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Di Lorenzo F, Pither MD, Martufi M, Scarinci I, Guzmán-Caldentey J, Łakomiec E, Jachymek W, Bruijns SCM, Santamaría SM, Frick JS, van Kooyk Y, Chiodo F, Silipo A, Bernardini ML, Molinaro A. Pairing Bacteroides vulgatus LPS Structure with Its Immunomodulatory Effects on Human Cellular Models. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1602-1616. [PMID: 32999936 PMCID: PMC7517413 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota guide the development of the host immune system by setting a systemic threshold for immune activation. Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from gut bacteria are able to trigger systemic and local proinflammatory and immunomodulatory responses, and this capability strongly relies on their fine structures. Up to now, only a few LPS structures from gut commensals have been elucidated; therefore, the molecular motifs that may be important for LPS-mammalian cell interactions at the gut level are still obscure. Here, we report on the full structure of the LPS isolated from one of the prominent species of the genus Bacteroides, Bacteroides vulgatus. The LPS turned out to consist of a particular chemical structure based on hypoacylated and mono-phosphorylated lipid A and with a galactofuranose-containing core oligosaccharide and an O-antigen built up of mannose and rhamnose. The evaluation of the immunological properties of this LPS on human in vitro models revealed a very interesting capability to produce anti-inflammatory cytokines and to induce a synergistic action of MD-2/TLR4- and TLR2-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Task
Force on Microbiome Studies, University
of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- E-mail:
| | - Molly D. Pither
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Martufi
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnologies “C. Darwin”, Sapienza-University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Scarinci
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnologies “C. Darwin”, Sapienza-University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Joan Guzmán-Caldentey
- Department
of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ewelina Łakomiec
- Hirszfeld
Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław 53-114, Poland
| | - Wojciech Jachymek
- Hirszfeld
Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław 53-114, Poland
| | - Sven C. M. Bruijns
- Department
of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection &
Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Sonsoles Martín Santamaría
- Department
of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia-Stephanie Frick
- Institute
of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University
of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department
of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection &
Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department
of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection &
Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Task
Force on Microbiome Studies, University
of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Lina Bernardini
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnologies “C. Darwin”, Sapienza-University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Task
Force on Microbiome Studies, University
of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- E-mail:
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Mong KKT, Pradhan TK, Chiu CH, Hung WC, Chen CJ, Wang YF. (2-Ketulosonyl)onate 2,3-O-thionocarbonate donors for the synthesis of KO and KDO α-glycosides and a one-pot glycosylation method for 2-keto acid donors. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bifunctional (2-ketulosonyl)onate thionocarbonates are effective donors for the synthesis of KO and KDO α-glycosides with perfect control in stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Kong Tony Mong
- Applied Chemistry Department
- National Chiao Tung University
- 1001
- University Road
- Hsinchu City
| | - Tapan Kumar Pradhan
- Applied Chemistry Department
- National Chiao Tung University
- 1001
- University Road
- Hsinchu City
| | - Cheng-Hsin Chiu
- Applied Chemistry Department
- National Chiao Tung University
- 1001
- University Road
- Hsinchu City
| | - Wei-Cheng Hung
- Applied Chemistry Department
- National Chiao Tung University
- 1001
- University Road
- Hsinchu City
| | - Chao-Ju Chen
- Applied Chemistry Department
- National Chiao Tung University
- 1001
- University Road
- Hsinchu City
| | - Yi-Fang Wang
- Applied Chemistry Department
- National Chiao Tung University
- 1001
- University Road
- Hsinchu City
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3
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Cloutier M, Muru K, Ravicoularamin G, Gauthier C. Polysaccharides from Burkholderia species as targets for vaccine development, immunomodulation and chemical synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:1251-1293. [PMID: 30023998 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00046h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2018 Burkholderia species are a vast group of human pathogenic, phytopathogenic, and plant- or environment-associated bacteria. B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and B. cepacia complex are the causative agents of melioidosis, glanders, and cystic fibrosis-related infections, respectively, which are fatal diseases in humans and animals. Due to their high resistance to antibiotics, high mortality rates, and increased infectivity via the respiratory tract, B. pseudomallei and B. mallei have been listed as potential bioterrorism agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Burkholderia species are able to produce a large network of surface-exposed polysaccharides, i.e., lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and exopolysaccharides, which are virulence factors, immunomodulators, major biofilm components, and protective antigens, and have crucial implications in the pathogenicity of Burkholderia-associated diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account regarding the structural elucidation and biological activities of surface polysaccharides produced by Burkholderia species. The chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides mimicking Burkholderia polysaccharides is described in detail. Emphasis is placed on the recent research efforts toward the development of glycoconjugate vaccines against melioidosis and glanders based on synthetic or native Burkholderia oligo/polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Cloutier
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada.
