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Preventing the Collapse Behavior of Polyurethane Foams with the Addition of Cellulose Nanofiber. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061499. [PMID: 36987278 PMCID: PMC10058122 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane foam manufacturing depends on its materials and processes. A polyol that contains primary alcohol is very reactive with isocyanate. Sometimes, this may cause unexpected problems. In this study, a semi-rigid polyurethane foam was fabricated; however, its collapse occurred. The cellulose nanofiber was fabricated to solve this problem, and a weight ratio of 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 3% (based on total parts per weight of polyols) of the nanofiber was added to the polyurethane foams. The effect of the cellulose nanofiber on the polyurethane foams’ rheological, chemical, morphological, thermal, and anti-collapse performances was analyzed. The rheological analysis showed that 3 wt% of the cellulose nanofiber was unsuitable because of the aggregation of the filler. It was observed that the addition of the cellulose nanofiber showed the improved hydrogen bonding of the urethane linkage, even if it was not chemically reacted with the isocyanate groups. Moreover, due to the nucleating effect of the cellulose nanofiber, the average cell area of the produced foams decreased according to the amount of the cellulose nanofiber present, and the average cell area especially was reduced about five times when it contained 1 wt% more of the cellulose nanofiber than the neat foam. Although the thermal stability declined slightly, the glass transition temperature shifted from 25.8 °C to 37.6, 38.2, and 40.1 °C by when the cellulose nanofiber increased. Furthermore, the shrinkage ratio after 14 days from the foaming (%shrinkage) of the polyurethane foams decreased 15.4 times for the 1 wt% cellulose nanofiber polyurethane composite.
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Maamoun AA, Elkhateeb A, Zulfiqar S. Halloysite-Decorated Mechanically Robust Polyurethane Nanocomposite Foams for Acoustic Relevance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelhamid Maamoun
- Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Chemistry Division, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 EL-Sarayat Street - Abdo Basha Sq., Cairo11517, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elkhateeb
- Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 EL-Sarayat Street - Abdo Basha Sq., Cairo11517, Egypt
| | - Sonia Zulfiqar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. Dubna 22, Ostrava701 03, Czech Republic
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The Effect of Ash Silanization on the Selected Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam/Coal Fly Ash Composites. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15062014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
According to the assumptions of the European Union, by 2050 it is planned to achieve climate neutrality. For this purpose, a document called the “European Green Deal” was established, which is a set of policies of the European Commission. One of the assumptions is a circular economy that takes into account the use of waste in subsequent production cycles. In order to meet the latest trends in environmentally friendly materials and use of waste in the production of building materials, composites of rigid polyurethane foam with 10 wt.% of waste were produced. Fly ash from coal combustion after modification was used as a filler. Three types of modifications were used: silanization, sieving, and both processes together. The silanization process was carried out for 1 and 2% silane ([3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane) concentration in relation to the fly ash mass. The sieving was aimed at reaching a fraction with a particle diameter below 75 µm. Six composites with modified fillers were compared and one material containing unchanged fly ash was used as a reference. A comparative analysis was carried out on the basis of surface analysis, thermal stability and physical properties. It turned out that the polyurethane materials modified fly ash silanized with 1% and 2% silane solution proved the best results in performed tests. On the other hand, the polyurethane foam containing sieved ash was characterized by the lowest flammability and the lowest emission of smoke and CO. The use of modified fly ash in technology of polyurethane foams can be a good method of its disposal and can increase the applicability of the composites.
