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Jašek V, Fučík J, Melcova V, Figalla S, Mravcova L, Krobot Š, Přikryl R. Synthesis of Bio-Based Thermoset Mixture Composed of Methacrylated Rapeseed Oil and Methacrylated Methyl Lactate: One-Pot Synthesis Using Formed Methacrylic Acid as a Continual Reactant. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081811. [PMID: 37111957 PMCID: PMC10146403 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methacrylated vegetable oils are promising bio-based polymerizable precursors for potential material application in several fields, such as coating technologies or 3D printing. The reactants' availability for their production is an enormous advantage, but the modified oils also exhibit high apparent viscosity values and poor mechanical properties. This work focuses on a way to produce oil-based polymerizable material precursors in a mixture with a viscosity modifier in a one-batch process. The required methacrylic acid for the modification of epoxidized vegetable oils can be obtained as a secondary product of the methacrylation of methyl lactate forming a polymerizable monomer along with the acid. This reaction results in a yield of over 98% of methacrylic acid. Epoxidized vegetable oil can be added into the same batch using acid for oil modification which results in the one-pot mixture of both methacrylated oil and methyl lactate. The structural verifications of products were provided via FT-IR, 1H NMR, and volumetric methods. This two-step reaction process produces a thermoset mixture with a lower apparent viscosity of 142.6 mPa·s in comparison with methacrylated oil exhibiting a value of 1790.2 mPa·s. Other physical-chemical properties of the resin mixture such as storage modulus (E' = 1260 MPa), glass transition temperature (Tg = 50.0 °C), or polymerization activation energy (17.3 kJ/mol) are enhanced in comparison with the methacrylated vegetable oil. The synthesized one-pot mixture does not require additional methacrylic acid due to the use of the one formed in the first step of the reaction, while the eventual thermoset mixture exhibits enhanced material properties compared to the methacrylated vegetable oil itself. Precursors synthesized in this work may find their purpose in the field of coating technologies, since these applications require detailed viscosity modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Jašek
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fučík
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Melcova
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvestr Figalla
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Mravcova
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Krobot
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Přikryl
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
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Investigating the Synthesis and Characteristics of UV-Cured Bio-Based Epoxy Vegetable Oil-Lignin Composites Mediated by Structure-Directing Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020439. [PMID: 36679319 PMCID: PMC9864384 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based composites were developed from the epoxy derivatives of Lallemantia iberica oil and kraft lignin (ELALO and EpLnK), using UV radiation as a low energy consumption tool for the oxiranes reaction. To avoid the filler sedimentation or its inhomogeneous distribution in the oil matrix, different structure-directing agents (SDA) were employed: 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS), 12-hydroxystearic acid (HSA) and sorbitan monostearate (Span 60). The SDA and EpLnK effect upon the ELALO-based formulations, their curing reaction and the performance of the resulting materials were investigated. Fourier-transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) indicates different modes of molecular arrangement through H bonds for the initial ELALO-SDA or ELALO-SDA-EpLnK systems, also confirming the epoxy group's reaction through the cationic mechanism for the final composites. Gel fraction measurements validate the significant conversion of the epoxides for those materials containing SDAs or 1% EpLnK; an increased EpLnK amount (5%), with or without SDA addition, conduced to an inefficient polymerization process, with the UV radiation being partially absorbed by the filler. Thermo-gravimetric and dynamic-mechanical analyses (TGA and DMA) revealed good properties for the ELALO-based materials. By loading 1% EpLnK, the thermal stability was improved to with 10 °C (for Td3%) and the addition of each SDA differently influenced the Tg values but also gave differences in the glassy and rubbery states when the storage moduli were interrogated, depending on their chemical structures. Water affinity and morphological studies were also carried out.
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Okpuwhara RO, Oboirien BO, Sadiku ER. The lanolin‐based oil plasticized polylactide: Thermal and chemical characteristics. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita O. Okpuwhara
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Bilainu O. Oboirien
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Emmanuel R. Sadiku
- Institute of Nano Engineering Research (INER), Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Polymer Division Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa
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Abstract
The epoxidation of grape seed oil in supercritical CO2, to the best of our knowledge, has been only superficially described in the literature, apart from a short communication and our own previous published work on the topic. In this work, a thorough study of the performance of the supercritical epoxidation of grape seed oil is performed in a wide range of conditions, and the kinetic parameters of the supercritical epoxidation of vegetable oils are reported for the first time in the literature. The experimental work has covered a 40–60 °C temperature range at 150 bar, sampling during a period of 48 h. The nature and extent of the side reactions and secondary products obtained have been evaluated, being hydrolysis products and their oligomerization derivatives the major by-products. Reaction rate constants (10−2 h−1 order) and activation energy parameters were finally calculated from the experimental conversion and epoxy yield data to establish the effect of temperature on the kinetics of the process.