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Zamyatina A. Aminosugar-based immunomodulator lipid A: synthetic approaches. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:25-53. [PMID: 29379577 PMCID: PMC5769089 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immediate immune response to infection by Gram-negative bacteria depends on the structure of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also known as endotoxin), a complex glycolipid constituting the outer leaflet of the bacterial outer membrane. Recognition of picomolar quantities of pathogenic LPS by the germ-line encoded Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) complex triggers the intracellular pro-inflammatory signaling cascade leading to the expression of cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins and reactive oxygen species which manifest an acute inflammatory response to infection. The "endotoxic principle" of LPS resides in its amphiphilic membrane-bound fragment glycophospholipid lipid A which directly binds to the TLR4·MD-2 receptor complex. The lipid A content of LPS comprises a complex mixture of structural homologs varying in the acylation pattern, the length of the (R)-3-hydroxyacyl- and (R)-3-acyloxyacyl long-chain residues and in the phosphorylation status of the β(1→6)-linked diglucosamine backbone. The structural heterogeneity of the lipid A isolates obtained from bacterial cultures as well as possible contamination with other pro-inflammatory bacterial components makes it difficult to obtain unambiguous immunobiological data correlating specific structural features of lipid A with its endotoxic activity. Advanced understanding of the therapeutic significance of the TLR4-mediated modulation of the innate immune signaling and the central role of lipid A in the recognition of LPS by the innate immune system has led to a demand for well-defined materials for biological studies. Since effective synthetic chemistry is a prerequisite for the availability of homogeneous structurally distinct lipid A, the development of divergent and reproducible approaches for the synthesis of various types of lipid A has become a subject of considerable importance. This review focuses on recent advances in synthetic methodologies toward LPS substructures comprising lipid A and describes the synthesis and immunobiological properties of representative lipid A variants corresponding to different bacterial species. The main criteria for the choice of orthogonal protecting groups for hydroxyl and amino functions of synthetically assembled β(1→6)-linked diglucosamine backbone of lipid A which allows for a stepwise introduction of multiple functional groups into the molecule are discussed. Thorough consideration is also given to the synthesis of 1,1'-glycosyl phosphodiesters comprising partial structures of 4-amino-4-deoxy-β-L-arabinose modified Burkholderia lipid A and galactosamine-modified Francisella lipid A. Particular emphasis is put on the stereoselective construction of binary glycosyl phosphodiester fragments connecting the anomeric centers of two aminosugars as well as on the advanced P(III)-phosphorus chemistry behind the assembly of zwitterionic double glycosyl phosphodiesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Kim JK, Jang HA, Kim MS, Cho JH, Lee J, Di Lorenzo F, Sturiale L, Silipo A, Molinaro A, Lee BL. The lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharide of Burkholderia plays a critical role in maintaining a proper gut symbiosis with the bean bug Riptortus pedestris. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19226-19237. [PMID: 28972189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.813832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide, the outer cell-wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, has been shown to be important for symbiotic associations. We recently reported that the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Burkholderia enhances the initial colonization of the midgut of the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris However, the midgut-colonizing Burkholderia symbionts lack the O-antigen but display the core oligosaccharide on the cell surface. In this study, we investigated the role of the core oligosaccharide, which directly interacts with the host midgut, in the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis. To this end, we generated the core oligosaccharide mutant strains, ΔwabS, ΔwabO, ΔwaaF, and ΔwaaC, and determined the chemical structures of their oligosaccharides, which exhibited different compositions. The symbiotic properties of these mutant strains were compared with those of the wild-type and O-antigen-deficient ΔwbiG strains. Upon introduction into Riptortus via the oral route, the core oligosaccharide mutant strains exhibited different rates of colonization of the insect midgut. The symbiont titers in fifth-instar insects