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Hejna A. Clays as Inhibitors of Polyurethane Foams' Flammability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4826. [PMID: 34500914 PMCID: PMC8432671 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethanes are a very important group of polymers with an extensive range of applications in different branches of industry. In the form of foams, they are mainly used in bedding, furniture, building, construction, and automotive sectors. Due to human safety reasons, these applications require an appropriate level of flame retardance, often required by various law regulations. Nevertheless, without the proper modifications, polyurethane foams are easily ignitable, highly flammable, and generate an enormous amount of smoke during combustion. Therefore, proper modifications or additives should be introduced to reduce their flammability. Except for the most popular phosphorus-, halogen-, or nitrogen-containing flame retardants, promising results were noted for the application of clays. Due to their small particle size and flake-like shape, they induce a "labyrinth effect" inside the foam, resulting in the delay of decomposition onset, reduction of smoke generation, and inhibition of heat, gas, and mass transfer. Moreover, clays can be easily modified with different organic compounds or used along with conventional flame retardants. Such an approach may often result in the synergy effect, which provides the exceptional reduction of foams' flammability. This paper summarizes the literature reports related to the applications of clays in the reduction of polyurethane foams' flammability, either by their incorporation as a nanofiller or by preparation of coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Ghasemi S, Amini EN, Tajvidi M, Kiziltas A, Mielewski DF, Gardner DJ. Flexible polyurethane foams reinforced with organic and inorganic nanofillers. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shokoofeh Ghasemi
- Laboratory of Renewable Nanomaterials School of Forest Resources and Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine Orono Maine USA
| | - Ezatollah Nima Amini
- Laboratory of Renewable Nanomaterials School of Forest Resources and Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine Orono Maine USA
| | - Mehdi Tajvidi
- Laboratory of Renewable Nanomaterials School of Forest Resources and Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine Orono Maine USA
| | - Alper Kiziltas
- Research and Innovation Center Ford Motor Company Dearborn Michigan USA
| | | | - Douglas J. Gardner
- School of Forest Resources and Advance Structures and Composites Center University of Maine Orono Maine USA
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Członka S, Strąkowska A, Strzelec K, Kairytė A, Kremensas A. Bio-Based Polyurethane Composite Foams with Improved Mechanical, Thermal, and Antibacterial Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13051108. [PMID: 32131392 PMCID: PMC7084974 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Among different organic fillers, the chemical composition of Syzygium aromaticum, commonly known as cloves, has great potential as a sustainable reinforcement for polymeric materials. In the study, grounded cloves were used as cellulosic filler for a novel polyurethane (PU) composite foams. Soybean oil-based PU composite foams were successfully reinforced with different concentrations (1, 2, and 5 wt%) of clove filler. PU foams were examined by rheological behavior, processing parameters, cellular structure (scanning electron microscopy analysis), mechanical properties (compression test, impact test, three-point bending test), thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis), viscoelastic behavior (dynamic mechanical analysis) as well as selected application properties (apparent density, dimensional stability, surface hydrophobicity, water absorption, color characteristic). In order to undertake the disc diffusion method, all PU composites were tested against selected bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the addition of 1 and 2 wt% of clove filler leads to PU composite foams with improved compression strength (improvement by ≈18% for sample PU-1), greater flexural strength (increase of ≈11%), and improved impact strength (increase of ≈8%). Moreover, it has been proved that clove filler may be used as a natural anti-aging compound for polymeric materials. Based on the antibacterial results, it has been shown that the addition of clove filler significantly improved the antibacterial properties of PU foams and is suitable for the manufacturing of antimicrobial PU composite foams. Due to these positive and beneficial effects, it can be stated that the use of cloves as a natural filler in PU composite foams can promote a new application path in converting agricultural waste into useful resources for creating a new class of green materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90924 Stefanowskiego, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90924 Stefanowskiego, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90924 Stefanowskiego, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Arūnas Kremensas
- Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (A.K.)
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Li P, Xiao Z, Chang C, Zhao S, Xu G. Efficient Synthesis of Biobased Glycerol Levulinate Ketal and Its Application for Rigid Polyurethane Foam Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ze Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chun Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guizhuan Xu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Alasti Bonab S, Moghaddas J, Rezaei M. In-situ synthesis of silica aerogel/polyurethane inorganic-organic hybrid nanocomposite foams: Characterization, cell microstructure and mechanical properties. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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