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Silva RS, Maia DLH, Fernandes FAN. Production of tung oil epoxy resin using low frequency high power ultrasound. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 79:105765. [PMID: 34600302 PMCID: PMC8531847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resins made from vegetable oils are an alternative to synthesize epoxy resins from renewable sources. Tung oil is rich in α -eleostearic fatty acid, which contains three double bonds producing epoxy resins with up to three epoxy groups per fatty acid. This work studied the production of tung oil epoxy resin using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent and acetic and formic acid as percarboxylic acid precursors, applying low frequency high power ultrasound. This study evaluated the effects of ultrasound power density, hydrogen peroxide concentration, acetic acid concentration, and formic acid concentration on the yield into epoxy resin, selectivity, and by-products formation. Application of ultrasound was carried out using a 19 kHz probe ultrasound (horn ultrasound) with a 1.3 cm diameter titanium probe, 500 W nominal power, 2940 W L-1 maximum effective power density applied to the reaction mixture. Ultrasound technology yielded up to 85% of epoxy resin in 3 h of reaction. The use of formic acid resulted in a slightly lower oil conversion than acetic acid but with a much higher selectivity towards epoxidized tung oil. However, using acetic acid resulted in the production of high-value by-products, such as 2-heptenal and 2,4-nonadienal. The ultrasound-assisted epoxidation showed to be particularly efficient when applied to oils containing conjugated double-bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Silva
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60440-900 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Dayanne L H Maia
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60440-900 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fabiano A N Fernandes
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60440-900 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Utilization of oleic acid in synthesis of epoxidized soybean oil based green polyurethane coating and its comparative study with petrochemical based polyurethane. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02170-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wai PT, Jiang P, Shen Y, Zhang P, Gu Q, Leng Y. Catalytic developments in the epoxidation of vegetable oils and the analysis methods of epoxidized products. RSC Adv 2019; 9:38119-38136. [PMID: 35541772 PMCID: PMC9075841 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05943a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalization of vegetable oils (VOs) including edible, non-edible, and waste cooking oil (WCOs) to epoxides (EVOs) is receiving great attention by many researchers from academia and industry because they are renewable, versatile, sustainable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly, and they can partially or totally replace harmful phthalate plasticizers. The epoxidation of VOs on an industrial scale has already been developed by the homogeneous catalytic system using peracids. Due to the drawbacks of this method, other systems including acidic ion exchange resins, polyoxometalates, and enzymes are becoming alternative catalysts for the epoxidation reaction. We have reviewed all these catalytic systems including their benefits and drawbacks, reaction mechanisms, intensification of each system in different ways as well as the physicochemical properties of VOs and EVOs and new findings in recent years. Finally, the current methods including titrimetric methods as well as ATR-FTIR and 1H NMR for determination of conversion, epoxidation, and selectivity of epoxidized vegetable oils (EVOs) are also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyu Thin Wai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Pingping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Yirui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Pingbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Qian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Yan Leng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
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Cortés-Triviño E, Valencia C, Delgado M, Franco J. Rheology of epoxidized cellulose pulp gel-like dispersions in castor oil: Influence of epoxidation degree and the epoxide chemical structure. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:563-571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Xu L, Zhu X, Yu X, Huyan Z, Wang X. Rapid and Simultaneous Determination of the Iodine Value and Saponification Number of Edible Oils by FTIR Spectroscopy. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Xu
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNorthwest A&F University22 Xinong Road, YanglingShaanxi 712100P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province National Engineering Research Center for Functional FoodSchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu Avenue, WuxiJiangsu 214122P.R. China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNorthwest A&F University22 Xinong Road, YanglingShaanxi 712100P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhu Yu
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNorthwest A&F University22 Xinong Road, YanglingShaanxi 712100P.R. China
| | - Zongyao Huyan
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNorthwest A&F University22 Xinong Road, YanglingShaanxi 712100P.R. China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province National Engineering Research Center for Functional FoodSchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu Avenue, WuxiJiangsu 214122P.R. China
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Shi H, Yu P. Advanced synchrotron-based and globar-sourced molecular (micro) spectroscopy contributions to advances in food and feed research on molecular structure, mycotoxin determination, and molecular nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2164-2175. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1303769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Shi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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