revealed significantly reduced population sizes of the inner core oligosaccharide mutant strains ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC These two strains also negatively affected host growth rate and fitness. Furthermore, R. pedestris individuals colonized with the ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC strains were vulnerable to septic bacterial challenge, similar to insects without a Burkholderia symbiont. Taken together, these results suggest that the core oligosaccharide from Burkholderia symbionts plays a critical role in maintaining a proper symbiont population and in supporting the beneficial effects of the symbiont on its host in the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeun Kate Kim
- From the Department of Microbiology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, South Korea
| | - Ho Am Jang
- the Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Min Seon Kim
- the Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Cho
- the Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Junbeom Lee
- the Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- the Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy, and
| | - Luisa Sturiale
- the CNR-Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali IPCB, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- the Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy, and
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- the Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy, and
| | - Bok Luel Lee
- the Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea,
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Di Lorenzo F, Silipo A, Matier T, Hanuszkiewicz A, Elborn JS, Lanzetta R, Sturiale L, Scamporrino A, Garozzo D, Valvano MA, Tunney MM, Molinaro A. Prevotella denticolaLipopolysaccharide from a Cystic Fibrosis Isolate Possesses a Unique Chemical Structure. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Kim JK, Son DW, Kim CH, Cho JH, Marchetti R, Silipo A, Sturiale L, Park HY, Huh YR, Nakayama H, Fukatsu T, Molinaro A, Lee BL. Insect Gut Symbiont Susceptibility to Host Antimicrobial Peptides Caused by Alteration of the Bacterial Cell Envelope. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21042-21053. [PMID: 26116716 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.651158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular characterization of symbionts is pivotal for understanding the cross-talk between symbionts and hosts. In addition to valuable knowledge obtained from symbiont genomic studies, the biochemical characterization of symbionts is important to fully understand symbiotic interactions. The bean bug (Riptortus pedestris) has been recognized as a useful experimental insect gut symbiosis model system because of its cultivatable Burkholderia symbionts. This system is greatly advantageous because it allows the acquisition of a large quantity of homogeneous symbionts from the host midgut. Using these naïve gut symbionts, it is possible to directly compare in vivo symbiotic cells with in vitro cultured cells using biochemical approaches. With the goal of understanding molecular changes that occur in Burkholderia cells as they adapt to the Riptortus gut environment, we first elucidated that symbiotic Burkholderia cells are highly susceptible to purified Riptortus antimicrobial peptides. In search of the mechanisms of the increased immunosusceptibility of symbionts, we found striking differences in cell envelope structures between cultured and symbiotic Burkholderia cells. The bacterial lipopolysaccharide O antigen was absent from symbiotic cells examined by gel electrophoretic and mass spectrometric analyses, and their membranes were more sensitive to detergent lysis. These changes in the cell envelope were responsible for the increased susceptibility of the Burkholderia symbionts to host innate immunity. Our results suggest that the symbiotic interactions between the Riptortus host and Burkholderia gut symbionts induce bacterial cell envelope changes to achieve successful gut symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeun Kate Kim
- Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Dae Woo Son
- Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Chan-Hee Kim
- Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Cho
- Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Roberta Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - Luisa Sturiale
- CNR-Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali IPCB, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
| | - Ha Young Park
- Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Ye Rang Huh
- Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Hiroshi Nakayama
- Biomolecular Characterization Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - Bok Luel Lee
- Global Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, South Korea.
