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Combination of Enzymes and Deep Eutectic Solvents as Powerful Toolbox for Organic Synthesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020516. [PMID: 36677575 PMCID: PMC9863131 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, a wide spectrum of applications and advantages in the use of deep eutectic solvents for promoting organic reactions has been well established among the scientific community. Among these synthetic methodologies, in recent years, various examples of biocatalyzed processes have been reported, making use of eutectic mixtures as reaction media, as an improvement in terms of selectivity and sustainability. This review aims to show the newly reported protocols in the field, subdivided by reaction class as a 'toolbox' guide for organic synthesis.
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Zhou J, Lee YY, Mao Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Future of Structured Lipids: Enzymatic Synthesis and Their New Applications in Food Systems. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162400. [PMID: 36010399 PMCID: PMC9407428 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Structured lipids (SLs) refer to a new type of functional lipid obtained by modifying natural triacylglycerol (TAG) through the restructuring of fatty acids, thereby altering the composition, structure, and distribution of fatty acids attached to the glycerol backbones. Due to the unique functional characteristics of SLs (easy to absorb, low in calories, reduced serum TAG, etc.), there is increasing interest in the research and application of SLs. SLs were initially prepared using chemical methods. With the wide application of enzymes in industries and the advantages of enzymatic synthesis (mild reaction conditions, high catalytic efficiency, environmental friendliness, etc.), synthesis of SLs using lipase has aroused great interest. This review summarizes the reaction system of SL production and introduces the enzymatic synthesis and application of some of the latest SLs discussed/developed in recent years, including medium- to long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT), diacylglycerol (DAG), EPA- and DHA-enriched TAG, human milk fat substitutes, and esterified propoxylated glycerol (EPG). Lastly, several new ways of applying SLs (powdered oil, DAG plastic fat, inert gas spray oil, and emulsion) in the future food industry are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yee-Ying Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yilin Mao
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yong Wang
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Correspondence:
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Cao SL, Zheng WY, Chen ZP, Zhang FL, Jiang WH, Qiu YQ, Gu M, Chen ZS, Zheng TY, Zhang HK, Wang SY, Liao L. Highly Efficient Deamidation of Wheat Gluten by Glucose-Citric Acid-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent: A Potential Effective Reaction Media. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3452-3465. [PMID: 33724017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An efficient technique using citric acid and glucose based natural deep eutectic solvent (G-C-NADES) was developed to obtain ultrahigh deamidated wheat gluten (UDWG) (deamidation degree (DD) > 90%). FTIR and 1H NMR indicated intensive hydrogen bonds (HBs) in G-C-NADES supermolecules. Quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamic simulations demonstrated that 10 wt % diluted G-C-NADES still had a myriad of HBs. Physicochemical results showed UDWG had DD up to 92.45% after G-C-NADES deamidation, that is, 22% higher than citric-acid-DWG with a weak degree of hydrolysis (1.75%). Conformational characterization demonstrated the obvious conversion from α-helix to β-sheet via FTIR, the least amount of disulfide bonds by Raman spectra, and more exposure of tryptophan residues by fluorescence measurement for UDWG. It is proven that enhanced accessible conformation of WG reached with HBs of G-C-NADESs could contribute to the improvement on nucleophilic attack of deamidation, declaring that G-C-NADES might be a potential solvent for obtaining an ultrahigh deamidation for WG to successfully guarantee the safety of wheat gluten based cereal food regarding to lowering its allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Lin Cao
- Department of Food Science, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yu Zheng
- Department of Food Science, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Peng Chen
- Department of Food Science, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Li Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, The People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hao Jiang
- Department of Food Science, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qiong Qiu
- Department of Food Science, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Gu
- Department of Food Science, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Shi Chen
- Department of Food Science, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yi Zheng
- Department of Food Science, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Kun Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Yun Wang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, The People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Liao
- Department of Food Science, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, The People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, The People's Republic of China
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Vázquez L, Bañares C, Torres CF, Reglero G. Green Technologies for the Production of Modified Lipids. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2020; 11:319-337. [PMID: 31910657 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of green solvents in enzyme catalysis of lipophilic compounds is achieving increasing interest from different perspectives. Conducting reactions under supercritical fluids, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and other green solvents affords opportunities to overcome problems associated with the lack of solubility of lipids in conventional solvents and the poor miscibility of substrates. Research on the biocatalytic production of modified lipids in the framework of green chemistry is conducted to improve the efficiency of obtaining the desired products as well as the selectivity, stability, and activity of the enzymatic systems. This overview describes the fundamentals and characteristics of several types of green solvents, the main variables involved in enzymatic processes, and examples and applications in the field of lipid modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vázquez
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; e-mail:
| | - Celia Bañares
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; e-mail:
| | - Carlos F Torres
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; e-mail:
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; e-mail: .,Department of Production and Development of Foods for Health, IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Tan JN, Dou Y. Deep eutectic solvents for biocatalytic transformations: focused lipase-catalyzed organic reactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1481-1496. [PMID: 31907576 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis is a green and sustainable technology for which the ideal solvent should be nontoxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and sustainable, in addition to supporting high enzyme activity and stability. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a novel class of green solvents, have recently emerged as excellent alternatives for use in various biocatalytic reactions and, in particular, in lipase-catalyzed reactions with enzymes. This review discusses the achievements that have been made so far in the use of DESs as reaction media for lipase-catalyzed reactions. In addition, the application of DESs in esterification, transesterification, and amidation reactions with isolated or immobilized biocatalysts, toward enabling the synthesis of biodiesels, sugar esters, phenolipids, and fatty acyl ethanolamides, is summarized, while advances in lipase-catalyzed chemoenzymatic epoxidation reactions, C-C bond-forming Aldol reactions, and hydrolysis reactions in DESs are also discussed. This review also summarize some remaining questions concerning the use of DESs, including the intriguing role of water as a cosolvent in biocatalytic reactions carried out in DESs, and the relationship between the nature of the DESs and their influence on the enzyme stability and activity at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Neng Tan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Yuqing Dou
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
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