.0 mg g-1), eriodictyol-O-hexuronide (AD: 19.9 ± 2.5 mg g-1, HE: 26.8 ± 7.0 mg g-1) and chrysoeriol hexoside (AD: 23.5 ± 0.7 mg g-1, HE: 16.0 ± 0.7 mg g-1) were found. Both extracts showed significant in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative activity against Caco-2 cells (IC50 82.25 μg mL-1 and 105.44 μg mL-1, AD and HE, respectively), and reduced hepatotoxicity (HepG2 cells). In general, both T. pulegioides extracts showed poor anti-diabetic activity, moderate anti-aging effects and high neuroprotective activity with both AD and HE extracts, at 0.5 mg mL-1, showing 80% inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase activity and 94% inhibition of the tyrosinase activity. The present study highlights the important potential of this herb as a functional food ingredient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Taghouti
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saada M, Falleh H, Catarino MD, Cardoso SM, Ksouri R. Plant Growth Modulates Metabolites and Biological Activities in Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092177. [PMID: 30158452 PMCID: PMC6225163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on the variability of Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb bioactive compounds as a function of the plant cycle. The main results showed that it exhibited the highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, along with superior levels of vitamin C and total phenolic compounds (66.49%, 645.6 mg·100 g−1 FW and 23.9 mg GAE·g−1, respectively) at the vegetative stage. Instead, at the flowering and mature fruiting stages, R. raetam (Forssk.) Webb exhibited notable contents of proline (25.4 μmol·g−1 DW) and carotenoids (27.2 μg·g−1 FW), respectively. The gathered data concerning the antioxidant activity highlighted the effectiveness of the vegetative stage in comparison to the other periods. Actually, IC50 and EC50 values of the hydromethanolic extract obtained from the plant shoots at the vegetative stage were of 23, 380, 410, 1160 and 960 μg·mL−1 (DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating power and β-carotene bleaching activity, respectively). Furthermore, the four studied stages showed appreciable antibacterial capacities against human pathogens with a higher efficiency of the vegetative stage extract. Finally, the LC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis revealed the predominance of isoflavonoids as main class of phenolic compounds and demonstrates that individual phenolic biosynthesis was clearly different as a function of plant growth. These findings highlight that reaching the optimum efficiency of R. raetam (Forssk.) Webb is closely linked to the physiological stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Saada
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cédria, BP 901, Hammam-lif 2050, Tunisia.
| | - Hanen Falleh
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cédria, BP 901, Hammam-lif 2050, Tunisia.
| | - Marcelo D Catarino
- Department of Chemistry & Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Food Stuffs Research Unit (QOPNA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Susana M Cardoso
- Department of Chemistry & Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Food Stuffs Research Unit (QOPNA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Riadh Ksouri
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cédria, BP 901, Hammam-lif 2050, Tunisia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Afonso AF, Pereira OR, Válega M, Silva AMS, Cardoso SM. Metabolites and Biological Activities of Thymus zygis, Thymus pulegioides, and Thymus fragrantissimus Grown under Organic Cultivation. Molecules 2018; 23:E1514. [PMID: 29932435 PMCID: PMC6099726 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus plants are marketed for diverse usages because of their pleasant odor, as well as high nutritional value and wealth of health-promoting phytochemicals. In this study, Thymuszygis, Thymuspulegioides, and Thymusfragrantissimus grown under organic cultivation regime were characterized regarding nutrients and phenolic compounds. In addition, the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of these species were screened. The plants were particularly notable for their high K/Na ratio, polyunsaturated fatty acids content and low omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids ratios, which are valuable features of a healthy diet. Caffeic acid and/or its derivatives, mainly rosmarinic acid and caffeoyl rosmarinic acid, represented the majority of the phenolic constituents of these plants, although they were less representative in T. pulegioides, which in turn was the richest in flavones. The latter species also exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity (DPPH● EC50 of 9.50 ± 1.98 μg/mL and reducing power EC50 of 30.73 ± 1.48 μg/mL), while T. zygis was the most active towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Overall, the results suggest that the three thyme plants grown in organic farming are endowed with valuable metabolites that give them high commercial value for applications in different industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F Afonso
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Public Health Laboratory of Bragança, Local Health Unit, Rua Eng. Adelino Amaro da Costa, 5300-146 Bragança, Portugal.
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, School of Health Sciences, Av. D. Afonso V, 5300-121 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Olívia R Pereira
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, School of Health Sciences, Av. D. Afonso V, 5300-121 Bragança, Portugal.