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Hollaus R, Ittig S, Hofinger A, Haegman M, Beyaert R, Kosma P, Zamyatina A. Chemical synthesis of Burkholderia Lipid A modified with glycosyl phosphodiester-linked 4-amino-4-deoxy-β-L-arabinose and its immunomodulatory potential. Chemistry 2015; 21:4102-14. [PMID: 25630448 PMCID: PMC4517147 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Modification of the Lipid A phosphates by positively charged appendages is a part of the survival strategy of numerous opportunistic Gram-negative bacteria. The phosphate groups of the cystic fibrosis adapted Burkholderia Lipid A are abundantly esterified by 4-amino-4-deoxy-β-l-arabinose (β-l-Ara4N), which imposes resistance to antibiotic treatment and contributes to bacterial virulence. To establish structural features accounting for the unique pro-inflammatory activity of Burkholderia LPS we have synthesised Lipid A substituted by β-l-Ara4N at the anomeric phosphate and its Ara4N-free counterpart. The double glycosyl phosphodiester was assembled by triazolyl-tris-(pyrrolidinyl)phosphonium-assisted coupling of the β-l-Ara4N H-phosphonate to α-lactol of β(1→6) diglucosamine, pentaacylated with (R)-(3)-acyloxyacyl- and Alloc-protected (R)-(3)-hydroxyacyl residues. The intermediate 1,1′-glycosyl-H-phosphonate diester was oxidised in anhydrous conditions to provide, after total deprotection, β-l-Ara4N-substituted Burkholderia Lipid A. The β-l-Ara4N modification significantly enhanced the pro-inflammatory innate immune signaling of otherwise non-endotoxic Burkholderia Lipid A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Hollaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna (Austria)
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Di Lorenzo F, Silipo A, Bianconi I, Lore' NI, Scamporrino A, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Bragonzi A, Molinaro A. Persistent cystic fibrosis isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain RP73 exhibits an under-acylated LPS structure responsible of its low inflammatory activity. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:166-75. [PMID: 24856407 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the major pathogen involved in lethal infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) population, is able to cause permanent chronic infections that can persist over the years. This ability to chronic colonize CF airways is related to a series of adaptive bacterial changes involving the immunostimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule. The structure of LPSs isolated from several P. aeruginosa strains showed conserved features that can undergo chemical changes during the establishment of the chronic infection. In the present paper, we report the elucidation of the structure and the biological activity of the R-LPS (lipooligosaccharide, LOS) isolated from the persistent CF isolate P. aeruginosa strain RP73, in order to give further insights in the adaptation mechanism of the pathogen in the CF environment. The complete structural analysis of P. aeruginosa RP73 LOS was achieved by chemical analyses, NMR spectroscopy and MALDI MS spectrometry, while the assessment of the biological activity was attained testing the in vivo pro-inflammatory capacity of the isolated LOS molecule. While a typical CF LPS is able to trigger a high immune response and production of pro-inflammatory molecules, this P. aeruginosa RP73 LOS showed to possess a low pro-inflammatory capacity. This was possible due to a singular chemical structure possessing an under-acylated lipid A very similar to the LPS of P. aeruginosa found in chronic lung diseases such as bronchiectstasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Irene Bianconi
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Ivan Lore'
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Scamporrino
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri - ICTP - CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Luisa Sturiale
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri - ICTP - CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Domenico Garozzo
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri - ICTP - CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Parrilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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Lodowska J, Wolny D, Węglarz L. The sugar 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) as a characteristic component of bacterial endotoxin — a review of its biosynthesis, function, and placement in the lipopolysaccharide core. Can J Microbiol 2013; 59:645-55. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2013-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The sugar 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) is a characteristic component of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin). It connects the carbohydrate part of LPS with C6 of glucosamine or 2,3-diaminoglucose of lipid A by acid-labile α-ketosidic linkage. The number of Kdo units present in LPS, the way they are connected, and the occurrence of other substituents (P, PEtn, PPEtn, Gal, or β-l-Ara4N) account for structural diversity of the inner core region of endotoxin. In a majority of cases, Kdo is crucial to the viability and growth of bacterial cells. In this paper, the biosynthesis of Kdo and the mechanism of its incorporation into the LPS structure, as well as the location of this unique component in the endotoxin core structures, have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Lodowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Narcyzow 1 Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Daniel Wolny