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Mónica Válega
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Artur M S Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Susana M Cardoso
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wild edible plants: Nutritional and toxicological characteristics, retrieval strategies and importance for today's society. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:165-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
12
|
Health-Promoting Effects of Thymus herba-barona, Thymus pseudolanuginosus, and Thymus caespititius Decoctions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091879. [PMID: 28858228 PMCID: PMC5618528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymus herba-barona, Thymus pseudolanuginosus, and Thymus caespititius decoctions were screened for their phenolic constituents, along with their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. The total phenolic compounds in the extracts of the three plants ranged from 236.0 ± 26.6 mgGAE/g (T. caespititus) to 293.0 ± 30.5 mgGAE/g of extract (T. pseudolanuginosus), being particularly rich in caffeic acid derivatives, namely rosmarinic acid and its structural isomers, as well as flavones, such as luteolin-O-glucuronide. The T. pseudolanuginosus extract presented the best DPPH radical scavenging ability (EC50 = 10.9 ± 0.7 µg/mL), a high reducing power (EC50 = 32.2 ± 8.2 µg/mL), and effectively inhibited the oxidation of β-carotene (EC50 = 2.4 ± 0.2 µg/mL). The extracts also showed NO● scavenging activity close to that of ascorbic acid, and thus might be useful as anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, they exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus strains were the most sensitive bacteria to thyme extracts, with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values in the range of 0.6-3.5 mg/mL. Overall, this work is an important contribution for the phytochemical characterization and the potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities of these three Thymus species, which have been poorly explored.
Collapse
|
13
|
Vitalini S, Iriti M, Puricelli C, Ciuchi D, Segale A, Fico G. Traditional knowledge on medicinal and food plants used in Val San Giacomo (Sondrio, Italy)--an alpine ethnobotanical study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:517-29. [PMID: 23220197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This work increases the ethnobotanical data from Northern Italy and, in particular, the Lombardy region, till now poorly documented, safeguarding the local folk knowledge, and provides information on new or scarcely reported properties of medicinal plants, whose traditional use needs to be validated experimentally. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to gather, analyse and evaluate the ethnobotanical information on the species used for medicinal and food purposes by the native people of Val San Giacomo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The plant use was documented by speaking with more than 100 people, mainly over 60 years old, born and resident in Val San Giacomo. Information was collected using semi-structured interviews and then analysed by indices such as Ethnophytonomic Index (EPI), Ethnobotanicity Index (EI), relative frequency of citation (RFC), use value (UV), relative importance (RI) and factor informant consensus (FIC). RESULTS Information on 66 plants belonging to 35 families (Asteraceae, Rosaceae and Lamiaceae, mainly) was gathered. The preference ranking placed Achillea moschata Wulfen at first place, both for the citation number and for RFC and UV. Arnica montana L., Thymus pulegioides L. and Artemisia genipi Stechm. were also in relevant use. Sixty species were wild and six were cultivated. Leaves, flowers, complete aerial parts and fruits were the plant parts most commonly used for remedy preparation (infusion, especially). The interviewees collected local flora for medicinal purposes, specifically. About 51.5% of the plant species were used to treat gastrointestinal tract of humans as digestive, depurative, appetiser, laxative, astringent and carminative remedies. About 56% of the plants were used in cookery, 24.2% in veterinary field, and 3% as cosmetics. The calculated indices demonstrated that in the studied area there is a small retention of plant knowledge. Only 6.2% of the autochthonous plants proved useful in folk tradition. Despite this, the uses of Sempervivum montanum L., Rhododendron ferrugineum L. and Panicum miliaceum L. were never documented by other ethnobotanical investigations conducted in the alpine area. CONCLUSIONS This survey was an extension of the ethnobotanical investigations performed in the Italian Alps. A study like this, though performed in a small area with a reduced traditional knowledge, could be the basis for subsequent research on the species that are interesting from a phytochemical point of view and on the potential use of their active metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vitalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gordo J, Máximo P, Cabrita E, Lourenço A, Oliva A, Almeida J, Filipe M, Cruz P, Barcia R, Santos M, Cruz H. Thymus mastichina: Chemical Constituents and their Anti-Cancer Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200701120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity-guided study of the dichloromethane and ethanol extracts of Thymus mastichna L. using the HCT colon cancer cell line allowed the identification of nine compounds, sakuranetin (1), sterubin (2), oleanolic acid (3), ursolic acid (4), lutein (5), β-sitosterol (6), rosmarinic acid (7), 6-hydroxyluteolin-7- O-β-glucopyranoside (8), and 6-hydroxyapigenin-7- O-β-glucopyranoside (9). All compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity against the HCT colon cancer cell line. Compound 4 showed cytotoxicity with GI50 value of 6.8 μg/mL. A fraction composed of a mixture (1:1) of triterpenoid acids 3 and 4 displayed improved cytotoxicity with a GI50 of 2.8 μg/mL suggesting a synergistic behavior. This is the first report on the chemical constituents of Thymus mastichna L. based on structural assignments by spectroscopic analysis. The presence of these constituents identified by colon cancer cytotoxicity-guided activity indicates that extracts of T. mastichna L. may have a protective effect against colon cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gordo
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Máximo
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eurico Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Lourenço
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Abel Oliva
- IBET, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Biomolecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joana Almeida
- ECBio-R&D in Biotechnology S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, 27, 2700-451 Amadora, Portugal
| | - Mariana Filipe
- ECBio-R&D in Biotechnology S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, 27, 2700-451 Amadora, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cruz
- ECBio-R&D in Biotechnology S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, 27, 2700-451 Amadora, Portugal
| | - Rita Barcia
- ECBio-R&D in Biotechnology S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, 27, 2700-451 Amadora, Portugal
| | - Miguel Santos
- ECBio-R&D in Biotechnology S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, 27, 2700-451 Amadora, Portugal
| | - Helder Cruz
- ECBio-R&D in Biotechnology S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, 27, 2700-451 Amadora, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|