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Narcyzow 1 St., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ludmiła Węglarz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Narcyzow 1 Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Silipo A, Di Lorenzo F, Fazio LL, Paciello I, Sturiale L, Palmigiano A, Parrilli M, Grant WD, Garozzo D, Lanzetta R, Bernardini ML, Molinaro A. Structure and Immunological Activity of the Lipopolysaccharide Isolated from the SpeciesAlkalimonas delamerensis. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Kilár A, Dörnyei Á, Kocsis B. Structural characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides with mass spectrometry and on- and off-line separation techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:90-117. [PMID: 23165926 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this review is the application of mass spectrometry to the structural characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), also referred to as "endotoxins," because they elicit the strong immune response in infected organisms. Recently, a wide variety of MS-based applications have been implemented to the structure elucidation of LPS. Methodological improvements, as well as on- and off-line separation procedures, proved the versatility of mass spectrometry to study complex LPS mixtures. Special attention is given in the review to the tandem mass spectrometric methods and protocols for the analyses of lipid A, the endotoxic principle of LPS. We compare and evaluate the different ionization techniques (MALDI, ESI) in view of their use in intact R- and S-type LPS and lipid A studies. Methods for sample preparation of LPS prior to mass spectrometric analysis are also described. The direct identification of intrinsic heterogeneities of most intact LPS and lipid A preparations is a particular challenge, for which separation techniques (e.g., TLC, slab-PAGE, CE, GC, HPLC) combined with mass spectrometry are often necessary. A brief summary of these combined methodologies to profile LPS molecular species is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Kilár
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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13
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Blaukopf M, Müller B, Hofinger A, Kosma P. Synthesis of Neoglycoconjugates Containing 4-Amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose Epitopes Corresponding to the Inner Core of Burkholderia and Proteus Lipopolysaccharides. European J Org Chem 2011; 2012:119-131. [PMID: 23136534 PMCID: PMC3482937 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Disaccharides that contain 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) and d-glycero-d-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Ko) substituted at the 8-position by 4-amino-4-deoxy-β-l-arabinopyranosyl (Ara4N) residues have been prepared. Coupling an N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidate-4-azido-4-deoxy-l-arabinosylglycosyl donor to acetyl-protected allyl glycosides of Kdo and Ko afforded anomeric mixtures of disaccharide products in 74 and 90 % yield, respectively, which were separated by chromatography. Further extension of an intermediate Ara4N-(1→8)-Kdo disaccharide acceptor, which capitalized on a regioselective glycosylation with a Kdo bromide donor under Helferich conditions, afforded the branched trisaccharide α-Kdo-(2→4)[β-l-Ara4N-(1→8)]-α-Kdo derivative. Deprotection of the protected di- and trisaccharide allyl glycosides was accomplished by TiCl4-promoted benzyl ether cleavage followed by the removal of ester groups and reduction of the azido group with thiol or Staudinger reagents, respectively. The reaction of the anomeric allyl group with 1,3-propanedithiol under radical conditions afforded the thioether-bridged spacer glycosides, which were efficiently coupled to maleimide-activated bovine serum albumin. The neoglycoconjugates serve as immunoreagents with specificity for inner core epitopes of Burkholderia and Proteus lipopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blaukopf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Sturiale L, Palmigiano A, Silipo A, Knirel YA, Anisimov AP, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Molinaro A, Garozzo D. Reflectron MALDI TOF and MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry reveal novel structural details of native lipooligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:1135-1142. [PMID: 22124985 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipooligosaccharides (LOS) are powerful Gram-negative glycolipids that evade the immune system and invade host animal and vegetal cells. The structural elucidation of LOS is pivotal to understanding the mechanisms of infection at the molecular level. The amphiphilic nature of LOS has been the main obstacle for structural analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). Our approach has resolved this important issue and has permitted us to obtain reflectron MALDI mass spectra of LOS to reveal the fine chemical structure with minimal structural variations. The high-quality MALDI mass spectra show LOS species characteristic of molecular ions and defined fragments due to decay in the ion source. The in-source decay yields B-type ions, which correspond to core oligosaccharide(s), and Y-type ions, which are related to lipid A unit(s). MALDI tandem time-of-flight (TOF/TOF) MS of lipid A allowed for the elucidation of its structure directly from purified intact LOS without the need for any chemical manipulations. These findings constitute a significant advancement in the analysis of such an important biomolecule by MALDI MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Sturiale
- CNR Istituto per la Chimica e la Tecnologia dei Polimeri, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
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15
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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16
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Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They have a structural role since they contribute to the cellular rigidity by increasing the strength of cell wall and mediating contacts with the external environment that can induce structural changes to allow life in different conditions. Furthermore, the low permeability of the outer membrane acts as a barrier to protect bacteria from host-derived antimicrobial compounds. Lipopolysaccharides are amphiphilic macromolecules generally comprising three defined regions distinguished by their genetics, structures and function: the lipid A, the core oligosaccharide and a polysaccharide portion, the O-chain. In some Gram-negative bacteria LPS can terminate with the core portion to form rough type LPS (R-LPS, LOS). The core oligosaccharide is an often branched and phosphorylated heterooligosaccharide with less than fifteen sugars, more conserved in the inner region, proximal to the lipid A, and often carrying non-stoichiometric substitutions leading to variation and micro-heterogeneity. The core oligosaccharide contributes to the bacterial viability and stability of the outer membrane, can assure the serological specificity and possesses antigenic properties.
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17
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Gronow S, Xia G, Brade H. Glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of the inner core region of different lipopolysaccharides. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 89:3-10. [PMID: 19900730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The inner core of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures in Gram-negative bacteria is considered a highly conserved region. The sugar connecting the membrane-associated lipid A moiety with the hydrophilic saccharide moiety, 3-deoxy-alpha-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) is present in every LPS molecule investigated but it may be partially replaced by d-glycero-alpha-d-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Ko). l-Glycero-alpha-d-manno-heptose (Hep) and phosphate residues are part of most but not all LPS structures and additionally, modifications with 4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-l-arabinose (Ara4N) residues occur in some. A number of different glycosyltransferases is involved in the biosynthesis of the inner core region of different lipopolysaccharides. Here, we report the characterization of Kdo transferases, heptosyltransferases and Ara4N transferases from a variety of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gronow
- Division of Medical and Biochemical Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany.
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18
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De Soyza A, Silipo A, Lanzetta R, Govan JR, Molinaro A. Chemical and biological features of Burkholderia cepacia complex lipopolysaccharides. Innate Immun 2008; 14:127-44. [PMID: 18562572 DOI: 10.1177/1753425908093984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Burkholderia cepacia complex comprises 10 closely related Gram-negative organisms all of which appear capable of causing disease in humans. These organisms appear of particular relevance to patients with cystic fibrosis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important virulence determinant in Gram-negative pathogens. In this review, we highlight important data within the field commenting on LPS/lipid A structure-to-function relationships and cytokine induction capacity of Burkholderia strains studied so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony De Soyza
- Transplantation and Immunobiology Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and The Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
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Ieranò T, Silipo A, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, Brookes H, Khan CMA, Bryant C, Gould FK, Corris PA, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, De Soyza A, Molinaro A. The structure and proinflammatory activity of the lipopolysaccharide from Burkholderia multivorans and the differences between clonal strains colonizing pre and posttransplanted lungs. Glycobiology 2008; 18:871-81. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Zdorovenko EL, Vinogradov E, Wydra K, Lindner B, Knirel YA. Structure of the Oligosaccharide Chain of the SR-Type Lipopolysaccharide of Ralstonia solanacearum Toudk-2. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2215-20. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800326u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelina L. Zdorovenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0R6, Canada, Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, and Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0R6, Canada, Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, and Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wydra
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0R6, Canada, Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, and Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Buko Lindner
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0R6, Canada, Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, and Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Yuriy A. Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0R6, Canada, Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, and Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
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21
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Silipo A, Molinaro A, Ieranò T, De Soyza A, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, Aldridge C, Corris PA, Khan CMA, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M. The complete structure and pro-inflammatory activity of the lipooligosaccharide of the highly epidemic and virulent gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia cenocepacia ET-12 (strain J2315). Chemistry 2007; 13:3501-11. [PMID: 17219455 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of genus Burkholderia include opportunistic Gram-negative bacteria that are responsible for serious infections in immunocompromised and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The Burkholderia cepacia complex is a group of microorganisms composed of at least nine closely related genomovars. Among these, B. cenocepacia is widely recognized to cause epidemics associated with excessive mortality. Species that belong to this strain are problematic CF pathogens because of their high resistance to antibiotics, which makes respiratory infections difficult to treat and impossible to eradicate. Infection by these bacteria is associated with higher mortality in CF and poor outcomes following lung transplantation. One virulence factor contributing to this is the pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules. Thus, the knowledge of the lipopolysaccharide structure is an essential prerequisite to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the inflammatory process. Such data are instrumental in aiding the design of antimicrobial compounds and for developing therapeutic strategies against the inflammatory cascade. In particular, defining the structure of the LPS from B. cenocepacia ET-12 clone LMG 16656 (also known as J2315) is extremely important given the recent completion of the sequencing project at the Sanger Centre using this specific strain. In this paper we address this issue by defining the pro-inflammatory activity of the pure lipopolysaccharide, and by describing its full primary structure. The activity of the lipopolysaccharide was tested as a stimulant in human myelomonocytic U937 cells. The structural analysis was carried out by compositional analysis, mass spectrometry and 2D NMR spectroscopy on the intact lipooligosacchride (LOS) and its fragments, which were obtained by selective chemical degradations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università di Napoli, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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